Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Cerebral Stroke: An Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Stroke -- 1.2.1 Ischemic Stroke -- 1.2.2 Hemorrhagic Stroke -- 1.2.3 Transient Ischemic Attack -- 1.3 Stroke Pathophysiology -- 1.4 Current Treatment Option for Stroke Patients -- 1.5 Neuroprotective Agents in Preclinical and Clinical Trials -- 1.6 Stroke-Induced BBB Disruption -- 1.7 Ischemic Stroke-Induced ER Stress -- 1.8 The Emerging Role of mi-RNA in Stroke Pathophysiology -- 1.9 Neuroprotective Potential of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field -- 1.10 Stem Cell Therapies for Cerebral Stroke -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cerebral Stroke: Basic Principles -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Inflammation -- 2.3 Inflammatory Role of Cytokines and Chemokines During Cerebral Stroke -- 2.4 Oxidative Stress -- 2.5 Treatment Strategy for Stroke -- 2.5.1 Targeting Antioxidant Enzyme as a Therapeutic Strategy for Ischemic Stroke -- 2.5.2 Regulation of Microglial Activation in Stroke -- 2.5.3 Targeting the Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway -- References -- Chapter 3: Stroke Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 BBB Anatomy -- 3.3 BBB Junctional Complexes -- 3.3.1 Adherens Junctions (AJs) -- 3.3.2 Tight Junctions (TJs) -- 3.3.3 Gap Junctions -- 3.3.3.1 Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM) -- 3.3.3.2 Occludin -- 3.3.3.3 Claudins -- 3.3.4 Membrane-Associated Guanylate Kinase (MAGUK)-Like Proteins -- 3.3.5 Accessory Proteins -- 3.4 Calcium Modulation of TJ and TJ Proteins -- 3.5 Phosphorylation: A Novel Regulatory Mechanism of TJ Proteins -- 3.6 Impairment of BBB Integrity in Neuropathological Disorder -- 3.6.1 Alteration of BBB Integrity in Stroke Injury -- 3.7 Evaluation of BBB Disruption in Rodent Ischemic Stroke. , 3.8 Quantitative Evaluation of BBB in Ischemic Stroke Using Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Ischemic Stroke-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 ER Stress, UPR, and Ischemia -- 4.2.1 Components of UPR in Ischemia -- 4.2.1.1 GRP78 -- 4.2.1.2 PERK -- 4.2.1.3 ATF6 -- 4.2.1.4 IRE1 -- 4.3 Chronic ER Stress, UPR, and Pro-apoptotic Signaling in IR Injury -- 4.3.1 CHOP -- 4.3.2 Caspase 12 -- 4.3.3 JNK -- 4.4 ER Stress and Autophagy in IR Injury -- 4.5 ER Stress and miRNAs in IR Injury -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: The Role of Autophagy in Ischaemic Stroke: Friend or Foe? -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pathophysiology of Ischaemic Stroke -- 5.3 Various Animal Models to Study IS -- 5.3.1 Intra-arterial Suture Middle Cerebral Arterial Occlusion Model -- 5.3.2 Craniotomy Model -- 5.3.3 Photothrombosis Model -- 5.3.4 Endothelin-I Model -- 5.3.5 Clot Embolic Model of Stroke -- 5.4 Autophagy and Its Machinery -- 5.5 Autophagy and Its Role in Cerebral Ischaemia -- 5.5.1 Autophagy Activation in Ischaemic Stroke Protects Neurons -- 5.5.2 Autophagy Is Also Responsible for Neuronal Death After Ischaemic Stroke -- 5.5.3 Degree of Autophagy Is Critical in Ischaemic Stroke -- 5.5.4 Autophagy Contributes to Ischaemic Tolerance After Preconditioning -- 5.5.5 Autophagy May Be Disrupted During Ischaemia -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Critical Role of Mitochondrial Autophagy in Cerebral Stroke -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Autophagy -- 6.3 Nonselective Autophagy and Mitophagy -- 6.4 Mitochondria Dynamics: Fission and Fusion of Mitochondria -- 6.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Mitophagy -- 6.6 Mitophagy in Cerebral Ischemia -- 6.7 Effect of Cerebral Ischemia in Mitochondrial Dynamic Mediators -- 6.8 Mitophagy Regulation: An Anti-inflammation Approach in Cerebral Ischemia. , 6.9 Mitophagy Regulation: A Neuroprotective Approach in Cerebral Ischemia -- 6.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Application of Neuroimaging Tools in Identification of Pinpoint Location of Blockage -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Neuroimaging Modalities for Stroke Detection -- 7.3 Hardware-Based Imaging Modalities -- 7.3.1 Computed Tomography (CT) -- 7.