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  • SAGE Publications  (69)
  • 1
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2004-02), p. 263-274
    Abstract: Information about the virological response to sequential highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV infection is limited. The virological response to four consecutive therapies was evaluated in the Swiss HIV Cohort. Design Retrospective analysis in an observational cohort. Methods 1140 individuals receiving uninterrupted HAART for 4.8 ±0.6 years were included. The virological response was classified as success ( 〈 400 copies/ml), low-level (LF: 400–5000 copies/ml) or high-level failure (HF: 〉 5000 copies/ml). Potential determinants of the virological response, including patient demographics, treatment history and virological response to previous HAART regimens were analysed using survival and logistic regression analyses. Results 40.1% failed virologically on the first (22.0% LF; 18.1% HF), 35.1% on the second (14.2% LF; 20.9% HF), 34.2% on the third (9.9% LF; 24.3% HF) and 32.7% on the fourth HAART regimen (9% LF; 23.7% HF). Nucleoside pre-treatment (OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.67–3.29) and low baseline CD4 T-cell count (OR: 0.79/100 cells rise; 95% CI: 0.72–0.88) increased the risk of HF on the first HAART. Virological failure on HAART with HIV-1 RNA levels exceeding 1000 copies/ml predicted a poor virological response to subsequent HAART regimens. A switch from a protease inhibitor- to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-containing regimen significantly reduced the risk of HF. Multiple switches of HAART did not affect the recovery of CD4 T lymphocytes. Conclusion Multiple sequential HAART regimens do not per se reduce the likelihood of long-term virological suppression and immunological recovery. However, early virological failure increases significantly the risk of subsequent unfavourable virological responses. The choice of a potent initial antiretroviral drug regimen is therefore critical. This study has been presented in part at the 10th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. Boston, Mass., USA, 2003. Abstract #571.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 2
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 6, No. 3 ( 2001-04), p. 185-189
    Abstract: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate treatment outcome and characterize the pattern of genotype mutations in subjects with treatment failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) containing nelfinavir or indinavir. Study design and methods The database of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study was screened for all subjects naive to protease inhibitor (PI) treatment who started HAART with nelfinavir or indinavir, responded initially (HIV-RNA 〈 400 copies/ml) and received 〉 24 weeks of treatment. Responders with subsequent treatment failure (HIV-RNA 〉 1000 copies/ml, bordered by HIV-RNA 〉 400 copies/ml) were selected for genotypic analysis. Results Initial treatment response, maintenance of response and subsequent virological failure were observed at a comparable frequency in 1143 nelfinavir and 1555 indinavir subjects. Of the treatment-naive patients, 13% who took nelfinavir and 16% who took indinavir had HIV-RNA 〉 1000 copies/ml at least once. These values increased to 24 and 27%, respectively, for reverse transcriptase inhibitor-experienced subjects. Genotypic analysis in a subset of subjects with virological failure identified 30N as the only primary mutation in the nelfinavir subjects (8 out of 21, 38%) whereas isolated or combined 82A/T and 46I/L mutations were detected in the indinavir subjects (9 out of 20, 45%). Conclusions In this population of previously PI-naive subjects, the rate of virological failure and the frequency of resistance mutations at the time of virological failure were comparable in subjects receiving nelfinavir- or indinavir-containing HAART. In nelfinavir subjects, 30N was the only primary mutation whereas isolated or combined 82A/T and 46I/L mutations were detected in indinavir subjects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2118396-X
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  • 3
    In: Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, SAGE Publications, Vol. 4 ( 2014-01-01), p. 22-
    Abstract: Silver molybdate (Ag 2 MoO 4 ) and silver tungstate (Ag 2 WO 4 ) nanomaterials were prepared using two complementary methods, microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis (MAH) (pH 7, 140 °C) and co-precipitation (pH 4, 70 °C), and were then used to prepare two core/shell composites, namely α-Ag 2 WO 4 / β-Ag 2 MoO 4 (MAH, pH 4, 140 °C) and β-Ag 2 MoO 4 / β-Ag 2 WO 4 (co-precipitation, pH 4, 70 °C). The shape and size of the microcrystals were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), different morphologies such as balls and nanorods. These powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and UV-vis (diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence). X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the Ag 2 MoO 4 samples obtained by the two methods were single-phased and belonged to the β-Ag 2 MoO 4 structure (spinel type). In contrast, the Ag 2 WO 4 obtained in the two syntheses were structurally different: MAH exhibited the well-known tetrameric stable structure β-Ag 2 WO 4 , while co-precipitation afforded the metastable β-Ag 2 WO 4 allotrope, coexisting with a weak amount of the α;-phase. The optical gap of β-Ag 2 WO 4 (3.3 eV) was evaluated for the first time. In contrast to β-Ag 2 MoO 4 / β-Ag 2 WO 4 , the α-Ag 2 WO 4 / β-Ag 2 MoO 4 exhibited strongly-enhanced photoluminescence in the low-energy band (650 nm), tentatively explained by the creation of a large density of local defects (distortions) at the core-shell interface, due to the presence of two different types of MOx polyhedra in the two structures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1847-9804 , 1847-9804
