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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Replicability and Robustness of Genome-Wide-Association Studies for Behavioral Traits
    SAGE Publications ; 2014
    In:  Psychological Science Vol. 25, No. 11 ( 2014-11), p. 1975-1986
    Details
    In: Psychological Science, SAGE Publications, Vol. 25, No. 11 ( 2014-11), p. 1975-1986
    Abstract: A recent genome-wide-association study of educational attainment identified three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose associations, despite their small effect sizes (each R 2 ≈ 0.02%), reached genome-wide significance ( p 〈 5 × 10 −8 ) in a large discovery sample and were replicated in an independent sample ( p 〈 .05). The study also reported associations between educational attainment and indices of SNPs called “polygenic scores.” In three studies, we evaluated the robustness of these findings. Study 1 showed that the associations with all three SNPs were replicated in another large ( N = 34,428) independent sample. We also found that the scores remained predictive ( R 2 ≈ 2%) in regressions with stringent controls for stratification (Study 2) and in new within-family analyses (Study 3). Our results show that large and therefore well-powered genome-wide-association studies can identify replicable genetic associations with behavioral traits. The small effect sizes of individual SNPs are likely to be a major contributing factor explaining the striking contrast between our results and the disappointing replication record of most candidate-gene studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0956-7976 , 1467-9280
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0956797614545132
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2022256-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Acellular Fish Skin Grafts and Pig Urinary Bladder Matrix Assessed in the Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mouse Model
    SAGE Publications ; 2018
    In:  The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 2018-12), p. 275-281
    Details
    In: The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, SAGE Publications, Vol. 17, No. 4 ( 2018-12), p. 275-281
    Abstract: It is vital that cellular- and tissue-based products (CTPs) used for wound treatment do not provoke autoimmunity. In this study, the immunogenic response to extracts of 2 CTPs of piscine and porcine origin was assessed in the collagen-induced arthritis model. Male DBA/1J mice were divided into 4 groups, each composed of 7 to 9 animals. Each animal was injected with one of following to assess their immune responses: (1) bovine type II collagen (100 µg) in Freund’s adjuvant, (2) extract of piscine skin (100 µg) in Freund’s adjuvant, (3) extract of porcine urinary bladder matrix (100 µg) in Freund’s adjuvant, or (4) Freund’s adjuvant alone (control) at the beginning of the experiment and 3 weeks later. Clinical signs of arthritis were assessed from week 5 onwards, and anti-type II and anti-type I collagen antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG) serum levels were measured before injections and 8 weeks after exposure using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Only the mice exposed to bovine type II collagen developed clinical arthritis accompanied by very high anti-type II collagen IgG serum levels. Anti-type II collagen IgG serum levels were also detected in the porcine group but were undetectable in the piscine skin and control groups after 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in anti-type I collagen IgG serum levels among the groups. The results showed that piscine skin did not provoke systemic autoimmunity against type II collagens in DBA/1J mice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1534-7346 , 1552-6941
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1534734618802899
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2135166-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Most Reported Genetic Associations With General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives
    SAGE Publications ; 2012
    In:  Psychological Science Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2012-11), p. 1314-1323
    Details
    In: Psychological Science, SAGE Publications, Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2012-11), p. 1314-1323
    Abstract: General intelligence ( g) and virtually all other behavioral traits are heritable. Associations between g and specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several candidate genes involved in brain function have been reported. We sought to replicate published associations between g and 12 specific genetic variants (in the genes DTNBP1, CTSD, DRD2, ANKK1, CHRM2, SSADH, COMT, BDNF, CHRNA4, DISC1, APOE, and SNAP25) using data sets from three independent, well-characterized longitudinal studies with samples of 5,571, 1,759, and 2,441 individuals. Of 32 independent tests across all three data sets, only 1 was nominally significant. By contrast, power analyses showed that we should have expected 10 to 15 significant associations, given reasonable assumptions for genotype effect sizes. For positive controls, we confirmed accepted genetic associations for Alzheimer’s disease and body mass index, and we used SNP-based calculations of genetic relatedness to replicate previous estimates that about half of the variance in g is accounted for by common genetic variation among individuals. We conclude that the molecular genetics of psychology and social science requires approaches that go beyond the examination of candidate genes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0956-7976 , 1467-9280
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0956797611435528
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2022256-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Abnormally Decreased Regional Bone Density in Athletes with Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
    SAGE Publications ; 2001
    In:  The American Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2001-11), p. 712-715
    Details
    In: The American Journal of Sports Medicine, SAGE Publications, Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2001-11), p. 712-715
    Abstract: Medial tibial stress syndrome, a common condition of uncertain origin found in athletes, is characterized by pain in the distal posteromedial aspect of the tibia during exercise, with or without increased scintigraphic uptake in the affected region. To determine whether medial tibial stress syndrome with increased scintigraphic uptake is associated with a change in tibial bone mineral density confined to the site of the increased uptake, we measured bone mineral density (in grams per square centimeter) in 18 adult male athletes with long-standing medial tibial stress syndrome and compared the measurements with those of 16 age-and sex-matched control subjects and with those of 18 athletes without medial tibial stress syndrome who had a comparable training regimen. Tibial bone mineral density in the region corresponding to the pain was 15% ± 9% lower in the patients than in control subjects and 23% ± 8% lower than in the athletic control subjects (both significant differences). Bone mineral densities in most other regions of the body were higher than in the control subjects but lower than in the athletic controls at the corresponding sites. In summary, medial tibial stress syndrome is associated with low regional bone mineral density.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0363-5465 , 1552-3365