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) -- 7.3.3 Microwave-Based Imaging(MW) -- 7.3.4 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) -- 7.3.5 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) -- 7.3.6 Cranial Ultrasound -- 7.4 Software-Based Image Processing Modalities -- 7.4.1 Image Filtering -- 7.4.2 Image Enhancement -- 7.4.3 Image Segmentation -- 7.4.4 Image Compression -- 7.5 Computer-Aided Automatic Detection -- 7.5.1 Graphical User Interface Based (GUI) -- 7.5.2 Computer-Aided Algorithm-Based Detection -- 7.6 Comparison of Neuroimaging Modalities -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Emerging Role of Electromagnetic Field Therapy in Stroke -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Importance of Electromagnetic Therapy -- 8.3 Physical Basis of the Generation of a Magnetic Field -- 8.3.1 Stationary Magnetic Field -- 8.3.2 Pulsed Electromagnetic Field -- 8.4 Primary Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields -- 8.4.1 Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Regulation -- 8.4.2 Genotoxic Effects -- 8.4.3 Effects on Cellular Membrane Permeability -- 8.5 Role of Electromagnetic Therapy in Ischemic Stroke -- 8.6 Conclusion -- Basic Terminology -- References -- Chapter 9: Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Ischemic Stroke -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Stem Cell Transplantation for Stroke -- 9.3 Neural Stem Cells -- 9.4 Embryonic Stem Cells -- 9.5 Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- 9.5.1 Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- 9.5.2 Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- 9.5.3 Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells. , 9.5.4 Menstrual Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- 9.6 Hematopoietic Stem Cells -- 9.7 Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells -- 9.7.1 Reprogramming Methods for Human Somatic Cells into iPSCs -- 9.8 Preconditioning Strategy in Stem Cell Transplantation Therapy -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Emerging Role of microRNAs in Cerebral Stroke Pathophysiology -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 MicroRNA Biogenesis -- 10.3 Current Therapy and the Possible Role of miRNA in Neuroprotection -- 10.4 Development of Therapeutic Approaches Using miRNA Mimics and Inhibitors -- 10.5 Techniques for miRNA Expression Analysis -- 10.6 Computational Target Gene Prediction -- 10.7 Experimental Approaches to miRNA Target Validation -- 10.8 miRNA as a Prognostic Biomarker in Ischemic Stroke -- 10.9 Circular RNA -- References -- Chapter 11: Therapeutic Aspects of Nanomedicines in Stroke Treatment -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Secondary Neuronal Damage After Stroke and BBB Breakdown -- 11.3 Existing Treatment of Stroke -- 11.4 Drug Delivery Through BBB During Stroke -- 11.5 NP-Based Drug Delivery -- 11.6 NP-Based Chemical Agents -- 11.7 A Hope: NPs as a Diagnostic Tool in Stroke -- 11.8 Composition of Nanocarrier Used in Stroke Therapy -- 11.9 Lipid Nanoparticles -- 11.10 Polymer Carriers -- 11.10.1 Inorganic-Based Nanocarriers -- 11.11 Nanocarriers-Based Thrombolytic Therapy: Preclinical Development -- 11.12 Streptokinase -- 11.13 Nanocarriers Loaded with SK -- 11.14 Urokinase (UK) -- 11.15 Urokinase-Loaded Nanocarriers -- 11.16 Tissue Plasminogen Recombinant (tPA, rtPA) -- 11.17 rtPA-Loaded Nanocarriers -- 11.18 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Neuroprotective Potential of Small Molecule Phytochemicals in Stroke Therapy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Role of Molecular Mediators in Apoptotic, Necrotic, and Necroptotic Neuronal Cell Death. , 12.3 Impact of Neurodegeneration in Neurological Disorders Including Stroke -- 12.4 Small Molecule Bioactive Phytochemicals as Neuroprotective Agents in Ischemic Stroke -- 12.4.1 Flavonoids -- 12.4.2 Terpenoids -- 12.4.3 Alkaloids -- 12.4.4 Withanolides -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Post-Stroke Treatment Strategies, Management, and Rehabilitation: Where We Stand? -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Types of Stroke -- 13.3 Treatments -- 13.3.1 In hospital -- 13.3.1.1 Thrombolysis -- 13.3.1.1.1 Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy -- 13.3.1.1.2 Intra-arterial Thrombolysis -- 13.3.1.2 Aspirin Treatment -- 13.3.1.3 Therapeutic Hypothermia -- 13.3.1.4 Blood Pressure Management -- 13.3.1.5 Antiplatelet Strategies -- 13.3.1.6 Surgery for Cerebral Edema -- 13.3.1.7 Antithrombotic Therapy -- 13.3.2 Post-discharge -- 13.3.2.1 Lifestyle Physical Activity -- 13.3.2.1.1 Smoking -- 13.3.2.1.2 Alcohol -- 13.3.2.1.3 Diet -- 13.3.2.1.4 Physical Activity -- 13.3.2.2 Blood Glucose Management -- 13.3.2.3 Cholesterol Management -- 13.3.2.4 Blood Pressure Management -- 13.3.2.5 Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy -- 13.3.2.6 Herbal Neuroprotective Intervention -- 13.4 Limitations of Treatment -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References.