Note: 9780128032251_WEB1 -- Front Cover -- Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry -- Copyright -- Editor Biographies -- Contributors -- Thematic Contents List -- Atomic Spectroscopy -- Electronic Spectroscopy -- Fundamentals of Spectroscopy -- High Energy Spectroscopy -- Magnetic Resonance -- Mass Spectrometry -- Spatially Resolved Methods -- Vibrational, Rotational and Raman Spectroscopies -- Contents of All Volumes -- Volume 1 -- Volume 2 -- Volume 3 -- Volume 4 -- Guide to Using the Encyclopedia -- Structure of the Encyclopedia -- Alphabetical Contents List -- Cross-references -- Example -- Index -- Contributors -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Permission Acknowledgments -- A -- Absolute Stereochemistry by NMR Spectroscopy -- Introduction -- The Foundations of the Method -- The Practice of Configurational Assignment -- Monofunctional Compounds -- Polyfunctional Compounds -- Simplified Procedures -- The Use of a Single Derivative -- Secondary alcohols: esterification shifts -- Secondary alcohols: low-temperature shifts -- Secondary alcohols and α-chiral primary amines: complexation shifts -- Polyfunctional compound: low-temperature shifts -- The Mix and Shake Method: Resin-Bound AMAAs -- Working with Mixtures of Enantiomers: HPLC-NMR -- The Use of 13C-NMR Spectroscopy for Assignment -- Further Reading -- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) -- Introduction -- Instrumentation -- Sample Preparation/Presentation -- AMS Applications -- Further Reading -- AFM and Raman Spectroscopy, Applications in Cellular Imaging and Assays -- Introduction -- Raman-AFM Application in Monitoring Embryonic Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation -- Raman-AFM Applications on the Detection of Fatty Acid-Responsive Receptors on Single Cells -- Raman-AFM Applications on Cellular Assay in Microfluidics -- Acknowledgment -- References. , Analytical Methodology Standards for Metabolomics -- Introduction: The Need for Standardization -- Minimum Information about a Proteomic Experiment (MIAPE) -- The Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI) -- Future Developments in Global Standardization -- Further Reading -- Atmospheric Pressure Ionization in Mass Spectrometry -- Introduction -- API Ion Source Design -- Ion Sampling Aperture and Ion Transfer System -- Sample Introduction Devices -- Ionization in API Conditions -- Gas-Phase Ionization -- Liquid-Based Ionization -- Plasma-Based Ionization -- Applications -- Gas Analysis -- LC-MS -- ICP-MS -- Further Reading -- Atomic Absorption, Methods and Instrumentation -- Introduction -- Instrumentation -- Light Source -- Background Correction Systems -- Single-Beam and Double-Beam Instruments -- Line Isolation Devices -- Detection Systems -- Instrument Control and Output Devices -- Sample Introduction and Atom Cells -- Interferences -- Methods -- Conclusions -- Further Reading -- Atomic Absorption, Theory -- Atom Production -- Flame Atomization -- Electrothermal Atomization -- Atomic Absorption -- Emission and Absorption Line Profiles -- Calibration Curve Shapes -- Interferences -- Further Reading -- Atomic Emission and Fluorescence Theory -- Atomic Emission -- Excited State Population -- Line Widths -- Calibration Curves -- Atomic Fluorescence -- Excited State Population -- Line Widths -- Calibration Curves -- Further Reading -- Relevant Website -- Atomic Emission, Methods and Instrumentation -- Atomic Emission Sources -- Inductively Coupled Plasmas -- Direct Current Plasmas -- Microwave-Induced Plasmas -- Capacitively Coupled Microwave Plasmas -- Spectrometers -- Monochromators -- Polychromators -- Detectors -- Photomultiplier Tubes -- Charge-Coupled and Charge-Injection Devices -- Methods -- Sample Introduction -- Torches -- Nebulizers. , Concentric Nebulizers -- Cross-flow Nebulizers -- Babington-type Nebulizer -- Frit-type Nebulizer -- Ultrasonic Nebulizer -- Electrothermal Vaporization -- Hydride Generation -- Direct Solids Introduction -- Line Selection -- Spectral Interferences and Correction Techniques -- Further Reading -- Atomic Fluorescence, Methods and Instrumentation -- Introduction -- Light Sources -- Atom Cell -- Line Isolation Devices -- Detectors -- Readout and Data-Handling Systems -- Applications -- Interferences -- Detection Limits -- Conclusions -- Further Reading -- Atomic Force Microscopy: Methods and Applications -- Introduction -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Contact Mode -- Tapping Mode -- Noncontact Mode -- Force Spectroscopy -- Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy -- Atomic-Resolution Force Spectroscopy in Three Dimensions -- Biological Research With the AFM -- Nanotribology Studies With the AFM -- AFM for Catalysis Research -- Outlook on Emerging Aspects and Future Prospects of Atomic Force Microscopy -- Further Reading -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Biomedical Applications -- Introduction -- Atomic Spectroscopy -- Samples and Sample Preparation -- Applications -- Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity -- Basic Physiology and Biochemistry -- Miscellaneous Applications -- Interferences Seen in the Analysis of Biomedical Sciences by Atomic Spectroscopy -- Further Reading -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Electronic Components Applications -- Further Reading -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Food and Dairy Products Applications of -- Sampling (Sample Collection and Processing) -- Sample Preparation (Reagents and Ashing Methods) -- Method Selection and Method Validation -- Instrumentation and Applications -- FAAS and GFAAS -- ICP-AES and ICP-MS -- Acknowledgements -- Further Reading -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Forensic Science Applications -- Introduction. , Multielement and Isotopic Fingerprinting -- Glass Analysis -- Bullet Lead Analysis -- Nuclear Materials Analyses -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Forestry and Wood Products Applications -- Introduction -- Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques in Use -- Forestry -- Wood and Wood Products -- Wood Preservatives -- Preservative Penetration and Retention -- Naturally Occurring Levels of Elements -- General Instrument Settings -- Analytical Procedures -- General Comments -- Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy in Forestry and Wood Products -- Fine Estuarine Sediments -- Algae and Animal Tissues -- Trees and Herbaceous Plant Material -- Forest Soils -- Solid Wood -- Water -- Air -- Future developments -- Further Reading -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Forestry and Wood Products Applications -- Introduction -- Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques in Use -- Forestry -- Wood and Wood Products -- Wood Preservatives -- Preservative Penetration and Retention -- Naturally Occurring Levels of Elements -- General Instrument Settings -- Analytical Procedures -- General Comments -- Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy in Forestry and Wood Products -- Fine Estuarine Sediments -- Algae and Animal Tissues -- Trees and Herbaceous Plant Material -- Forest Soils -- Solid Wood -- Water -- Air -- Future developments -- Further Reading -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Historical Perspective -- Further Reading -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Pharmaceutical Applications -- Introduction -- Techniques of Interest in the Analysis of Pharmaceutical Products -- How Is an Analytical Technique Selected in a Pharmaceutical Laboratory? -- The Stages of the Drug Development Process - Some Background -- Preclinical (Discovery) Testing -- Clinical (IND) Phase -- NDA Phase (Phase IV) -- Further Reading -- ATR and Reflectance IR Spectroscopy, Applications -- Introduction. , Theory of Reflectance Spectroscopy -- Fresnel's Equations -- Energy Flux Density -- The Kramers-Kronig Relations -- Internal Reflection Spectroscopy (ATR) -- Applications -- Diffuse Reflectance -- Specular Reflection Spectroscopy -- Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy -- Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (RAS) at Near-normal Incidence -- RAS at Grazing Angle -- Polarization Modulation RAS -- ATR Spectroscopy -- Quantitative Analysis of ATR Spectra -- The Concept of Effective Thickness -- Relative Electric Field Components -- Validity of the Effective Thickness Concept -- Quantitative Analysis Taking Sample Absorption and Thickness into Account -- Orientation Measurements -- Determination of Surface Concentration -- Special Experimental ATR Techniques -- SBSR Technique -- Modulated Excitation ME Spectroscopy and 2D IR Spectroscopy -- 2D FTIR Spectroscopy -- Sensitivity of ATR Spectroscopy -- Sensitivity of Stationary ATR Measurements -- Quantitative Analysis of Stationary ATR Spectra -- Dichroic Ratio