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/03635465010290060701
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2063945-4
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Low Regional Tibial Bone Density in Athletes with Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome Normalizes after Recovery from Symptoms
    SAGE Publications ; 2003
    In:  The American Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 2003-07), p. 596-600
    Details
    In: The American Journal of Sports Medicine, SAGE Publications, Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 2003-07), p. 596-600
    Abstract: Although the exact cause of medial tibial stress syndrome is unclear, changes in bone metabolism are likely to be involved. Hypothesis Localized low bone mineral density at the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the tibia in patients with medial tibial stress syndrome develops in conjunction with the symptoms; these changes are reversible and are not inherited. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Bone mineral density in 14 adult male athletes with long-standing medial tibial stress syndrome was measured when they were symptomatic and after recovery (mean follow-up, 5.7 years). Repeat measurements were also made prospectively in 13 nonathlete control subjects and single measurements were made in 18 healthy athletes. Results Bone mineral density was 9% ± 11% higher in the proximal tibia but 11% ± 12% lower in the tibial region corresponding to pain in patients when compared with nonathlete control subjects. It increased by 19% ± 11% in the region of pain after recovery from symptoms and, at follow-up, was no lower than in nonathlete control subjects. Conclusion Athletes with medial tibial stress syndrome and increased scintigraphic uptake regain normal tibial bone mineral density after recovery from symptoms. Initially localized low bone mineral density is not an inherited condition, but instead may develop in conjunction with the symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0363-5465 , 1552-3365
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/03635465030310042001
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2063945-4
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does misclassification of former tobacco smokers explain the ‘smoker’s paradox’ in the risk of COVID-19? Insights from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Vol. 51, No. 5 ( 2023-07), p. 735-743
    Details
    In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, SAGE Publications, Vol. 51, No. 5 ( 2023-07), p. 735-743
    Abstract: The association between tobacco smoking and the risk of COVID-19 and its adverse outcomes is controversial, as studies reported contrasting findings. Bias due to misclassification of the exposure in the analyses of current versus non-current smoking could be a possible explanation because former smokers may have higher background risks of the disease due to co-morbidity. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent of this potential bias by separating non-, former, and current smokers when assessing the risk or prognosis of diseases. Methods: We analysed data from 43,400 participants in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, Sweden, with information on smoking obtained prior to the pandemic. We estimated the risk of COVID-19, hospital admissions and death for (a) former and current smokers relative to non-smokers, (b) current smokers relative to non-current smokers, that is, including former smokers; adjusting for potential confounders (aRR). Results: The aRR of a COVID-19 diagnosis was elevated for former smokers compared with non-smokers (1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.00–1.15); including hospital admission with any COVID-19 diagnosis (aRR= 1.23; 95% CI = 1.03–1.48); or with COVID-19 as the main diagnosis (aRR=1.23, 95% CI= 1.01–1.49); and death within 30 days with COVID-19 as the main or a contributory cause (aRR=1.40; 95% CI=1.00–1.95). Current smoking was negatively associated with risk of COVID-19 (aRR=0.79; 95% CI=0.68–0.91). Conclusions: Separating non-smokers from former smokers when assessing the disease risk or prognosis is essential to avoid bias. However, the negative association between current smoking and the risk of COVID-19 could not be entirely explained by misclassification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1403-4948 , 1651-1905
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/14034948231174279
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2027122-0
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aloe barbadensis Mill. extract improves symptoms in IBS patients with diarrhoea: post hoc analysis of two randomized double-blind controlled studies
    SAGE Publications ; 2021
    In:  Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology Vol. 14 ( 2021-01), p. 175628482110481-
    Details
    In: Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, SAGE Publications, Vol. 14 ( 2021-01), p. 175628482110481-
    Abstract: Aloe barbadensis Mill. (Aloe) extract was found to be well-tolerated, safe and showed beneficial effects in subsets of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients in two randomized, double-blind, controlled studies. However, the individual studies were underpowered to perform subgroup analyses. We therefore determined the effect of Aloe extract in IBS subgroups in a post hoc analysis combining the results from the two studies. Methods: Data from the two controlled studies comparing Aloe and control treatment taken orally for 4 weeks, were pooled. Both studies included IBS patients fulfilling the ROME III criteria and IBS Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS) was assessed. We analysed the effect of Aloe extract on IBS symptom severity and the proportion of responders (IBS-SSS reduction ⩾ 50) in IBS subgroups. Results: In total, 213 IBS patients were included in the post hoc subgroup analyses. A reduction in overall symptom severity, primarily driven by effect on pain severity and frequency, comparing baseline versus end of treatment, was recorded in IBS patients with diarrhoea (IBS-D) receiving Aloe ( n = 38, p  〈  0.001) but not control treatment ( n = 33, p = 0.33), with difference between the treatment groups ( p = 0.01). Moreover, the frequency of responders was higher in IBS-D patients receiving Aloe ( n = 22, 58%) compared to control treatment ( n = 10, 30%) ( p = 0.02). The effect of Aloe extract treatment on IBS symptom severity was not superior to control treatment in the other IBS subtypes. Conclusion: Aloe extract improves symptom severity in IBS-D patients and can be regarded as a safe and effective treatment option for this patient group.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1756-2848 , 1756-2848
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/17562848211048133
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2440710-0
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