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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Subgenotype and Genetic Variability in the Precore/Core Regions of Hepatitis B Virus in Korean Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
    S. Karger AG ; 2011
    In:  Intervirology Vol. 54, No. 6 ( 2011), p. 333-338
    Details
    In: Intervirology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 54, No. 6 ( 2011), p. 333-338
    Abstract: 〈 i 〉 Objective: 〈 /i 〉 The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes, the spectrum of mutations in the precore/core region through phylogenetic analysis, and the relevance of viral characteristics in disease progression in Korean patients. 〈 i 〉 Methods: 〈 /i 〉 133 patients with chronic HBV infection were enrolled. The precore and core region of HBV was amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed for subgenotyping and the changes of nucleotides and amino acid were compared in liver disease stages. 〈 i 〉 Results: 〈 /i 〉 HBV/C2 subgenotype was predominant in chronic HBV carriers (98.5%), followed by HBV/A2 (0.75%) and HBV/C7 (0.75%). The mutations of the precore region were not different between liver disease stages. However, amino acid changes in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope (p 〈 0.020), CD4+ T cell epitope (p 〈 0.027), or B cell epitope (p 〈 0.029) were significantly higher in liver cirrhosis patients than in chronic hepatitis patients, but not in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. 〈 i 〉 Conclusion: 〈 /i 〉 HBV/C2 is the most prevalent subgenotype in Korea, and HBV/C7 subgenotype found in the Philippines was first identified in the Korean population. Mutations in immune epitopes within the core gene were significantly associated with disease progression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0300-5526 , 1423-0100
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000321359
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482863-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Health Insurance Status Is Related to Risk of Mortality and Hospitalization in Korean Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
    S. Karger AG ; 2020
    In:  American Journal of Nephrology Vol. 51, No. 12 ( 2020), p. 975-981
    Details
    In: American Journal of Nephrology, S. Karger AG, Vol. 51, No. 12 ( 2020), p. 975-981
    Abstract: 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Background: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 There has been an increasing incidence of hemodialysis (HD) due to old age and comorbid condition such as diabetes. In general, socioeconomic status (SES) is known as one of the most important risk factors for patient mortality and morbidity. Whether low SES is associated with poorer outcome in HD patients is controversial. This study was performed to evaluate the association of health insurance status as a proxy indicator for SES upon mortality and hospitalization in maintenance HD patients. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Methods: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 We used HD-quality assessment data from the year of 2015 for collecting demographic and clinical data. The subjects were classified into Medical Aid (MA) recipients (low SES) and National Health Insurance (NHI) beneficiary (high SES). We analyzed mortality and hospitalization risk based on health insurance status using Cox proportional hazard model. A total of 35,454 adult HD patients ≥18 years old who received HD treatment more than twice weekly were included in the analysis. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Results: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 The ratio between MA recipient and NHI beneficiary was 76.7 versus 23.3%. The MA recipient group demonstrated younger age and lower proportion of female, diabetes, hypertension, and cerebrovascular accidents compared to the NHI beneficiary group. After adjusting for age, gender, comorbidity, and laboratory parameters, the MA recipient group showed a significantly higher mortality risk compared to the NHI beneficiary group (hazard ratio 1.073 [1.009–1.14], 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉 = 0.025). The MA recipient group was also an independent risk factor for hospitalization after adjusting for age, gender, comorbidities, and laboratory parameters (hazard ratio 1.142 [1.108–1.178], 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉 & #x3c; 0.001). 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Conclusion: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 Low SES as measured by health insurance status was associated with an increased risk of patient mortality and hospitalization in Korean maintenance HD patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0250-8095 , 1421-9670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000512855
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468523-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gentamicin Decreases Guanylyl Cyclase Activity in Rat Glomerulus
    S. Karger AG ; 2007
    In:  Kidney and Blood Pressure Research Vol. 30, No. 2 ( 2007), p. 81-87
    Details
    In: Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, S. Karger AG, Vol. 30, No. 2 ( 2007), p. 81-87
    Abstract: 〈 i 〉 Background: 〈 /i 〉 Effects of gentamicin (GM) on the local natriuretic peptide (NP) and nitric oxide (NO) systems in the kidney were investigated. 〈 i 〉 Methods: 〈 /i 〉 Male Sprague-Dawley rats (180–200 g) were intramuscularly injected with GM (100 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. The expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms was determined by Western blot analysis, and that of NPs by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The activity of guanylyl cyclase was also determined by the amount of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) generated in responses to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). 〈 i 〉 Results: 〈 /i 〉 GM treatment resulted in renal failure in association with increases in urinary flow and the fractional excretion of sodium. Accordingly, the expression of inducible NOS was increased in the cortex, while that of endothelial NOS remained unchanged. The urinary excretion of NO metabolites was increased. The expression of ANP, brain natriuretic peptide and C-type natriuretic peptide mRNA was increased in the kidney. The cGMP production provoked by either ANP or SNP was decreased in the glomerulus, but not in the papilla. 〈 i 〉 Conclusion: 〈 /i 〉 GM-induced nephropathy may be causally related with decreased guanylyl cyclase activities in the glomerulus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-4096 , 1423-0143
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000100010
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482922-8
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Induction of IFN-γ gene Expression by Thioredoxin: Positive Feed-Back Regulation of Th1 Response by Thioredoxin and IFN-γ
