Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes Structure and Control, Volume I -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. X-Ray Crystallography and Enzyme Structure -- I. Introduction -- II. Enzyme Crystals -- III. X-Ray Diffraction and Principles of Protein Structure Analysis -- IV. X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Globular Macromolecules -- V. Summary and Conclusions -- Glossary of Symbols -- Chapter 2. Chemical Modification by Active-Site-Directed Reagents -- I. Nature of Affnnity Labeling and Its Relationship to Chemical Modification in General -- II. Modification of Serine Proteases by Active-Site-Directed Reagents -- III. Active Center Labeling of Other Enzymes by Directed Reagents -- IV. Particular Usefulness of Active-Site-Directed Reagents -- V. Conclusions -- Chapter 3. Chemical Modification as a Probe of Structure and Function -- I. Introduction -- II. Principles of Chemical Modification -- III. Methodology -- IV. Modification as a Probe of Structure -- V. Modification as a Probe of Function -- VI. Other Uses of Chemical Modification -- VII. Discussions of Specific Enzymes -- VIII. Conclusions -- Chapter 4. Multienzyme Complexes -- I. Introduction -- II. α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Complexes -- Ill. Fatty Acid Synthetases -- IV. Multienzyme Complexes in the Biosynthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids -- V. Biological Significance of Multienzyme Complexes -- Chapter 5. Genetic Probes of Enzyme Structure -- I. Introduction -- II. Genes and Mutations -- III. Specific Examples of Mutationally Altered Proteins -- IV. Amino Acid Analogs -- V. Advantages and Limitations of Mutants -- Chapter 6. Evolution of Enzymes -- I. General Considerations-Evolutionary and Structure-Function Relationships in Proteins -- II. Some Principles from the Study of Cytochrome c. , III. Expressions of Genetic Phenomena in Protein Structure -- IV. Expression of Evolutionary Factors in Protein Structure -- Chapter 7. The Molecular Basis for Enzyme Regulation -- I. Introduction -- II. Qualitative Features of Molecular Models -- III. Quantitative Molecular Parameters for Regulatory Proteins -- IV. Diagnostic Tests -- V. Molecular Properties of Allosteric Proteins -- VI. Conclusions -- VII. Glossary -- Chapter 8. Mechanisms of Enzyme Regulation in Metabolism -- I. Introduction -- II. Principles of Metabolic Regulation -- III. Regulation of Balance between Metabolic Functions -- IV. Feedback Regulation of Multifunctional Pathways -- Chapter 9. Enzvmes as Control Elements in Metu bolic Regulation -- I. Introduction -- II. Analogy between Metabolic and Electronic Systems -- III. Physiological Function and Design Requirements -- IV. Summary -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes: Group Transfer -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Adenylyl Transfer Reactions -- I. Introduction -- II. Carboxyl Group Activation -- III. Biosynthesis of Phosphodiester Derivatives of Adenosine -- IV. Synthesis of Adenosine Diphosphate Derivatives -- V. Sulfate Activation -- VI. Synthesis of Imidol Adenylate Derivatives -- VII. Adenylylation of Functional Groups of Proteins -- Chapter 2. Uridine Diphosphoryl Glucose Pyrophosphorylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Metabolic Function -- III. Properties -- Chapter 3. Adenosine Diphosphoryl Glucose Pyrophosphorylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Classification of ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylases -- III. Kinetic Properties of the ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylases -- IV. Physical Properties of the ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylases -- Chapter 4. The Adenosyltransferases -- I. Introduction -- II. Methionine Adenosylitransferase -- III. B12s Adenosyltransferase -- IV. Conclusion -- Chapter 5. Acyl Group Transfer (Acyl Carrier Protein) -- I. Introduction -- II. Acyl Carrier Protein -- III. Malonyl CoA-ACP Transacylase -- IV. Acetyl CoA-ACP Transacylase -- V. ß-Ketoacyl ACP Synthetase -- Chapter 6. Chemical Basis of Biological Phosphoryl Transfer -- I. Introduction -- II. Hydrolysis of Acyclic Phosphate Esters -- III. Nucleophilic Reactions at Acyclic Phosphorus -- IV. Pentacovalency and Pseudorotation -- V. Catalysis of Phosphoryl Transfer or Ligand Loss -- VI. Enzymic Catalytic Mechanisms -- Chapter 7. Phosphofructokinase -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification -- III. Assay of Phosphofructokinase Activity -- IV. Catalytic Properties -- V. Structural Properties -- VI. Regulatory Properties of PFK -- VII. Role of Specific Groups in Enzymic Activity -- VIII. The Role of PFK in the Control of Glycolysis. , Chapter 8. Adenylate Kinase -- I. Biological Aspects -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 9. Nucleoside Diphosphokinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- IV. Functions in the Cell -- Chapter 10. 