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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Post-mortem computed tomography: Technical principles and recommended parameter settings for high-resolution imaging
    SAGE Publications ; 2018
    In:  Medicine, Science and the Law Vol. 58, No. 1 ( 2018-01), p. 70-82
    Details
    In: Medicine, Science and the Law, SAGE Publications, Vol. 58, No. 1 ( 2018-01), p. 70-82
    Abstract: Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) has become a standard procedure in many forensic institutes worldwide. However, the standard scan protocols offered by vendors are optimised for clinical radiology and its main considerations regarding computed tomography (CT), namely, radiation exposure and motion artefacts. Thus, these protocols aim at low-dose imaging and fast imaging techniques. However, these considerations are negligible in post-mortem imaging, which allows for significantly increased image quality. Therefore, the parameters have to be adjusted to achieve the best image quality. Several parameters affect the image quality differently and have to be weighed against each other to achieve the best image quality for different diagnostic interests. There are two main groups of parameters that are adjustable by the user: acquisition parameters and reconstruction parameters. Acquisition parameters have to be selected prior to scanning and affect the raw data composition. In contrast, reconstruction parameters affect the calculation of the slice stacks from the raw data. This article describes the CT principles from acquiring image data to post-processing and provides an overview of the significant parameters for increasing the image quality in PMCT. Based on the CT principles, the effects of these parameters on the contrast, noise, resolution and frequently occurring artefacts are described. This article provides a guide for the performance of PMCT in morgues, clinical facilities or private practices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0025-8024 , 2042-1818
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0025802417747167
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2522207-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How low can we go? CT dose reduction in the assessment of the medial clavicular epiphysis in forensic age estimation: a prospective postmortem CT study
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Acta Radiologica Vol. 64, No. 6 ( 2023-06), p. 2126-2131
    Details
    In: Acta Radiologica, SAGE Publications, Vol. 64, No. 6 ( 2023-06), p. 2126-2131
    Abstract: Projection radiography and, more recently, computed tomography (CT) play an important role in forensic age estimation. Both in terms of general criminal responsibility and government regulations concerning refugee care, it is important to differentiate correctly between youths and adults. A disadvantage of age estimation in CT is the ionizing radiation exposure. Purpose To investigate how far the CT dose can be reduced without losing diagnostic confidence in assessing the different stages of ossification of the medial clavicle. Material and Methods We prospectively scanned 25 postmortem cases with a fixed parameters protocol (FPP) and a care dose modulation protocol (CDMP) for different scan parameters. Two radiologists assessed the diagnostic image quality using a 5-point Likert scale. Inter-reader agreement was evaluated with Cohen's kappa. Differences in doses between FPP and CDMP were assessed with the one-tailed t-test. Results The best combination of diagnostic image quality and lowest radiation dose was obtained using a CDMP with 100 kV and 40 mAs and an FPP with 100 kV and 30 mAs. Doses for 120 kV were significantly higher (one-tailed P  〈  0.001). The diagnostic image quality for 80 kV was insufficient overall. Discussion Our results confirm that CT imaging at 100 kV allows a sufficient image quality that is diagnostic for age estimation in the ossification of the medial clavicle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0284-1851 , 1600-0455
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/02841851231164996
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2024579-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    You Can’t Touch This : Touch-free Navigation Through Radiological Images
    SAGE Publications ; 2012
    In:  Surgical Innovation Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2012-09), p. 301-307
    Details
    In: Surgical Innovation, SAGE Publications, Vol. 19, No. 3 ( 2012-09), p. 301-307
    Abstract: Keyboards, mice, and touch screens are a potential source of infection or contamination in operating rooms, intensive care units, and autopsy suites. The authors present a low-cost prototype of a system, which allows for touch-free control of a medical image viewer. This touch-free navigation system consists of a computer system (IMac, OS X 10.6 Apple, USA) with a medical image viewer (OsiriX, OsiriX foundation, Switzerland) and a depth camera (Kinect, Microsoft, USA). They implemented software that translates the data delivered by the camera and a voice recognition software into keyboard and mouse commands, which are then passed to OsiriX. In this feasibility study, the authors introduced 10 medical professionals to the system and asked them to re-create 12 images from a CT data set. They evaluated response times and usability of the system compared with standard mouse/keyboard control. Users felt comfortable with the system after approximately 10 minutes. Response time was 120 ms. Users required 1.4 times more time to re-create an image with gesture control. Users with OsiriX experience were significantly faster using the mouse/keyboard and faster than users without prior experience. They rated the system 3.4 out of 5 for ease of use in comparison to the mouse/keyboard. The touch-free, gesture-controlled system performs favorably and removes a potential vector for infection, protecting both patients and staff. Because the camera can be quickly and easily integrated into existing systems, requires no calibration, and is low cost, the barriers to using this technology are low.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1553-3506 , 1553-3514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1553350611425508
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2233576-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In situ identification of Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets from special police ammunitions by computed tomography
    SAGE Publications ; 2020
    In:  Medicine, Science and the Law Vol. 60, No. 3 ( 2020-07), p. 188-195
    Details
    In: Medicine, Science and the Law, SAGE Publications, Vol. 60, No. 3 ( 2020-07), p. 188-195
    Abstract: Special deformation bullets were developed for police forces to achieve a defined penetration depth (avoiding over-penetration) and a controlled energy transfer (avoiding collateral damage). This article focuses on Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets. These 9 mm bullets were specially designed for controlled deformation. The characteristic slight mushrooming with a front cross-section of approximately 11.5 mm after entering a ballistic simulant was verified in ballistic tests. To achieve such slight mushrooming, the projectile’s core is hollowed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of visualising the hollowed cores of Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets using a standard clinical computed tomography (CT) scanner for non-invasive identification of these special bullets from police ammunitions. Methods First, undeformed specimens were scanned to reveal the shape of the hollowed core of each type of special bullet. Second, Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets were fired towards animal cadaver models to visualise their hollow core after deformation inside biological tissue. Third, two reviewers were tasked with identifying special bullets from police ammunition (Action 4 bullets: n = 3) among 10 CT examinations of humans with lodged projectiles who were selected by the supervisor of the study. Results The CT scans of the undeformed specimens revealed the special design of the bullets’ metal core. All special bullets from police ammunitions that were fired towards an animal cadaver model demonstrated the characteristic slight mushrooming. In accordance with the CT scans of the undeformed bullets, visualisation of the individual internal cavities of the special bullets allowed the Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets to be clearly distinguished. With regard to the real forensic cases, both reviewers clearly identified each of the three Action 4 bullets among all other lodged projectiles. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets from special police ammunitions by CT. The individual shapes of the cavity inside the bullets were clearly visible on CT. In situ identification of these bullets can aid in the assessment of injuries, and since these bullets are fabricated from non-ferromagnetic metals, their clear identification allows for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without the risk of bullet movement inside the body due to the magnetic pull of the MRI unit. Furthermore, this approach could be of great interest to forensic investigators if patients who received gunshot wounds underwent non-operative treatments and the projectile remains in the body. Since the use of CT is also increasing for medico-legal post-mortem examinations, the identification of lodged projectiles is of interest for a virtual autopsy or ‘Virtopsy’.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0025-8024 , 2042-1818
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0025802420911555
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2522207-7
    SSG: 2
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