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2618730-9
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  • 4
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2004-08), p. 829-848
    Abstract: In most European countries, HIV drug resistance testing has become a routine clinical tool. However, its practical implementation in a clinical context is demanding. The European HIV Drug Resistance Panel was established to make recommendations to clinicians and virologists on this topic and to propose quality control measures. The panel recommends resistance testing for the following indications: i) drug-naive patients with acute or recent infection; ii) therapy failure, including suboptimal treatment response, when treatment change is considered; iii) pregnant HIV-1-infected women and paediatric patients with detectable viral load when treatment initiation or change is considered; and iv) genotype source patient when post-exposure prophylaxis is considered. In addition, for drug-naive patients with chronic infection in whom treatment is to be started, the panel suggests that resistance testing should be strongly considered and recommends testing the earliest sample for drug resistance if suspicion of resistance is high or prevalence of resistance in this population exceeds 10%. The panel does not favour genotyping over phenotype, however it is anticipated that genotyping will be used more often because of its greater accessibility, lower cost and faster turnaround time. For the interpretation of resistance data, clinically validated systems should be used to the greatest extent possible. It is mandatory that laboratories performing HIV resistance tests take regular part in quality assurance programs. Similarly, it is necessary that HIV clinicians and virologists take part in continuous education and meet regularly to discuss problematic clinical cases. Indeed, resistance test results should be used in the context of all other clinically relevant information for predicting therapy response. The panel also encourages the timely collection of epidemiological information to estimate the impact of transmission of resistant HIV and the prevalence of HIV-1 non-B subtypes in the different European countries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 5
    In: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, SAGE Publications, Vol. 54, No. 10 ( 2020-10), p. 985-996
    Abstract: We aimed at identifying distinct trajectories of functioning and at describing their respective clinical characteristics in a cohort of individuals with bipolar disorders. Methods: We included a sample of 2351 individuals with bipolar disorders who have been followed-up to 3 years as part as the FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise in Bipolar Disorders cohort. Global functioning was measured using the Functioning Assessment Short Test. We used latent class mixed models to identify distinct longitudinal trajectories of functioning over 3 years. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify the baseline factors that were associated with the membership to each trajectory of functioning. Results: Three distinct trajectories of functioning were identified: (1) a majority of individuals (72%) had a stable trajectory of mild functional impairment, (2) 20% of individuals had a stable trajectory of severe functional impairment and (3) 8% of individuals had a trajectory of moderate functional impairment that improved over time. The membership to a trajectory of stable severe versus stable mild functional impairment was associated with unemployment, a higher number of previous hospitalizations, childhood maltreatment, a higher level of residual depressive symptoms, higher sleep disturbances, a higher body mass index and a higher number of psychotropic medications being prescribed at baseline. The model that included these seven factors led to an area under the curve of 0.85. Conclusion: This study enabled to stratify individuals with bipolar disorders according to three distinct trajectories of functioning. The results regarding the potential determinants of the trajectory of severe functional impairment needs to be replicated in independent samples. Nevertheless, these potential determinants may represent possible therapeutic targets to improve the prognosis of those patients at risk of persistent poor functioning.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-8674 , 1440-1614
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2003849-5
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  • 6
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2007-11), p. 1165-1174