3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase -- I. Introduction -- II. Biological Behavior of Phosphoglycerate Kinase -- III. Isolation and Molecular Properties -- IV. Reaction Kinetics -- V. Conclusion -- Chapter 11. Pyruvate Kinase -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 12. Creatine Kinase (Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate-Creatine Phosphotransferase) -- I. Introduction -- II. Structure -- III. Purification, Assay, and Enzyme Stability -- IV. Substrate Specificity -- V. The Activating Metal Ion -- VI. Enzyme Kinetics -- VII. Chemical Investigations of the Enzyme Mechanism -- Chapter 13. Arginine Kinase and Other Invertebrate Guanidino Kinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Determination of Enzymic Activity -- III. Molecular Properties -- IV. Catalytic Properties -- V. Reaction Mechanism -- VI. Equilibrium -- Chapter 14. Glycerol and Glycerate Kinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Glycerol Kinases -- III. D-Glycerate Kinases -- Chapter 15. Microbial Aspartokinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Escherichia coli Aspartokinases -- III. Other Coliform Bacteria -- IV. Aspartokinases Regulated by Concerted Feedback Inhibition -- V. Rhodopseudomonas spheroides -- VI. Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Chapter 16. Protein Kinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Substrate-Specific Protein Kinases -- III. Cyclic Nucleleotide-Regulated Protein Kinases -- IV. Nonclassified Protein Kinases -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes, Volume VII -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Tryptophan Synthetase -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 2. Pyridoxal-Linked Elimination and Replacement Reactions -- I. Introduction -- II. β-Elimination Reactions -- III . β-Replacement Reactions -- IV. γ Elimination -- V. γ Elimination and Replacement -- VI. Absorption Spectra and Mechanisms -- Chapter 3. The Enzymic Elimination of Ammonia -- I. Introduction -- II. General Considerations -- III. Free Energy of Ammonia Elimination -- IV. Stereochemistry of the Enzymic Eliminations -- V. Aspartate and 3-Methylaspartate Ammonia-lyases -- VI. Histidine and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyases -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 4. Argininosuccinases and Adenylosuccinases -- I. General Features of C-N Cleavage -- II. Argininosuccinases -- III. Bovine Liver Argininosuccinase -- IV. Bovine Kidney Argininosuccinase -- V. Argininosuccinase of Neurospora -- VI. Argininosuccinase of Pea Seeds -- VII. Adenylosuccinases -- VIII. Studies on AICAR-Succinate Cleaving Activity -- IX. Adenylosuccinase of Yeast -- X. Adenylosuccinase of Neurospora -- XI. Stereospecificity of Addition or Elimination -- XII. Mechanism of Action -- Chapter 5. Epoxidases -- I. Introduction -- II. Tartrate Epoxidase -- III. Glutathione S-Epoxidetransferase -- IV. Other Epoxidase Activities -- Chapter 6. Aldolases -- I. Introduction -- II. Schiff Base-Forming Aldolases (Class I) -- III. Metalloaldolases (Class II) -- Chapter 7. Transaldolase -- I. Introduction -- II. History -- III. Distribution and Purification -- IV. Enzymic Properties -- V. Molecular Properties -- VI. Mechanism of Action -- VII. Metabolic Role -- Chapter 8. 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic and Related Aldolases -- I. Introduction. , II. 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic Aldolase -- III. 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonic Aldolase -- IV. 2-Keto-3deoxy-L-arabonate and 2-Keto-3-dcoxy-D-fuconate Aldolase -- V. 2-Keto-3-deoxy-D-glucarate Aldolase -- VI. 2-Keto-3-deoxy-manno-octosonate Aldolase -- VII. N-Acetylneuraminate Aldolase -- VIII. 4-Hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate Aldolasc -- IX. γ-Methyl-γ-hydroxy-α-ketoglutaric Aldolase -- Chapter 9. Other Deoxy Sugar Aldolases -- I. Introduction -- II. L-Rhamnulose 1-Phosphate Aldolase -- III. L-Fuculose 1-Phosphate Aldolase -- IV. 2-Deoxyribose 5-Phosphate Aldolase -- Chapter 10. δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- IV. Nature of the Active Site -- V. Mechanism of Porphobilinogen Synthesis -- Chapter 11. δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. The Catalytic Reaction -- IV. Analogous Reactions -- Chapter 12. Citrate Cleavage and Related Enzymes -- I. Introduction -- II. Citrate Synthase -- III. ATP Citrate Lyase -- IV. Citrate Lyase -- V. Isoscitrate Lyase -- Chapter 13. Thiolase -- I. Introduction -- II. Isolation and Stability -- III. Molecular Properties -- IV. Subunit Structure and Reversible Dissociaticbn -- V. Catalytic Properties -- VI. Biological Function -- VII. Inhibitors -- VIII. Enayme Mechanism -- IX. Amino Acid Sequence at the Activity Site -- Chapter 14. Acyl-CoA Ligases -- I. Introduction -- II. General Topics -- III. Glyoxylate Condensing Enzymes -- IV. Condensation of Acetyl-CoA and Keto Acids -- V. Cleavage Reactions -- Chapter 15. α-Glucan Phosphorylases-Chemical and Physical Basis of Catalysis and Regulation -- I. Introduction -- II. Catalytic Reaction -- III. Enzyme Structure -- IV. Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis -- V. Mechanism of Regulation -- Chapter 16. Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase. , I. Introduction -- II. Metabolic Functions -- III. Molecular and Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 17. Disaccharide Phosphorylases -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification and Properties of Sucrose Phosphorylase -- III. Kinetics of Sucrose Phosphorylase Reactions -- IV. Isolation and Properties of a Covalent Glucose-Enzyme -- V. Configuration of the Glucose-Enzyme Bond -- VI. The Mechanism of Sucrose Phosphorylase Catalysis -- VII. Substrate Specificity of the Disaccharide Phosphorylases -- VIII. Reactions of Sucrose Phosphorylase in Which Water and Other Alcohols Function as Acceptors -- Chapter 18. Polynucleotide Phosphorylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Polynucleotide Phosphorylase in Vivo -- III. The Active Protein -- IV. Catalytic Reactions -- Chapter 19. The Lipases -- I. Introduction -- II. Pancreatic Lipase -- III. Other Lipases of the Gastrointestinal Tract -- IV. Tissue Lipases -- V. Milk Lipases -- VI. Castor Bean Lipase -- VII. Lipases of Microorganisms -- Chapter 20. β-Galactosidase -- I. Introduction -- II. Occurrence -- III. Assay and Standardization -- IV. Purification -- V. Physicochemical Properties -- VI. Chemical Properties -- VII. Immunological Properties -- VIII. Enzymic Properties -- Chapter 21. Vertebrate Lysozymes -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparation, Composition, and Sequence -- III. X-Ray Studies of Structure and Activity -- IV. Physical Properties -- V. Denaturation -- VI. Chemical Modifications and Properties of Individual Residues -- VII. Saccharide Binding -- VIII. Substrates, Kinetics and Mechanism -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes, Volume XVI -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I: Fatty Acid Biosynthesis -- Chapter 1. Structure and Mechanism of Fatty Acid Synthetase -- I. Introduction -- II. Fatty Acid Synthetases of Eukaryotes -- III. Component Activities -- IV. Mechanism of Action of Fatty Acid Synthetase -- Chapter 2. Fatty Acid Desaturation -- I. Introduction -- II. Enzymology of Desaturation -- III. Regulation of Desaturation -- IV. Desaturation in Other Systems -- Section II: Glyceride Enzymology -- Chapter 3. Enzymes of Triacylglycerol Formation in Mammals -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Glycerol 3-Phosphate Acyltransferase -- III. Peroxisomal Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Acyltransferase -- IV. Acyldihydroxyacetone Phosphate Reductase -- V. 1-Acylglycerol 3-Phosphate Acyltransferase -- VI. Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase -- VII. 2-Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase -- VIII. Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase -- Chapter 4. Glyceride Digestion -- I. Introduction -- II. Enzymes in Glyceride Digestion -- III. Fat Digestion in the Neonate -- Chapter 5. Lipoprotein Lipase and Hepatic Lipase -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Hepatic Triglyceride Lipase (H-TGL) -- III. Lipoprotein Lipase (LpL) -- IV. Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 6. Hormone-Sensitive Lipase of Adipose Tissue -- I. Historical Background and Metabolic Significance -- II. Definitions and Methods of Assay -- III. Purification and Properties -- IV. Mechanism of Regulation -- V. Effect of Insulin -- VI. Studies of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase in Cultured Cell Lines -- Section III: Phospholipid Enzymology -- Chapter 7. Synthesis of Phospholipids in Animal Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. The Phospholipid Composition of Animal Cell Membranes -- III. Possible Roles for Phospholipid Heterogeneity -- IV. Biosynthesis of Common Precursors. , V. Biosynthesis of Diacylglycerol, the Zwitterionic Phospholipids, and Phosphatidylserine -- VI. Biosynthesis of CDP-Diglyceride and Anionic Phospholipids -- VII. Biosynthesis of Sphingomyelin -- VIII. Catabolism of Membrane Phospholipids -- IX. Regulatory Aspects of Membrane Phospholipid Biogenesis -- X. Perspectives -- Chapter 8. Formation of Bacterial Glycerolipids -- I. Introduction -- II. Phosphatidic Acid (1,2-diacyl-sn-glyceroI 3-phosphate) -- III. CDPdiacylglycerol -- IV. Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylethanolamine -- V. Phosphatidylcholine -- VI. Phosphatidylglycerophosphate and Phosphatidylglycerol -- VII. Aminoacyl Phosphatidylglycerol -- VIII. Fatty Acyl Phosphatidylglycerol -- IX. Diphosphatidylglycerol (Cardiolipin) -- X. Diacylglycerol -- XI. Glycosylglycerolipids -- XII. Phosphoglycoglycerolipids -- Chapter 9. Phospholipases -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Purification and Properties -- III. Interfacial Issues -- IV. Reactions Catalyzed -- V. Biological Role -- VI. Research Applications -- Section IV: Sphingolipid Enzymology -- Chapter 10. Sphingolipid Formation -- I. Introduction -- II. Synthesis of Ceramide -- III. Synthesis of Cerebrosides -- IV. Synthesis of Sulfatides -- V. Synthesis of Gangliosides -- VI. Synthesis of Neutral Long-Chain Glycosphingolipids -- VII. Sphingomyelin -- VIII. Sphingolipid Synthesis and Membrane Function -- Chapter 11. Sphingolipid Hydrolysis -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Purification and Properties -- III. The Reactions Catalyzed -- IV. Biological Role -- V. Research Applications -- Chapter 12. Activator Proteins for Sphingolipid Hydrolysis -- I. Introduction -- II. Isolation and Characterization of Activator Proteins -- III. Sphingolipid Storage Diseases Caused by Deficiency of Activator Proteins. , IV. Presence of Activator Proteins for Enzymic Hydrolysis of Glycosphingolipids in Normal Human Urine -- V. Discussion -- Section V: Glycolipid Enzymology -- Chapter 13. Glycosylated Lipid Intermediates Involved in Glycoprotein Biosynthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Structure of Asparagine-Linked Carbohydrate Sidechains -- III. Reactions of the Microsomal Dolichol