Note: Front Cover -- Biomass for Energy in the Developing Countries: Current Role, Potential, Problems, Prospects -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Summary and Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Format -- Alphabetical Index of Main Topics -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Objectives -- Chapter 2. The Present Role of Biomass Energy -- 2.1 Global Perspective -- 2.2 Characteristics of Present Biomass Energy Utilisation -- 2.3 Summary of Energy Use Surveys -- Chapter 3. Energy Needs in Developing Countries -- 3.1 Domestic Energy Needs -- 3.2 Energy for Rural Development -- 3.3 Energy for Petroleum Replacement -- Chapter 4. Future Biomass Energy Options -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 Biomass Production -- 4.3 BIOMASS UTILISATION -- Chapter 5. Overall System Options -- 5.1 Domestic Energy Needs -- 5.2 Energy for Rural Development -- 5.3 Energy for Petroleum Replacement -- Chapter 6. Implementation -- 6.1 Implementation Experience to Date -- 6.2 General Features of Developing Countries relevant to Implementation of Biomass Energy Schemes -- 6.3 Implementation - A Positive Approach -- Chapter 7. General Policy Considerations -- 7.1 Biomass Energy and Development Policy -- 7.2 Research and Development (R and D) Needs -- 7.3 Opportunities for Collaboration -- 7.4 Final Comments -- Acknowledgements -- Units and Conversion Factors -- List of References -- General Texts Recommended for Further Reading -- Appendix A: Data on Biomass Energy Use -- PART 1: VILLAGE ENERGY STUDIES -- PART 2: NATIONAL ENERGY STUDIES -- References for Energy Data Tables -- Appendix B: Institutions Involved in Alternative Energy Research.

Note: Front Cover -- Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Addresses of Contributors -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- INTRODUCTION -- UNITS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- CHAPTER 1. MEASUREMENT OF PLANT BIOMASS AND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sampling design -- 1.3 Measurement of above-ground biomass -- 1.4 Measurement of below-ground biomass -- 1.5 Non-destructive measurement of biomass -- 1.6 Estimation of losses -- 1.7 Estimation of net primary production -- 1.8 Experimental work -- References -- CHAPTER 2. PLANT GROWTH ANALYSIS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic principles -- 2.3 Components of classical growth analysis -- 2.4 Functional growth analysis -- 2.5 Experimental investigations -- References -- CHAPTER 3. PLANT MICROCLIMATE -- 3.1 General introduction -- 3.2 Radiation - solar and long wave -- 3.3 Temperature -- 3.4 Humidity -- 3.5 Wind -- 3.6 Automatic weather stations -- 3.7 Recording -- 3.8 Experimental work -- References -- CHAPTER 4. CANOPY STRUCTURE AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Radiation in canopies -- 4.3 Measurement of canopy structure -- References -- CHAPTER 5. WATER RELATIONS -- 5.1 Stomatal conductance -- 5.2 Plant water status -- 5.3 Soil water status -- 5.4 Practical work on water relations -- References and further reading -- CHAPTER 6. MEASUREMENT OF CO2 ASSIMILATION BY PLANTS IN THE FIELD AND THE LABORATORY -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Infra-red gas analysis -- 6.3 14C incorporation -- 6.4 Measurement and control of gas flow -- 6.5. Chamber conditions and construction -- 6.6 Analysis of gas exchange measurements -- 6.7 Conclusion -- 6.8 Experimental work -- References -- CHAPTER 7. MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN AND CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE -- 7.1 The oxygen electrode -- 7.2 The leaf disc electrode. , 7.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement -- References -- CHAPTER 8. SHOOT MORPHOLOGY AND LEAF ANATOMY IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 8.1 Shoot morphology and the relationship of single leaf to whole plant CO2 assimilation and canopy productivity -- 8.2 Leaf anatomy -- 8.3 Experiments -- References -- CHAPTER 9. CHLOROPLASTS AND PROTOPLASTS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mesophyll protoplasts from C3, C4 and CAM plants -- 9.3 Photosynthesis by isolated protoplasts -- 9.4 Chloroplast isolation from protoplasts -- 9.5 Mechanical separation of intact chloroplasts -- 9.6 Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts -- 9.7 Carbon assimilation by C3 chloroplasts -- 9.8 Materials -- References -- CHAPTER 10. PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENERGY CONVERSION -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Measurement of proton flux, photophosphorylation and electron transport using broken chloroplasts and a pH electrode -- 10.3 Partial electron transport reactions assayed with the O2 electrode and a conventional recording spectrophotometer -- References -- CHAPTER 11. CARBON METABOLISM -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The carbon reduction cycle -- 11.3 Photorespiration -- 11.4 C4 photosynthesis -- 11.5 CAM plants -- 11.6 Carboxylation enzymes -- 11.7 Experiments -- References -- CHAPTER 12. NITROGEN FIXATION -- 12.1 Nitrogen metabolism -- 12.2 Introduction to N-fixation -- 12.3 The genus Rhizobium -- 12.4 Measurement of N-fixation by direct means -- 12.5 Indirect assay of nitrogenase activity -- 12.6 Preparation of acetylene -- 12.7 Gas chromatography -- 12.8 Experimental schedule -- References -- CHAPTER 13. ASSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTION -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Enzymology -- 13.3 Relationship between nitrate reduction and photosynthesis -- 13.4 Determination of enzymatic activities -- 13.5 Other analytical procedures useful for the study of nitrate assimilation. , 13.6 Uptake of nitrate by cells of blue-green algae. Effects of ammonium and MSO -- References -- CHAPTER 14. AMMONIA ASSIMILATION AND AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS -- 14.1 Ammonia assimilation -- 14.2 Transport of nitrogenous compounds -- 14.3 Biosynthesis of amino acids -- References -- CHAPTER 15. MICRO-ALGAE: LABORATORY GROWTH TECHNIQUES AND OUTDOOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Growth of micro-algae: techniques and kinetics -- 15.3 Chemostat cultures -- 15.4 Synchronised cultures -- 15.5 Nutrient-limited growth -- 15.6 Analytical techniques -- 15.7 Growth, maintenance and preservation of algal cultures -- 15.8 Culture media -- 15.9 Definition of common units and terms -- 15.10 Technical problems -- 15.11 Where to obtain algal cultures -- 15.12 Algal biomass production -- References and further reading -- CHAPTER 16. ENZYMES: SEPARATION AND KINETICS -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Enzyme activity -- 16.3 Isolation of enzymes -- 16.4 Protein determination -- 16.5 Extraction of proteins -- 16.6 Protection from phenols and phenol oxidase activity -- 16.7 Crude extracts -- 16.8 Ammonium sulphate precipitation -- 16.9 Modern methods of protein purification -- 16.10 Enzyme kinetics -- 16.11 Experiments -- 16.12 The Enzyme Commission classification system -- References -- CHAPTER17. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES -- 17.1 Protein analysis -- 17.2 Analysis of carbon isotope discrimination ratios -- 17.3 Measurement of light absorption -- 17.4 Chlorophyll determination -- 17.5 Measurement of starch and sucrose in leaves -- 17.6 Mineral analysis of plants, soil and water -- References -- APPENDICES -- A. Equipment for field and laboratory studies of whole plant and crop photosynthesis and productivity research -- B. Experimental design and presentation of results -- C. Biomass production and data -- D. Conversion factors and approximate conversion factors. , E. Solar radiation on the earth -- INDEX.