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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is the level of varicella-zoster virus IgG associated with symptomatic status of genital herpes simplex virus infection? A case-control study
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of STD & AIDS
    Details
    In: International Journal of STD & AIDS, SAGE Publications
    Abstract: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common infection, affecting the majority of the population by age of 50. Recurrent symptomatic outbreaks, experienced by a minority, have significant psychological and psychosexual effects. The varicella zoster virus (VZV), resembling HSV, shows potential for a functional cure via vaccination. This study seeks to investigate if there is an association between low VZV antibody levels and recurrent HSV outbreaks. Methods A total of 110 patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV were recruited during their sexual health screen. Serum samples were collected between Aug 2019 - July 2022; breaks in the study occurred due to COVID. The primary outcome measure was the serological status of HSV and VZV IgG titre level. Results The average age was 37.3 years (range 21–65 years). For people with asymptomatic genital HSV2 the average VZV IgG titre was 2373.9 IU/mL ( n = 17); and 1219.0 IU/mL for the symptomatic group ( n = 67); p ≤ 0.00001), with similar results for HSV1. Conclusion There is a strong association between average higher varicella-zoster virus (VZV) IgG level and being an asymptomatic carrier of herpes simplex sirus (HSV)1 & 2. A feasibility study to assess the use of the VZV vaccine as a treatment of HSV is planned.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0956-4624 , 1758-1052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/09564624231221172
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2009782-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Challenges and opportunities for conducting a vaccine trial during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
    SAGE Publications ; 2021
    In:  Clinical Trials Vol. 18, No. 5 ( 2021-10), p. 615-621
    Details
    In: Clinical Trials, SAGE Publications, Vol. 18, No. 5 ( 2021-10), p. 615-621
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. It has also stimulated research in a wide range of areas including rapid diagnostics, novel therapeutics, use of technology to track patients and vaccine development. Here, we describe our experience of rapidly setting up and delivering a novel COVID-19 vaccine trial, using clinical and research staff and facilities in three National Health Service Trusts in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. We encountered and overcame a number of challenges including differences in organisational structures, research facilities available, staff experience and skills, information technology and communications infrastructure, and research training and assessment procedures. We overcame these by setting up a project team that included key members from all three organisations that met at least daily by teleconference. This group together worked to identify the best practices and procedures and to harmonise and cascade these to the wider trial team. This enabled us to set up the trial within 25 days and to recruit and vaccinate the participants within a further 23 days. The lessons learned from our experiences could be used to inform the conduct of clinical trials during a future infectious disease pandemic or public health emergency.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1740-7745 , 1740-7753
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/17407745211024764
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2159773-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    HIV-1 Viral Replication below 50 Copies/ml in Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy is not associated with CD8 + T-cell Activation
    SAGE Publications ; 2007
    In:  Antiviral Therapy Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2007-08), p. 971-976
    Details
    In: Antiviral Therapy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2007-08), p. 971-976
    Abstract: To determine if the expression of CD38 on CD8 + T-cells could be used as a marker of viral replication 〈 50 copies/ml in peripheral blood. Methods In a cross-sectional study of patients attending a single HIV clinic in London, an ultra-sensitive HIV RNA viral load assay, with a limit of detection of 3 copies/ml, was used to determine HIV-1 replication in plasma in 70 patients who had sustained viral suppression 〈 50 copies/ml by bDNA assays. Immune activation using the expression of CD38 on CD8 + T-cells was also assessed in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with sustained viral suppression, individuals with persistent low-level viraemia 〈 400 copies/ml and subjects failing ART (viral load 〉 400 copies/ml). Results There was no significant difference in the percentage of CD8 + CD38 ++ T-cells between patients with 〈 50 copies or 〈 3 copies/ml. Immune activation was significantly increased in patients with persistent low-level viraemia and in subjects failing ART. CD4 + T-cell counts in patients on long-term successful ART are inversely associated with CD8 + T-cell activation. Conclusions T-cell activation in patients on long-term successful ART is not due to residual low-level viral replication in the blood compartment of HIV-1. CD8 + T-cell activation in this patient group appears to be associated with poor CD4 + T-cell recovery.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1359-6535 , 2040-2058
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200613
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2118396-X
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Maternal IQ, the Home Environment, and Child IQ in Low Birthweight, Premature Children
    SAGE Publications ; 1993
    In:  International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 1993-03), p. 61-74
    Details
    In: International Journal of Behavioral Development, SAGE Publications, Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 1993-03), p. 61-74
    Abstract: The study examined the extent to which aspects of the home environment play a mediating role in the relation between maternal and child IQ. The procedure of establishing mediation developed by Baron and Kenny was followed using 608 low birthweight, premature infants from eight different sites. Regression analyses indicated that both maternal IQ and Infant/ Toddler HOME scores obtained at 12 months made significant contributions to 3 year child IQ scores. Maternal IQ and Early Childhood HOME scores obtained at 36 months also both made significant contributions to 3 year child IQ scores. There was a significant "indirect" or mediated affect associated with HOME scores at both time points. Structural equation models were used to confirm information developed in the regression analyses. The fit of the model was good for the total sample and for a sample of children and mothers whose IQs were both greater than 70. A stronger indirect effect was noted at three years as compared to one year.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0165-0254 , 1464-0651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/016502549301600104
    RVK:
    CL 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1993
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1466999-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 432118-2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Connectivity and physical activity: using footpath networks to measure the walkability of built environments
    SAGE Publications ; 2016
    In:  Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design Vol. 43, No. 1 ( 2016-01), p. 130-151
    Details
    In: Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, SAGE Publications, Vol. 43, No. 1 ( 2016-01), p. 130-151
    Abstract: There is now a strong body of research that suggests that the form of the built environment can influence levels of physical activity, leading to an increasing interest in incorporating health objectives into spatial planning and regeneration. There have been a number of strands to this research, one of which has sought to develop objective measurements of the built environment using geographic information systems involving measures of connectivity and proximity to compare the relative ‘walkability’of different neighbourhoods. The development of the ‘walkability index’ has become a popular indicator of the spatial distribution of those built environment features that are considered to have the greatest positive influence on levels of physical activity. The success of this measure is built on its ability to capture succinctly correlates of physical activity using routinely available spatial data, which includes using road centre lines to measure connectivity. In this paper we discuss two key aspects of the walkability index. First, as suggested by others, that the use of a footpath network, rather than road centre lines, may be far more effective in evaluating walkability. This may be particularly important for assessing changes in walkability arising from pedestrian-focused infrastructure projects, such as greenways. Second, we explore the implications of this for how connectivity can be measured. We take six different measures of connectivity and first analyse the relationships between them and then test their correlation with actual levels of physical activity of local residents in Belfast, Northern Ireland. We find that the best measurements appear to be intersection density and metric reach and use this finding to discuss the implications for developing tools that may better support decision-making in spatial planning.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0265-8135 , 1472-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0265813515610672
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2039719-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 199345-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2879402-3
    SSG: 3,4
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