of Symmetric CH2 Stretching -- Mean Orientation of Hydrocarbon Chains -- Mean Order Parameter of CH2 Groups -- Surface Concentration and Area per Molecule -- Conclusions -- Sensitivity of ME ATR Spectroscopy -- Sensitivity of ME-Spectroscopy -- Selectivity of pH ME -- Manufacturers of Reflection Accessories -- Standard Equipment for Reflection Spectroscopy -- Special Equipment for SBSR-ATR and ME-ATR Spectroscopy -- Further Reading -- B -- Biofluids Studied by NMR Spectroscopy -- Introduction -- Resonance Assignment in NMR Spectra of Biofluids -- NMR Studies of Dynamic Interactions -- NMR Spectroscopy of Blood Plasma and Whole Blood -- NMR Peak Assignments -- 1H NMR Spectroscopy of Whole Blood and Red Blood Cells -- NMR Spectroscopy of Human and Animal Urine -- Sample Preparation and NMR Assignments -- NMR Spectra of Urine in Disease. , Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Xenobiotics Using NMR Spectroscopy of Urine.

Note: Front Cover -- The Handbook of Metabonomics and Metabolomics -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Metabonomics and Metabolomics Techniques and Their Applications in Mammalian Systems -- 1.1. Metabonomics and metabolomics in relation to other "omics" approaches -- 1.2. The concept of global systems biology -- 1.3. Interactions between host and other genomes -- 1.4. Time-scales of "-omics" events -- 1.5. Samples for metabonomics and metabolomics -- 1.6. Analytical technologies -- 1.7. Chemometric methods -- 1.8. New approaches to biomarker identification using chemometrics -- 1.9. Standardisation of metabolic experiments and their reporting -- 1.10. Overview of applications of metabonomics and metabolomics to mammalian systems -- 1.11. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 2 Cellular Metabolomics: The Quest for Pathway Structure -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. How large is the metabolome? -- 2.3. Metabolite identification -- 2.4. Pathway identification -- 2.5. "Omics" data integration -- 2.6. Metabolic fluxes -- 2.7. Metabolic networks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 NMR Spectroscopy Techniques for Application to Metabonomics -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Principles of NMR -- 3.3. Hardware requirements and automation -- 3.4. Sample handling -- 3.5. NMR Experiments and their processing -- 3.6. Data pre-processing -- 3.7. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Nuclear spin Hamiltonian -- 4.3. Coherence averaging by magic angle spinning -- 4.4. MAS NMR experiments -- 4.5. Pulse sequences -- 4.6. Applications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Separations Combined with Mass Spectrometry for Metabonomics -- Abstract -- 5.1. Introduction. , 5.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- 5.3. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- 5.4. HPLC-MS for metabonomics -- 5.5. Capillary LC-MS -- 5.6. Ultra performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- 5.7. Capillary zone electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry -- 5.8. GC-, LC- and CE-MS for metabonomics: A perspective -- 5.9. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Chemometrics Techniques for Metabonomics -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Chemometric approaches to metabonomic studies -- 6.3. Summary -- 6.4. Extensions and future outlook -- References -- Chapter 7 Non-linear Methods for the Analysis of Metabolic Profiles -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Unsupervised methods -- 7.3. Supervised methods -- 7.4. Other methods -- 7.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Databases and Standardisation of Reporting Methods for Metabolic Studies -- 8.1. Introduction: The challenges -- 8.2. Tackling the challenges -- 8.3. Standards in action - a working example -- 8.4. Final remarks -- References -- Chapter 9 Metabonomics in Preclinical Pharmaceutical Discovery and Development -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Background -- 9.3. Methods -- 9.4. Preclinical efficacy -- 9.5. Preclinical toxicity -- 9.