    Abstract: A growing number of case reports have described tenofovir (TDF)-related proximal renal tubulopathy and impaired calculated glomerular filtration rates (cGFR). We assessed TDF-associated changes in cGFR in a large observational HIV cohort. Methods We compared treatment-naive patients or patients with treatment interruptions ≥12 months starting either a TDF-based combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) ( n=363) or a TDF-sparing regime ( n=715). The predefined primary endpoint was the time to a 10 ml/min reduction in cGFR, based on the Cockcroft-Gault equation, confirmed by a follow-up measurement at least 1 month later. In sensitivity analyses, secondary endpoints including calculations based on the modified diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula were considered. Endpoints were modelled using pre-specified covariates in a multiple Cox proportional hazards model. Results Two-year event-free probabilities were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58–0.72) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.76–0.83) for patients starting TDF-containing or TDF-sparing cART, respectively. In the multiple Cox model, diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR] =2.34 [95% CI 1.24–4.42]), higher baseline cGFR (HR=1.03 [95% CI 1.02–1.04] by 10 ml/min), TDF use (HR=1.84 [95% CI 1.35–2.51]) and boosted protease inhibitor use (HR=1.71 [95% CI 1.30–2.24] ) significantly increased the risk for reaching the primary endpoint. Sensitivity analyses showed high consistency. Conclusion There is consistent evidence for a significant reduction in cGFR associated with TDF use in HIV-infected patients. Our findings call for a strict monitoring of renal function in long-term TDF users with tests that distinguish between glomerular dysfunction and proximal renal tubulopathy, a known adverse effect of TDF.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 7
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2005-07), p. 585-591
    Abstract: Blood lipid abnormalities in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been associated with exposure to protease inhibitors (PIs), particularly ritonavir. First therapy with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) leads to relatively favourable lipid profiles. We report on medium-term lipid profiles (up to 5 years) for antiretroviral-naive patients starting NNRTI- and PI-based HAART in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Methods Since April 2000, blood samples taken at visits scheduled every 6 months have been analysed for cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. For 1065 antiretroviral-naive patients starting HAART after April 2000, we estimated changes in concentration over time using multivariate linear regression with adjustment for baseline covariates, use of lipid-lowering drugs and whether the sample was taken in a fasting state. Results Non-high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels increase with increasing exposure to either PI- or NNRTI-based therapy, HDL cholesterol levels increase and triglyceride levels decrease with increasing exposure to NNRTI-based therapy, whereas triglyceride levels increase with increasing exposure to PI-based therapy. Between NNRTI-based therapies, there is a slight difference in triglyceride levels, which tend to increase with increasing exposure to efavirenz and to decrease with increasing exposure to nevirapine. Of the three common PI-based therapies, nelfinavir appears to have a relatively favourable lipid profile, with little change with increasing exposure. Of the other two PI therapies, lopinavir with ritonavir has a more favourable profile than indinavir with ritonavir, with smaller increases in both non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides and an increase in HDL cholesterol. Increasing exposure to abacavir is associated with a decrease in the level of triglycerides. Conclusion In general, NNRTI-based therapy is associated with a more favourable lipid profile than PI-based therapy, but different PI-based therapies are associated with very different lipid profiles. Nelfinavir appears to have a relatively favourable lipid profile. Of the two boosted PI therapies, lopinavir appears to have a more favourable lipid profile than indinavir.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2118396-X
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 8
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2007-11), p. 1157-1164
    Abstract: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) decreases morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients but is associated with considerable adverse events (AEs). Methods We examined the effect of AEs to ART on mortality, treatment modifications and drop-out in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. A cross-sectional evaluation of prevalence of 13 clinical and 11 laboratory parameters was performed in 1999 in 1,078 patients on ART. AEs were defined as abnormalities probably or certainly related to ART. A score including the number and severity of AEs was defined. The subsequent progression to death, drop-out and treatment modification due to intolerance were evaluated according to the baseline AE score and characteristics of individual AEs. Results Of the 1,078 patients, laboratory