Pathway-General Properties -- IV. Transfer of the Oligosaccharide Core from Dolichol to Polypeptide Acceptors: Oligosaccharide Transferase -- V. Trimming of Glycosylamine-Linked Carbohydrate Sidechains -- VI. Maturation: Golgi Glycosyltransferases -- VII. Conclusions -- Section VI: Cholesterol Enzymology -- Chapter 14. Mammalian HMG-CoA Reductase and Its Regulation -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Purification and Properties -- III. The Reactions Catalyzed -- IV. Inhibitors -- V. Regulation -- Chapter 15. Acyl Coenzyme A: Cholesterol O-Acyltransferase -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Properties -- III. Regulation by Sterol -- IV. Acyl Coenzyme A: Cholesterol O-Acyltransferase and Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ester -- Section VII: Special Topics -- Chapter 16. Enzymes in the Biosynthesis and Catabolism of the Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes and Hydroxy Fatty Acids -- I. Introduction -- II. The Enzymes of Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Biosynthesis -- III. Enzymes in the Prostaglandin Catabolic Cascade -- IV. Lipoxygenases -- V. Leukotrienes -- Chapter 17. Topography of Membrane-Bound Enzymes That Metabolize Complex Lipids -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Experimental Approaches -- III. Enzyme Topography -- IV. Discussion -- Chapter 18. Carnitine Acyltransferases -- I. Introduction -- II. Reactions Catalyzed -- III. Number of Carnitine Acyltransferases -- IV. CPT: Purification, Properties, and Regulation. , V. Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects -- Chapter 19. P-450 Oxygenases in Lipid Transformation -- I. Introduction -- II. Forms of Cytochrome P-450 That Are Specific for Lipid Metabolism -- III. Forms of Cytochrome P-450 Involved in the Metabolism of Lipids and Xenobiotics -- Chapter 20. Enzyme Replacement Therapy -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Early Trials -- III. Prospective Enzyme Replacement Studies in Gaucher's Disease -- IV. Targeting Enzymes to Storage Cells -- V. Replacement of Enzymes in the Central Nervous System -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Contents of Other Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes, Volume XVII -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Section I. Enzymology of Control by Phosphorylation -- Chapter 1. The Enzymology of Control by Phosphorylation -- I. Historical Aspects of Protein Phosphorylation -- II. Protein Phosphorylation-Dephosphorylation Reactions -- III. Classification of Protein Kinases and Phosphoprotein Phosphatases -- IV. Protein Phosphorylation and the Regulation of Biological Processes -- References -- Chapter 2. Cyclic Cascades and Metabolic Regulation -- I. Perspectives -- II. Features of Cyclic Cascade Systems -- III. Experimental Verification of the Cyclic Cascade Model -- IV. Energy Consumption -- V. Covalent Interconversion versus Simple Allosteric Control -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3. Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification -- III. Characterization and Physical Properties -- IV. Mechanism of Action -- V. Biological Role of Protein Kinases -- References -- Chapter 4. Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Myosin Light Chain Kinases -- III. Multifunctional Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases -- References -- Chapter 5. Protein Kinase C -- I. Introduction -- II. Properties -- III. Biochemical Activation -- IV. Physiological Activation -- V. Action of Tumor Promoters -- VI. Inhibitors -- VII. Synergistic Roles with Calcium -- VIII. Growth Response and Down Regulation -- IX. Target Proteins and Catalytic Specificity -- X. Relation to Other Receptors -- XI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Viral Oncogenes and Tyrosine Phosphorylation -- I. Introduction and Historical Perspective -- II. Individual Viral Protein-Tyrosine Kinases and Their Cellular Homologues -- III. Other Transformation-Related Tyrosine Phosphorylation Systems -- IV. General Properties of Protein-Tyrosine Kinases. , V. Cellular Substrates for Protein-Tyrosine Kinases -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. The Insulin Receptor and Tyrosine Phosphorylation -- I. Introduction and Scope -- II. Structure of the Insulin Receptor and Its Relation to Other Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases -- III. Properties of Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases -- IV. Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptors and Other Proteins in the Intact Cell -- V. Regulation of Hormone Receptors by Multisite Phosphorylation -- VI. Evidence That Tyrosine Phosphorylation Is Physiologically Important -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Phosphoprotein Phosphatases -- I. Introduction and Historical Overview: The "PR Enzyme -- II. Classification of Protein Phosphatases -- III. Phosphatase Type 1 (Phosphorylase Phosphatase) -- IV. Phosphatase Type 2A -- V. Phosphatase Type 2B (Calcineurin) -- VI. Phosphatase Type 2C -- VII. Phosphotyrosyl-Protein Phosphatases -- References -- Section II. Control of Specific Enzymes -- Chapter 9. Glycogen Phosphorylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Enzymic Characteristics of Phosphorylase -- III. Molecular Structure -- IV. Substrate-Directed Control of Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation -- V. Structural Consequences of Serine-14 Phosphorylation -- VI. Functional Results of the Phosphorylation of Serine-14 -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10. Phosphorylase Kinase -- I. Introduction -- II. Physicochemical Properties -- III. Subunit Function and Interaction between Subunits -- IV. Catalytic Properties -- V. Regulation of Phosphorylase Kinase Activity by Allosteric Effectors -- VI. Proteolytic Activation of Phosphorylase Kinase -- VII. Covalent Regulation: In Vitro Studies -- VIII. Regulation of Phosphorylase Kinase in Intact Cells -- References -- Chapter 11. Muscle Glycogen Synthase -- I. Introduction. , II. Structure of Glycogen Synthase from Mammalian Skeletal Muscle -- III. Glycogen Synthase Kinases in Mammalian Skeletal Muscle -- IV. Effect of Phosphorylation on the Activity of Skeletal-Muscle Glycogen Synthase -- V. Synergism between Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-5 -- VI. The Glycogen Synthase Phosphatases in Skeletal Muscle -- VII. Phosphorylation State of Skeletal-Muscle Glycogen Synthase in Vivo -- VIII. Interpretation of in Vivo Phosphorylation Experiments -- References -- Chapter 12. Liver Glycogen Synthase -- I. Introduction -- II. Liver Glycogen Synthase -- III. Converting Enzymes -- IV. Phosphorylation of Liver Glycogen Synthase -- V. Comparative Enzymology of Glycogen Synthase -- VI. Control of Hepatic Glycogen Synthase -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes, Volume XIX -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Binding Energy and Catalysis -- I. Introduction -- II. Relationship of Binding to Catalysis in Unimolecular Reactions -- III. Beyond Unimolecular Reactions: Entropy -- IV. Indirect Uses of Binding -- V. Prospects -- References -- Chapter 2. Biological Electron Transfer -- Introduction -- I. Thermodynamics of Electron Transfer Reactions -- II. Kinetics of Electron Transfer Reactions -- III. Microscopic Theory of Electron Transfer -- IV. Examples of Electron Transfer Reactions -- V. Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3. Steady-State Kinetics -- I. Introduction -- II. Nomenclature and Notation -- III. BasicTheory -- IV. Derivation of Rate Equations -- V. Determination of Kinetic Mechanism -- VI. Stickiness and Methods for Measurement -- VII. Determination of Chemical Mechanism -- VIII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4. Analysis of Protein Function by Mutagenesis -- Introduction -- I. Structural Aspects of Mutant Enzymes -- II. Substrate Binding and Catalysis -- III. Engineering New Specificities -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Mechanism-Based (Suicide) Enzyme Inactivation -- I. Introduction -- II. Dehydrases and Isomerases -- III. Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Enzymes -- IV. Flavin-Dependent Enzymes -- V. Hemoprotein Enzymes -- VI. Nonheme Metallonzymes -- VII. Quinoproteins -- VIII. Hydrolytic Enzymes -- IX. Enzymes of Nucleotide Modification -- X. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Site-Specific Modification of Enzyme Sites -- I. Introduction -- II. General Characteristics of Site-Specific Modification -- III. Haloketones -- IV. Aldehyde Affinity Labels -- V. Fluorosulfonylbenzoyl Nucleosides -- VI. Photoreactive Compounds -- VII. Haloacyl and Alkyl Halide Derivatives -- VIII. Miscellaneous Affinity Labels. , IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Stereochemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions at Carbon -- I. Introduction -- II . Nicotinamide-Dependent Dehydrogenases: Hydride Transfer to Carbon -- III. Flavin-Dependent Oxidoreductases: Hydride Transfer to Nitrogen -- IV. lsomerases Involving Proton Transfer: Importance of Single-Base Mechanisms -- V. Enzyme-Catalyzed Aldol- and Claisen-Type Condensations: β-Keto Acid Decarboxylases: Stereochemistry versus Stability of Reaction Intermediates -- VI. Pyridoxal Phosphate- and Pyruvyl-Dependent Enzymes: Flexible Response to Different Chemical Challenges -- VII. β-Elimination-Addition Reactions: E2 versus E1cB Mechanisms -- VIII. Methyl Group Transfer Reactions: One- versus Two-step Mechanisms -- IX. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Author Index -- Subject lndex.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes: Nucleic Acids -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I. Ligases -- Chapter 1. DNA Ligases -- I. Introduction -- II. Isolation and Physical Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- IV. Role of DNA Ligases in Vivo -- V. Research Applications -- Chapter 2. T4 RNA Ligase -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification and Properties -- III. Reactions Catalyzed -- IV. Biological Role -- V. Applications -- Section II. RNA Polymerares and Related Enzymes -- Chapter 3. Bacterial DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases -- I. Background -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 4. Bacteriophage DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases -- I. Introduction -- II. T7-Like RNA Polymerases -- III. Other Bacteriophage RNA Polymerases -- Chapter 5. Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification -- III. Subunit Structures -- IV. Subunit Functions -- V. Stimulatory Factors -- VI. DNA Binding and Catalytic Properties of Purified RNA Polymerases -- VII. Inhibitors -- VIII. Eukaryotic Transcription Extract Systems -- IX. Organelle- and Viral-Coded RNA Polymerases -- Chapter 6. Priming Enzymes -- I. Introduction -- II. dnaG Gene Product from Escherichia coli -- III. Multiple Pathways for dnaG Priming in SS to RF DNA Replication -- IV. Studies on the Specificity of dnaG-Template Interactions -- V. Priming by RNA Polymerases -- VI. Priming on Double-Stranded DNA -- VII. Phage-Encoded Priming Enzymes -- VIII. Priming in Eukaryotic Systems -- Chapter 7. tRNA Nucleotidyltransferase -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification and Structural Studies -- III. Catalytic Properties -- IV. Biological Role -- V. Research Applications -- Chapter 8. Poly(A) Adding Enzymes -- I. Introduction and Perspective -- II. Purification and Properties -- III. Multiple Poly(A) Polymerases. , IV. Properties of Poly(A) Polymerase Proteins -- V. Assay -- VI. Stoichiometry -- VII. Substrates -- VIII. Primer Requirement -- IX. Ion Requirements -- X. Inhibitors -- XI. Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism -- XII. Biological Role -- XIII. Regulation of Poly(A) Polymerases -- XIV. Research Applications -- Chapter 9. Capping Enzyme -- I. Introduction -- II. Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzymes -- III. HeLa Cell Capping Enzymes -- IV. Capping Enzyme from Rat Liver Nuclei -- V. Role of the Capping Enzyme System in Vivo -- VI. Research Applications of Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme -- Chapter 10. Qß Replicase -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification and Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 11. 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification and Properties -- III. Reactions Catalyzed -- IV. Biological Role -- Section III. RNA Nucleases and Related Enzymes -- Chapter 12. Pancreatic Ribonuclease -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparation -- III. Chemical Properties -- IV. Physical Properties -- V. Species Variations -- VI. Bovine Seminal Plasma RNase -- VII. Cytoplasmic RNase Inhibitor -- VIII. Catalytic Properties -- IX. Research Applications -- Chapter 13. Ribonuclease T1 -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification and Chemical Properties -- III. Reactions Catalyzed -- IV. Research Applications -- V. Other Guanine-Specific RNases -- Chapter 14. tRNA Processing Enzymes from Escherichia coli -- I. Introduction -- II. Ribonuclease P -- III. Ribonuclease III -- IV. Ribonuclease P2 and Ribonuclease O -- V. Ribonuclease D -- VI. Other Nucleases -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 15. Ribonuclease III -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification -- III. Structure -- IV. Cleavage of Double-Stranded RNA -- V. Cleavage of Single-Stranded RNA -- VI. Related Enzymes from Eukaryotes -- Chapter 16. RNases I, II, and IV of Escherichia coli. , I. Introduction -- II. RNase I of Escherichia coli -- III. RNase II of Escherichia coli -- IV. RNase IV of Escherichia coli -- Chapter 17. Polynucleotide Phosphorylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Properties -- III. The Reactions Catalyzed -- IV. Attributed Physiological Functions -- V. Research Applications -- Section IV. RNA Modification -- Chapter 18. RNA Methylation -- I. Introduction -- II. Structures and General Assay Procedure -- III. Specific tRNA Methyltransferase Enzymes -- IV. Conclusion -- Chapter 19. Nucleotide Modification in RNA -- I. Introduction -- II. Modification of Uridine -- III. Modification of Cytidine -- IV. Modification of Adenosine -- V. Modification of Guanosine -- VI. Conclusion -- Author lndex -- Subject Index -- Contents of Other Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes, Volume XII -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. Proteins with One Iron per Center: The Rubredoxins -- III. Proteins with Two Irons per Center: Two-Iron Ferredoxins -- IV. Proteins with Four Irons per Center -- V. Proteins with Four Irons per Center and Two Centers: 8 Fe Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- Bacterial Ferredoxins -- VI. Model Compounds -- VII. Iron-Sulfur Enzymes -- Chapter 2. Flavodoxins and Electron-Transferring Flavoproteins -- I. Introduction -- II. Flavodoxins -- III. Electron-Transferring Flavoprotein -- Chapter 3. Oxygenases: Dioxygenases -- I. Introduction -- II. Heme-Containing Dioxygenases -- III. Nonheme Iron-Containing Dioxygenases -- IV. α-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenases -- Chapter 4. Flavin and Pteridine Monooxygenases -- I. Introduction -- II. Internal Flavoprotein Monooxygenases -- III. External Flavoprotein Monooxygenases -- IV. Pterin-Linked Monooxygenases -- V. Model Studies and Possible Mechanisms -- Chapter 5. Iron- and Copper-Containing Monooxygenases -- I. Introduction -- II. Occurrence and Biological Importance -- III. Iron-Containing Monooxygenases -- IV. Copper-Containing Monooxygenases -- Chapter 6. Molybdenum Iron-Sulfur Flavin Hydroxylases and Related Enzymes -- I. General Introduction -- II. Milk Xanthine Oxidase -- III. Other Molybdenum Hydroxylases -- IV. Genetic Studies and the Molybdenum Hydroxylases -- V. Sulfite Oxidase of Liver -- Chapter 7. Flavoprotein Oxidases -- I. Introduction -- II. The Flavin Coenzyme -- III. Kinetic Methods Applied to Flavoprotein Oxidases -- IV. The Flavoprotein Oxidases: Molecular Properties and Kinetic Mechanism -- V. The Chemical Mechanism of Flavoprotein Oxidases -- Chapter 8. Copper-Containing Oxidases and Superoxide Dismutase. , I. Introduction -- II. Enzymes Reducing Dioxygen to Hydrogen Peroxide -- III. Superoxide Dismutase -- IV. The Blue Copper-Containing Oxidases -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes: Carboxylation and Decarboxylation (Nonoxidative) Isomerization -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Pyruvate Carboxylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Properties and Mechanism -- III. Structure -- IV. Regulatory Properties -- V. Conclusion -- Chapter 2. Acyl-CoA Carboxylases -- I. Introduction -- II. β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase -- III. Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase -- IV. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase -- Chapter 3. Transcarboxylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties of Transcarboxylase -- III. Catalytic Properties of Transcarboxylase -- Chapter 4. Formation of Oxalacetate by C02 Fixation on Phosphoenolpyruvate -- I. Introduction -- II. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC) -- III. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) -- IV. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxytransphosphorylase (PEPCTrP) -- V. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 5. Ribulose-1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Process -- Chapter 6. Ferredoxin-Linked Carboxylation Reactions -- I. Introduction -- II. Enzymes Catalyzing Ferredoxin-Linked Carboxylation Reactions -- III. Reductive Carboxylic Acid Cycle of Bacterial Photosynthesis -- IV. Reductive Monocarboxylic Acid Cycle of Fermentative Metabolism -- V. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 7. Amino Acid Decarboxylases -- I. Introduction -- II. Metabolic Importance of the Decarboxylases -- III. Distribution and General Properties of Decarboxylases -- IV. Mechanism of Action -- V. The Active Site of Amino Acid Decarboxylases -- VI. Subunit Structure -- Chapter 8. Acetoacetate Decarboxylase -- I. Introduction -- II. Properties of the Enzyme -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 9. Aldose-Ketose Isomerases -- I. Introduction -- II. Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerase. , III. Mannose-6-phosphate Isomerase -- IV. Glucosamine-6-phosphate Isomerase -- V. Ribose-5-phosphate Isomerase -- VI. Arabinose-5-phosphate Isomerase -- VII. Triosephosphate Isomerase -- VIII. Aldose-Ketose Isomerases Acting on Nonphosphorylated Sugars -- Chapter 10. Epimerases -- I. Introduction -- II. UDP-D-Glucose 4'-Epimerase -- III. Other Epimerases That Potentially Involve Oxidation-Reduction -- IV. Epimerases Which Probably Proceed by a Keto-Enol Rearrangement -- V. Noncarbohydrate Epimerases -- Chapter 11. Cis-Trans lsomerization -- I. Enzymic Cis-Trans Isomerization about Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds -- II. Nonenzymic Cis-Trans Isomerization about Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds -- Chapter 12. Phosphomutases -- I. Introduction -- II. Phosphoglucomutase -- III. Other Sugar Phosphate Mutases -- IV. Phosphoglycerate Mutase -- V. Diphosphoglycerate Mutase -- Chapter 13. Amino Acid Racemases and Epimerases -- I. Introduction -- II. History and Survey -- III. Assay Methods -- IV. Specificity, Equilibria, and Kinetics -- V. Cofactors -- VI. Mechanism of Action -- VII. Physiological Aspects -- Chapter 14. Coenzyme B12-Dependent Mutases Causing Carbon Chain Rearrangements -- I. Introduction -- II. Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase -- III. Glutamate Mutase -- IV. α-Methyleneglutarate Mutase -- Chapter 15. B12 Coenzyme-Dependent Amino Group Migrations -- I. Introduction -- II. Deaminases -- III. Enzymes That Catalyze Migrations of ω-Amino Groups of Diamino Acids -- IV. Reaction Mechanisms -- V. Role of Amino Group Migration Reactions in Bacterial Fermentations -- Chapter 16. lsopentenylpyrophosphate Isomerase -- I. Introduction -- II. The Catalytic Reaction -- Chapter 17. lsomerization in the Visual Cycle -- I. Introduction -- II. Site of Visual Pigments in the Photoreceptor -- III. Molecular Properties of Visual Pigments. , IV. Interaction of Light with Visual Pigment -- V. Visual Pigment Regeneration following Illumination -- Retinal Isomerase -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 18. Δ5-3-Ketosteroid Isomerase -- I. Introduction -- II. Δ5-3-Ketosteroid Isomerase of Pseudomonas testosteroni -- III. Δ5-3-Ketosteroid Isomerases of Animal Tissues -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Enzymes -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Polypeptide Chain Initiation -- I. Introduction -- II. Procaryotes -- III. Eucaryotes -- IV. Regulation of Chain Initiation -- Chapter 2. Protein Synthesis-Peptide Chain Elongation -- I. Introduction -- II. The Bacterial Elongation Factors -- III. Elongation and the Ribosome -- IV. Elongation and the Stringent Response -- V. EF-Tn and EF-Ts as Subunits of Q/β Repticase -- VI. Plant Viral RNA's and Their 3'-Terminal tRNA-Like Sequence -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 3. Polypeptide Chain Termination -- I. Introduction -- II. Requirements for Peptide Chain Termination -- III. Mechanism of Peptide Chain Termination -- IV. The Relationship of Peptide Chain Termination to Other Events of Protein Synthesis -- V. Summary -- Chapter 4. Bacterial DNA Polymerases -- I. Variety of DNA Polymerases -- II. Isolation and Physicochemical Properties -- III. The Catalytic Reactions -- IV. Proteolytic Cleavage: Two Enzymes in One Polypeptide -- V. Physiological Roles -- VI. Comparison of Properties of Polymerases -- Chapter 5. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase -- I. Introduction -- II. The Nature of the Reaction -- III. The Statistics of Polymerization -- IV. The Mechanism of the Reaction -- V. Practical Applications of Transferase Catalysis -- VI. Biological Directions -- Chapter 6. Eucaryotic DNA Polymerases -- I. Introduction -- II. Occurrence -- III. Classification -- IV. Purification -- V. Molecular Properties -- VI. Catalytic Properties -- VII. Fidelity of DNA Synthesis -- VIII. Templates and Initiators -- IX. Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 7. RNA Tumor Virus DNA Polymerases -- I. Introduction -- II. RNA Virus with a Virion DNA Polymerase -- III. Purification -- IV. Properties of Purified DNA Polymerases. , V. Properties of Catalytic Reaction -- VI. Inhibitors -- VII. Biological Role -- VIII. Comparison with Other DNA Polymerases -- Chapter 8. DNA Joining Enzymes (Ligases) -- I. Introduction -- II. Isolation and Physical Properties of E. coli DNA Ligase -- III. Mechanism of Phosphodiester Bond Synthesis -- IV. Role of DNA Ligase in Vivo -- Chapter 9. Eucaryotic RNA Polymerases -- I. Introduction -- II. Nuclear Enzymes -- III. Organelle DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases -- IV. Conclusions -- Chapter 10. Bacterial DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase -- I. Background -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 11. Mitochondrial and Chloroplast ATPases -- I. Introduction -- II. Mitochondria ATPase -- III. Chloroplast ATPase -- Chapter 12. Bacterial Membrane ATPase -- I. Introduction -- II. Streptococcus faecalis Membrane ATPase -- III. Other Bacterial ATPases -- Chapter 13. Sarcoplasmic Membrane ATPases -- I. Introduction -- II. Sarcoplasmic Membranes in Situ -- III. Isolated Sarcoplasmic Membranes -- IV. Composition of the Sarcoplasmic Membranes -- V. Physical Properties of the Lipoprotein Structure of the Sarcoplasmi Membranes -- VI. Calcium-Independent and Calcium-Dependent ATP Hydrolysis -- VII. Calcium Binding and Transport by the Sarcoplasmic Membranes -- VIII. Calcium Efflux-Dependent ATP Synthesis -- IX. Reaction Sequence of Calcium Translocation and Phosphoryl Transfer -- X. The Function of the Lipids in the Sarcoplasmic Membranes -- Chapter 14. Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetases -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties of Acetate:CoA Ligase (AMP) -- III. Catalytic Properties of the Fatty Acid:CoA Iigases (AMP) -- Chapter 15. Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases -- I. Introduction -- II. Occurrence and Distribution -- III. Molecular Properties of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases -- IV. Catalytic Properties -- V. tRNA. , VI. Genetics of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases -- VII. Regulation of the Biosynthesis of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases -- VIII. Involvement of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in the Regulation -- IX. Conclusion -- Chapter 16. CTP Synthetase and Related Enzymes -- I. Introduction -- II. History -- III. Purification of the Enzyme -- IV. The Structure of CTP Synthetase -- V. The Covalent Chemistry of CTP Synthetase Reaction -- VI. The Allosteric Control-GTP -- VII. Cooperative Effects -- VIII. DON and Half-of-the-Sites Reactivity -- IX. The Role of ATP and UTP -- X. Related Enzymes -- XI. Conclusion -- Chapter 17. Asparagine Synthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Asparagine Synthetases from Bacterial Sources -- III. Glutamine-Dependent Asparagine Synthetase -- IV. Discussion -- Chapter 18. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 19. Phorphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase and Related Pyrophosphokinases -- I. Introduction -- II. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase -- III. Other Pyrophosphokinases -- IV. Conclusion -- Chapter 20. Phosphoenolpyruvate Synthetase and Pyruvate Phosphate Dikinase -- I. Introduction -- II. Molecular Properties -- III. Catalytic Properties -- Chapter 21. Sulfation Linked to ATP Cleavage -- I. Introduction -- II. ATP-Sulfurylase -- III. Adenylylsulfate Kinase -- IV. ADP-Sulfurylase -- V. Regulation and Control -- Chapter 22. Glutathione Synthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. γ-Glutamyl-Cysteine Synthetase -- III. Glutathione Synthetase -- IV. General Discussion -- Chapter 23. Glutamine Synthetase of Mammals -- I. Introduction -- II. Physical and Chemical Properties -- III. General Catalytic Properties -- IV. Partial Reactions -- V. Evidence for the Intermediate Formation of y-Glutamyl Phosphate -- VI. Mapping of the Active Site -- VII. Mechanism of the Reaction. , VIII. Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase Activity -- Chapter 24. The Glutamine Synthetase of Escherichia coli: Structure and Control -- I. Introduction -- II. General Considerations -- III. Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase Activity -- IV. Properties of Adenylylated and Unadenylylated Glutamine Synthetase -- V. Multiple Molecular Forms of Glutamine Synthetase -- Author Index -- Subject Index.