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Applications of Metabonomics in Clinical Pharmaceutical R& -- D -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Clinical applications of metabonomics in pharmaceutical R& -- D to establish Confidence in Rationale and Confidence in Safety -- 10.3. Summary and future outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Exploiting the Potential of Metabonomics in Large Population Studies: Three Venues -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Disease risk and pathogenesis -- 11.3. Metabolic signatures of physical and psychosocial experience -- 11.4. Metabolic distinctions in populations studies -- 11.5. Summary and discussion -- Acknowledgments. , References -- Chapter 12 Metabolite Profiling and Cardiovascular Disease -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Current approaches to molecular fingerprinting -- 12.3. Profiling diagnostics for coronary heart disease -- 12.4. Metabonomics of coronary heart disease -- 12.5. The next steps -- References -- Chapter 13 The Role of NMR-based Metabolomics in Cancer -- 13.1. In the era of "-omics" -- 13.2. Current metabolomics -- 13.3. Current oncology -- 13.4. From histological to molecular pathology -- 13.5. Chemical detection of cancer -- 13.6. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cancer -- 13.7. Development of intact tissue MRS -- 13.8. From tissue MR spectra to cancer metabolomics -- 13.9. Future directions and implications -- References -- Chapter 14 NMR Spectroscopy of Body Fluids as a Metabolomics Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Methods -- 14.3. NMR spectra of body fluids -- 14.4. Future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 15 A Survey of Metabonomics Approaches for Disease Characterisation -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Healthy individuals -- 15.3. Effects of nutrition supplements and natural remedies -- 15.4. Genetically modified animal models of disease and genetic disorders -- 15.5. Metabonomics in disease studies -- 15.6. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 16 Metabolic Profiling: Applications in Plant Science -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.2. The plant metabolome -- 16.3. Metabolite profiling technologies -- 16.4. Agrochemical development -- 16.5. Metabolite engineering in plants -- 16.6. Plant secondary metabolism -- 16.7. Complex problems in plant science -- 16.8. Plant functional genomics -- 16.9. Breeding -- 16.10. Nutrition and medicine -- 16.11. Outlook to systems biology -- 16.12. Summary and outlook -- References -- Chapter 17 In vivo NMR Applications of Metabonomics -- 17.1. Introduction. , 17.2. In situ NMR Assignments of body fluid metabolites -- 17.3. In vivo NMR Spectroscopy -- 17.4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18 Applications of Metabonomics Within Environmental Toxicology -- 18.1. Introduction -- 18.2. Examining the impact of environmental toxins on mammalian species using laboratory models -- 18.3. Examining the impact of environmental toxins on wild mammal species -- 18.4. Use of high resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR spectroscopy in studies on the effects of environmental contaminants on mammals -- 18.5. Examining the impact of environmental toxins on fish -- 18.6. Examining the impact of environmental toxins on invertebrates -- 18.7. Future directions and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19 Global Systems Biology Through Integration of "Omics" Results -- 19.1. Introduction -- 19.2. Integration and correlation of metabonomic and metabolomic analytical data -- 19.3. Integration of metabolomic and metabonomic data from different types of sample -- 19.4. Integration of data from different omics approaches -- 19.5. Future requirements for modelling hyper-complex biological systems -- References -- Index.

Note: Vol1 -- 001-v01-i-iv-9780123744173 -- 002-v01-v-v-9780123744173 -- Editors Affiliations -- 003-v01-vii-viii-9780123744173 -- 004-v01-ix-x-9780123744173 -- Preface to 1st Edition -- 005-v01-xi-xi-9780123744173 -- Preface to 2nd Edition -- 006-v01-xiii-xiii-9780123744173 -- Acknowledgements -- 007-v01-xiv-xiv-9780123744173 -- Disclaimer -- 008-v01-xv-xv-9780123744173 -- Guide to Use of the Encyclopedia -- Structure of the Encyclopedia -- Alphabetical Contents List -- Cross-references -- Example -- Index -- ‡Contributors -- 009-v01-xvii-xx-9780123744173 -- 010-v01-xxi-xxxii-9780123744173 -- 011-v01-xxxiii-xxxvii-9780123744173 -- Subject Classifications -- Atomic Spectroscopy -- Historical Overview -- Theory -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Applications -- Electronic Spectroscopy -- Theory -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Applications -- Fundamentals of Spectroscopy -- Theory -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Applications -- High Energy Spectroscopy -- Theory -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Applications -- Magnetic Resonance -- Historical Overview -- Theory -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Applications -- Mass Spectrometry -- Historical Overview -- Theory -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Applications -- Spatially Resolved (and other Structural) Methods -- Theory -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Applications -- Vibrational, Rotational and Raman Spectroscopies -- Historical Overview -- Theory -- Methods and Instrumentation -- Applications -- 012-v01-1-3-9780123744173 -- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) -- Introduction -- Instrumentation -- Sample Preparation/Presentation -- AMS Applications -- Further Reading -- 013-v01-4-8-9780123744173 -- Analytical Methodology Standards for Metabolomics -- Introduction: The Need for Standardization -- Minimum Information about a Proteomic Experiment (MIAPE) -- The Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI). , Future Developments in Global Standardization -- Further Reading -- 014-v01-9-14-9780123744173 -- Applications of Circular Dichroism -- 015-v01-15-22-9780123744173 -- Applications of Single Photon Imaging -- Introduction -- Clinical Imaging Protocols -- Radiotracers -- Clinical Single-Photon Imaging Studies -- Cardiac Imaging -- Bone Scans -- Lung Scans -- Imaging of Kidneys and Renal Function -- Other Clinical NM Studies -- Molecular Imaging -- Further Reading -- 016-v01-23-38-9780123744173 -- Art Works Studied Using IR and Raman Spectroscopy -- Introduction -- Comparison of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies -- Applications of IR and Raman Spectroscopies -- Plastics -- Glass -- Faience -- Biomaterials -- Paintings -- Medieval Manuscripts -- Wall Paintings -- Further Reading -- 017-v01-39-45-9780123744173 -- Atmospheric Pressure Ionization in Mass Spectrometry -- Introduction -- API Ion Source Design -- Ion Sampling Aperture and Ion Transfer System -- Sample Introduction Devices -- Ionization in API Conditions -- Gas-Phase Ionization -- Liquid-Based Ionization -- Plasma-Based Ionization -- Applications -- Gas Analysis -- LC-MS -- ICP-MS -- Further Reading -- 018-v01-46-53-9780123744173 -- Atomic Absorption, Methods and Instrumentation -- 019-v01-54-62-9780123744173 -- Atomic Absorption, Theory -- Atom Production -- Flame Atomization -- Electrothermal Atomization -- Atomic Absorption -- Emission and Absorption Line Profiles -- Calibration Curve Shapes -- Interferences -- Further Reading -- 020-v01-63-69-9780123744173 -- Atomic Emission and Fluorescence Theory -- Atomic Emission -- Excited State Population -- Line Widths -- Calibration Curves -- Atomic Fluorescence -- Excited State Population -- Line Widths -- Calibration Curves -- Further Reading -- Relevant Website -- 021-v01-70-77-9780123744173 -- Atomic Emission, Methods and Instrumentation. , 022-v01-78-83-9780123744173 -- Atomic Fluorescence, Methods and Instrumentation -- Introduction -- Light Sources -- Atom Cell -- Line Isolation Devices -- Detectors -- Readout and Data-Handling Systems -- Applications -- Interferences -- Detection Limits -- Conclusions -- See Also -- Further Reading -- 023-v01-84-90-9780123744173 -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Forensic Science Applications -- Introduction -- Multielement and Isotopic Fingerprinting -- Glass Analysis -- Bullet Lead Analysis -- Nuclear Materials Analyses -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- 024-v01-91-93-9780123744173 -- Atomic Spectroscopy, Historical Perspective -- Further Reading -- 025-v01-94-109-9780123744173 -- ATR and Reflectance IR Spectroscopy, Applications -- Introduction -- Theory of Reflectance Spectroscopy -- Fresnel's Equations -- Energy Flux Density -- The Kramers-Kronig Relations -- Internal Reflection Spectroscopy (ATR) -- Applications -- Diffuse Reflectance -- Specular Reflection Spectroscopy -- Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy -- Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (RAS) at Near-normal Incidence -- RAS at Grazing Angle -- Polarization Modulation RAS -- ATR Spectroscopy -- Quantitative Analysis of ATR Spectra -- The Concept of Effective Thickness -- Relative Electric Field Components -- Validity of the Effective