AEs were reported in 23% and clinical AEs in 45%. During a median follow up of 5.9 years, laboratory AEs were associated with higher mortality with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–1.5; P 〈 0.001) per score point. For clinical AEs no significant association with increased mortality was found. In contrast, an increasing score for clinical AEs (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04–1.18; P=0.002), but not for laboratory AEs (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.97–1.17; P=0.17), was associated with antiretroviral treatment modification. AEs were not associated with a higher drop-out rate. Conclusions The burden of laboratory AEs to antiretroviral drugs is associated with a higher mortality. Physicians seem to change treatments to relieve clinical symptoms, while accepting laboratory AEs. Minimizing laboratory drug toxicity seems warranted and its influence on survival should be further evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2118396-X
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  • 9
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2006-08), p. 787-796
    Abstract: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and smoking the most important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Methods We prospectively evaluated a smoking cessation programme (SCP) in HIV-infected individuals (intervention: counselling and nicotine replacement therapy). Primary endpoint was the smoking cessation rate at 12 months; secondary endpoints were CVD morbidity and mortality. Controls were a not randomized control group of smokers not participating in the SCP. Results Four-hundred and seventeen of 680 (61%) patients were smokers, and 34 of these participated in the SCP. Of these 34 individuals, 82% were male, the median age was 43 years, prior AIDS was recorded in 29%, and depressive disorder was recorded in 18%. Twenty-five (74%) patients were receiving ART. Additional risk factors were dyslipidaemia (68%), a prior cardiovascular event (24%), hypertension (15%), and a family history of CVD in 2/34 (6%) individuals. According to the Framingham equation, the 10-year risk of CVD was higher in SCP participants than in controls (11.2% versus 8.5%, P=0.06). At termination of the SCP, 17/34 (50%) individuals had stopped smoking compared with 57/383 (15%) controls. Self-reported smoking abstinence for ≥12 months was 13/34 (38%) in the intervention group and 27/383 (7%) in the control group (odds ration 6.2, 95% confidence interval 2.8–14.3). During the follow-up, two SCP participants and 4 controls experienced a myocardial infarction. One patient in the control group died of CVD. Conclusions SCP in HIV-infected individuals is feasible and should be encouraged. The long-term impact of smoking cessation on CVD morbidity and mortality should be evaluated in comparative trials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2118396-X
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 10
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2005-01), p. 73-81
    Abstract: Body fat changes are common in patients with HIV. For patients on protease inhibitor (PI)-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these changes have been associated with increasing exposure to therapy in general and to stavudine in particular. Our objective is to show whether such associations are more or less likely for patients on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based HAART. Methods We included all antiretroviral-naive patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study starting HAART after April 2000 who had had body weight, CD4 cell count and plasma HIV RNA measured between 6 months before and 3 months after starting HAART, and at least one assessment of body fat changes after starting HAART. At visits scheduled every 6 months, fat loss or fat gain is reported by agreement between patient and physician. We estimate the association between reported body fat changes and both time on therapy and time on stavudine, using conditional logistical regression. Results Body fat changes were reported for 85 (9%) out of 925 patients at their first assessment; a further 165 had only one assessment. Of the remaining 675 patients, body fat changes were reported for 156 patients at a rate of 13.2 changes per 100 patient-years. Body fat changes are more likely with increasing age [odds ratio (OR) 1.18 (1.00–1.38) per 10 years], with increasing BMI [OR 1.06 (1.01–1.11)] and in those with a lower baseline CD4 cell count [OR 0.91 (0.83–1.01) per 100 cells/μl]. There is only weak evidence that body fat changes are more likely with increasing time on HAART [OR 1.16 (0.93–1.46)] . After adjusting for time on HAART, fat loss is more likely with increasing stavudine use [OR 1.70 (1.34–2.15)]. There is no evidence of an association between reported fat changes and time on NNRTI therapy relative to PI therapy in those patients who used either one therapy or the other [OR 0.98 (0.56–1.63)] . Conclusion Fat loss is more likely to be reported with increasing exposure to stavudine. We find no evidence of major differences between PI and NNRTI therapy in the risk of reported body fat changes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2118396-X
    SSG: 15,3
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