Note: Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Chapter 1. Statistical sampling design for radionuclides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sampling to estimate spatial pattern -- 3. Other sampling methods and some common problems -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2. Sampling techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Optimization of sampling -- 3. Field sampling -- 4. Sampling technologies -- References -- Chapter 3. Detection and quantification capabilities in nuclear analytical measurements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical perspective -- 3. Detection decisions and detection, quantification capabilities: introduction to the basic concepts and relationships -- 4. The signal (S-) domain -- 5. The concentration (x-) domain -- 6. Multiple detection decisions -- multicomponent and multivariate detection limits -- 7. Background, baseline, blank (ultimate limitations) -- 8. Two low-level data quality issues -- Appendix A:Worked examples, and critical valves of test statistic -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4. Radiometric determination of anthropogenic radionuclides in seawater -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analytical method for 137Cs analysis in seawater -- 3. Analytical method for 90Sr -- 4. Analytical method for plutonium in seawater -- 5. Sequential treatment of seawater samples -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5. Monte Carlo simulation of background characteristics of gamma-ray spectrometers-a comparison with experiment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of detector background -- 3. Fluxes of cosmic muons -- 4. Physics of the simulation -- 5. Monte Carlo simulation codes -- 6. Simulation results and discussion -- 7. Comparison of modeling and experimental results -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. Underground laboratories for low-level radioactivity measurements -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Cosmic rays and the influence of depth on the background -- 3. Natural radioactivity -- 4. Cosmic rays in surface and underground laboratories -- 5. Selected underground laboratories -- 6. Detectors and detection modes -- 7. Applications -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Accelerator mass spectrometry of long-lived light radionuclides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The NSF Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory -- 3. Sample pretreatment and processing -- 4. Radiocarbon studies -- 5. 10Be studies -- 6. 26Al and 129I studies -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8. Accelerator mass spectrometry of long-lived heavy radionuclides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles of AMS as applied to heavy radionuclides -- 3. Advantages of AMS relative to conventional mass spectrometry -- 4. Advantages of AMS relative to alpha-spectrometry -- 5. Detailed description of AMS methodology -- 6. Implementation at various laboratories -- 7. Efficiency -- 8. Backgrounds -- 9. Sample preparation -- 10. Applications -- 11. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9. Analysis of radionuclides using ICP-MS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analysis of Pu-isotopes -- 3. Analysis of 237Np -- 4. Analysis of 99Tc -- 5. Analysis of 129I -- 6. Analysis of 90Sr, 135Cs and 137Cs -- 7. Analysis of 241Am -- 8. Analysis of 210Pb -- 9. Analysis of 226Ra -- 10. Analysis of U and Th isotopes -- References -- Chapter 10. Resonance ionization mass spectrometry for trace analysis of long-lived radionuclides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles of resonance ionization mass spectrometry -- 3. Applications of RIMS -- 4. Conclusion and outlook -- References -- Chapter 11. Environmental radioactive particles: A new challenge for modern analytical instrumental techniques in support of radioecology -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Characterization of depleted uranium particles -- 3. Characterization of uranium-containing particles originating from a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant -- 4. Characterization of U/Pu particles from an inadvertent destruction of nuclear weapons -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12. Activation analysis for the determination of long-lived radionuclides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principle of activation analysis -- 3. Methodology and equipment -- 4. Advantage of activation analysis for the determination of long-lived radionuclides -- 5. Application of activation analysis in the determination of long-lived radionuclides in environmental samples -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13. In situ and airborne gamma-ray spectrometry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gamma ray spectrometry systems and calibration -- 3. In situ gamma-ray spectrometry -- 4. Aerial gamma-ray spectrometry -- 5. Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14. Underwater gamma-ray spectrometry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mobile detection systems -- 3. Stationary detection system -- 4. Deployment of underwater gamma-ray spectrometers -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front cover -- Title page -- copyright -- front matter -- Preface -- Table of contents -- body -- 1 Environmental isotope tracers -- Application of accelerator mass spectrometry to environmental and paleoclimate studies at the University of Arizona -- Introduction -- Improvements in the radiocarbon calibration -- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry -- AMS radionuclide methods -- AMS at Arizona -- Conventions and definitions -- Chemical preparation of samples and stable-isotope analysis -- Sample processing improvements -- Automated sample pretreatment -- Specialized sediment sample pretreatment -- Compound-specific studies and bone chemistry -- Surface cleaning and sample extraction by oxygen plasma -- Can we observe climatic signals in the radiocarbon record? -- Use of 14C in modern corals and as a tracer in the ocean -- Forest fires -- 10Be studies -- 129I studies -- Megafaunal extinctions -- In situ terrestrial cosmogenic 14C -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- Discriminating biogenic and anthropogenic chlorinated organic compounds using multi-isotope analyses of individual compounds -- Introduction -- Biogenic chlorinated compounds -- Stable carbon isotopes -- Stable chlorine isotopes -- Radiocarbon -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- Shift in stable water isotopes in precipitation in the Andean Amazon: Implications of deforestation or greenhouse impacts? -- Climate and land-use change in the Amazon -- Basin-scale change in the Amazon -- Stable water isotopes -- Application of stable isotopes to detecting Amazonian climatic variations -- Precipitation isotopes in the Andean Amazon -- Modelling water isotopes at the basin scale -- Recent impacts of Amazonian deforestation -- References -- 2 Oceanic radionuclide tracers. , Southern Hemisphere Ocean Tracer Study (SHOTS): An overview and preliminary results -- Introduction -- Sampling and analyses -- Sampling onboard -- Radionuclide analyses -- Results and discussion -- 137Cs and 239,240Pu in