Thickness Concept -- Quantitative Analysis Taking Sample Absorption and Thickness into Account -- Orientation Measurements -- Determination of Surface Concentration -- Special Experimental ATR Techniques -- SBSR Technique -- Modulated Excitation ME Spectroscopy and 2D IR Spectroscopy -- 2D FTIR Spectroscopy -- Sensitivity of ATR Spectroscopy -- Sensitivity of Stationary ATR Measurements -- Quantitative Analysis of Stationary ATR Spectra -- Dichroic Ratio of Symmetric CH2 Stretching -- Mean Orientation of Hydrocarbon Chains -- Mean Order Parameter of CH2 Groups. , Surface Concentration and Area per Molecule -- Conclusions -- Sensitivity of ME ATR Spectroscopy -- Sensitivity of ME-Spectroscopy -- Selectivity of pH ME -- Manufacturers of Reflection Accessories -- Standard Equipment for Reflection Spectroscopy -- Special Equipment for SBSR-ATR and ME-ATR Spectroscopy -- Further Reading -- 026-v01-111-117-9780123744173 -- Biochemical Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy -- 027-v01-118-127-9780123744173 -- Biochemical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy -- 028-v01-128-141-9780123744173 -- Biofluids Studied by NMR Spectroscopy -- Introduction -- Resonance Assignment in NMR Spectra of Biofluids -- NMR Studies of Dynamic Interactions -- NMR Spectroscopy of Blood Plasma and Whole Blood -- NMR Peak Assignments -- 1H NMR Spectroscopy of Whole Blood and Red Blood Cells -- NMR Spectroscopy of Human and Animal Urine -- Sample Preparation and NMR Assignments -- NMR Spectra of Urine in Disease -- Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Xenobiotics Using NMR Spectroscopy of Urine -- NMR Spectroscopy of Cerebrospinal Fluid -- NMR Spectroscopy of Seminal Fluids -- NMR Spectroscopy of Bile -- NMR Spectroscopy of Bile and Dynamic Interactions of Metabolites -- NMR Spectroscopy of Miscellaneous Body Fluids -- Amniotic and Follicular Fluids -- Milk -- Synovial Fluid -- Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Humor -- Saliva -- Digestive Fluids -- Pathological Cyst Fluid -- Further Reading -- Relevant Website -- 029-v01-142-152-9780123744173 -- Biological Applications of IR -- Introduction -- Microbiological Applications -- Botanical Applications -- Biomedical and Clinical Applications -- Further Reading -- 030-v01-153-165-9780123744173 -- Biomacromolecular Applications of Circular Dichroism and ORD -- Proteins and Polypeptides -- Analysis of the Secondary Structure of Proteins -- Determination of the Thermodynamics of Protein Folding. , Analysis of Conformational Transitions -- Detection of Folding Intermediates -- Determination of the kinetics of protein folding -- Analysis of Protein-Ligand Interactions -- Nucleic Acids -- Analysis of the Secondary Structure of Polynucleotides -- Homopolynucleotides -- Heteropolynucleotides -- Analysis of Conformational Transitions of Nucleic Acids -- Analysis of Ligand Binding to Nucleic Acids -- Carbohydrates -- Determination of Carbohydrate Structure and Linkages -- Analysing Conformational Transitions of Carbohydrates Using CD and ORD -- Further Reading -- 031-v01-166-173-9780123744173 -- Biomacromolecular Applications of UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy -- 032-v01-174-182-9780123744173 -- Biomedical Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy -- 033-v01-183-184-9780123744173 -- Biometallics/Metallomics Techniques and Applications -- Introduction -- Intrinsic Bioelement Determination (P, S, Se, I, and Other Metals) -- Extrinsic Metal Tag Determination -- Further Reading -- 034-v01-185-193-9780123744173 -- Biomolecular X-Ray Crystallography, Structure Determination Methods -- Diffraction Theory and Structure Synthesis -- Crystal Symmetry -- Space Group Symmetry -- Assigning the Space Group -- Sample Preparation and Crystallogenesis -- Data Collection -- X-ray Sources -- Detectors -- Cryo-Freezing -- Data Processing Software -- Mosflm and Scala -- XDS/XSCALE -- Phase Problem -- The Patterson Methods -- MIR Phasing -- MAD Phasing -- SAD Phasing -- Molecular Replacement -- Direct Methods -- Electron Density Improvement -- Structure Refinement -- Further Reading -- 035-v01-195-203-9780123744173 -- Calibration and Reference Systems (Regulatory Authorities) -- Overview -- Spectroscopic Coverage -- 036-v01-204-211-9780123744173 -- Carbohydrates Studied by NMR -- Introduction -- Sample Preparation -- Analysis of Carbohydrate Structure by NMR. , 1H NMR of Carbohydrates.