surface water -- 137Cs and 239,240Pu in the water column -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- Plutonium isotopes in seawater of the North Pacific: Effects of close-in fallout -- Introduction -- Sampling and analytical methods -- Results and discussion -- 239,240Pu in surface waters -- Vertical profiles of 239,240Pu -- Deep 239,240Pu -- Plutonium isotope ratios -- Inventory of 239,240Pu in the water column -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in the water column off Rokkasho, Japan -- Introduction -- Oceanographic scope -- Materials and methods -- Sampling and in situ measurements -- Analytical methods -- Results and discussion -- Oceanographic observations -- Distribution of radionuclides -- Carbon-14 -- Iodine-129 -- Plutonium-239,240 -- Distributions of short-lived radionuclides -- Radionuclide ratios -- Radionuclide inventories -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Artificial radionuclides in the Yellow Sea: Inputs and redistribution -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Soil core -- Atmospheric samples -- Seawater -- Bottom sediments -- Analytical methods -- Results -- Atmospheric input -- Total 239+240Pu deposition -- Wet deposition of 239+240Pu, 90Sr, and 137Cs -- Soil -- River input -- Seawater -- Temporal changes in radionuclide concentrations in the Yellow Sea -- Bottom sediment -- Oceanic boundary conditions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Radionuclides in the European seas -- Distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in the water column of the south-western Mediterranean Sea. , Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results and discussion -- Algerian Basin -- The Sardinia Channel -- The Sicily Channel -- Radionuclide inventories in the water column -- Radionuclide activity ratios -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in Moroccan coastal waters and sediments -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Seawater and sediment samples -- Analytical methods -- Results and discussion -- Seawater -- Sediment -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 137Cs in seawater and sediment along the Algerian coast -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Sampling -- Gamma-ray spectrometry -- Results and discussion -- Seawater -- Surface sediment -- Sediment core -- 137Cs inventory -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- Physical and chemical characteristics of 137Cs in the Baltic Sea -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Sampling -- Sample preparation -- Measurements -- Results and discussion -- Aqueous speciation of 137Cs -- Association of 137Cs with suspended particles -- Association of 137Cs with bottom sediments -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Radioecological studies -- Comparison of the MARINA II dispersion model with CSERAM for estimating concentrations of radionuclides in UK waters -- Introduction -- The dispersion models -- The MARINA II model -- The CSERAM model -- Validation of the models -- The discharge scenario -- Results and discussion -- Caesium-137 -- Plutonium-239/240 -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Assessment of the discharge of NORM to the North Sea from produced water by the Norwegian oil and gas industry -- Introduction -- Produced water from the oil and gas industry -- Natural radionuclides in produced water. , Radium in produced water from the Norwegian continental shelf -- Materials and methods -- Determination of 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb activity -- Original method -- Modified method -- Discharge volumes -- Results -- Activity concentration of 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb in produced water -- Estimated discharge of 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb in 2003 from Norwegian platforms -- Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Uranium mining and ore processing in Ukraine - radioecological effects on the Dnipro River water ecosystem and human health -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results and discussion -- Zhovti Vody site -- Dniprodzerzhinsk site -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 90Sr, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Am distributions in an alpine wetland, Boréon (France) -- Introduction -- Site description -- Sampling -- Methods -- Results and discussion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Concentrations and characteristics of uranium isotopes in drinking waters collected in Italy and the Balkan regions and their radiological impact on the public -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Apparatus and reagents -- Column preparation -- Sampling and sample preparation -- Method -- Preconcentration of uranium in water -- Separation and determination of uranium -- Quality control of the method -- Lower limit of detection (LLD) -- Results and discussion -- Activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in Italian waters -- Uranium isotopes in waters of Balkan regions -- Radiological impacts due to the uranium intake from water -- Conclusions -- References -- The radiological evaluation of uranium, radium and radon in metallic and thermo-metallic springs in Ikaria Island, the eastern Aegean Sea, Greece -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Sampling -- Alpha-spectrometry -- Liquid scintillation counting -- Gamma-spectrometry. , Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- 5 Isotope biomonitors -- Bioaccumulation of radiocaesium in Arctic seals from Northeast Greenland -- Introduction -- Methods -- Field sampling -- Results -- Radiocaesium levels -- Radiocaesium bioconcentration factors -- Discussion -- Radiocaesium levels in seals -- Radiocaesium bioconcentration in seals -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Anthropogenic radionuclides in biota samples from the Caspian Sea -- Introduction -- Description of samples and analytical methods -- Biota samples -- Analytical procedures -- Results and discussion -- Radionuclide concentrations -- Concentration factors -- Comparison of results with published data -- Radionuclide concentrations -- Concentration factors -- Activity ratios -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Further reading -- 210Po in fish, algae, mussel and beach sediment samples collected along the Turkish coast of the Black Sea -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Sampling -- Analyses -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 210Po in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and sediments along the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Sampling -- Radiochemical procedures -- Results and discussion -- Mussel samples -- Sediment samples -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Stable nitrogen isotopes reveal weak dependence of trophic position of planktivorous fish on individual size: A consequence of omnivorism and mobility -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Trophic position and individual size -- Trophic position and species composition -- Mobility and plankton exploitation -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Isotope hydrology. , Radiocarbon loss from DIC in vadose water flow above the Judea Aquifer, Israel.