    S. Karger AG ; 2008
    In:  Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Vol. 21, No. 1-3 ( 2008), p. 215-224
    Details
    In: Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, S. Karger AG, Vol. 21, No. 1-3 ( 2008), p. 215-224
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1015-8987 , 1421-9778
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000113763
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482056-0
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Antinociceptive Effects of Ginsenoside Rg3 in a Rat Model of Incisional Pain
    S. Karger AG ; 2016
    In:  European Surgical Research Vol. 57, No. 3-4 ( 2016), p. 211-223
    Details
    In: European Surgical Research, S. Karger AG, Vol. 57, No. 3-4 ( 2016), p. 211-223
    Abstract: 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Background: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 Ginsenoside Rg3 is an extract of total ginseng saponins, which accounts for 4.7% of all saponins. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms of the antinociceptive effects of ginsenoside Rg3. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Methods: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 Rats were randomly divided into six groups, which were treated with vehicle or 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, or 4 mg/kg of ginsenoside Rg3 intraperitoneally 2 h after a plantar incision was made. To evaluate the mechanisms of antinociceptive effects, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with naloxone 5 mg/kg, atropine 1 mg/kg, yohimbine 2 mg/kg, mecamylamine 1 mg/kg, prazosin 1 mg/kg, and dexmedetomidine 5 μg/kg. Hyperalgesia produced by the plantar incision was assessed using von Frey filaments 1 day before the incision (BI) and 2 h after the plantar incision (AP); this measurement was repeated at 15, 30, 45, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min, and 24 and 48 h after the injection of ginsenoside Rg3. Serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured 1 day before incision and 120 min, 24 h, and 48 h after the injection of ginsenoside Rg3 or vehicle. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Results: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) significantly increased in the group that received ginsenoside Rg3. The dose-MWT response showed a curvilinear, bell-shaped relationship. The maximum MWT was found with the administration of ginsenoside Rg3 at 1.5 mg/kg; MWT decreased to 2 and 4 mg/kg. Yohimbine diminished the analgesic effect of ginsenoside Rg3. Prazosin and dexmedetomidine increased the analgesic effect of ginsenoside Rg3. IL-1β and IL-6 appeared significantly lower relative to control group. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Conclusions: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 Ginsenoside Rg3 has an analgesic effect with a curvilinear dose-response relationship. Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor appeared to be related to the analgesic effect of ginsenoside Rg3. Also, the anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 could be related to its analgesic effect.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0014-312X , 1421-9921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000448001
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468505-X
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Cerebral Atherosclerosis According to Location on Prognosis after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
    S. Karger AG ; 2018
    In:  Cerebrovascular Diseases Vol. 46, No. 5-6 ( 2018), p. 200-209
    Details
    In: Cerebrovascular Diseases, S. Karger AG, Vol. 46, No. 5-6 ( 2018), p. 200-209
    Abstract: 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Background: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 In the previous prospective observational study, we found that cerebral atherosclerosis is an independent predictor of acute stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). However, it is unknown whether intracranial cerebral atherosclerosis (ICAS) is important as much as extracranial cerebral atherosclerosis (ECAS) in estimating the risk of post-CABG adverse events. Extending the previous study, we aimed to investigate the immediate and long-term prognostic value of the location of cerebral atherosclerosis in CABG patients. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Methods: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 This follow-up study of previously reported prospective cohort included 1,367 consecutive patients who received CABG between 2004 and 2007. All patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to assess intracranial and ECAS, both defined by significant steno-occlusion (≥50%). Participants were classified into 4 groups according to the location of cerebral atherosclerosis: no cerebral atherosclerosis, ECAS only, ICAS only, and ECAS + ICAS. Post-CABG stroke within 14 days (immediate outcome) and mortality (long-term outcome) following CABG were compared between the groups. Survival data for all participants through June 2016 were obtained from the Korean National Registry of Vital Statistics. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of post-CABG stroke and mortality; patients lacking cerebral atherosclerosis were defined as the reference group. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Results: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 The median follow-up duration after CABG was 9.2 years (interquartile range 8.4–10.2 years). Of the participants, 278 (20.3%) patients had ICAS only, while 269 (19.7%) and 347 (25.4%) showed ECAS only and ECAS + ICAS, respectively, in their preoperative MRA. Having ICAS only (HR 5.07; 95% CI 1.37–18.75; 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉  = 0.015) and having ECAS + ICAS (HR 8.43; 95% CI, 2.48–28.61; 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉  = 0.001) independently predicted the immediate stroke, whereas being with ECAS only did not (HR 1.71; 95% CI 0.35–8.50; 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉  = 0.509). Conversely, ICAS-only status was not independently associated with long-term mortality (HR 1.22; 95% CI 0.90–1.65; 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉  = 0.207), whereas ECAS-only status (HR 1.42; 95% CI 1.05–1.90; 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉  = 0.021) and ECAS + ICAS status (HR 1.58; 95% CI 1.20–2.07; 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉  = 0.001) showed independent associations. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Conclusions: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 Over 10 years of follow-up, cerebral atherosclerosis significantly associated with the development of adverse outcomes after CABG. The prognostic value of ICAS might be different from that of ECAS; immediate post-CABG stroke was more closely associated with ICAS, whereas there was a closer association between long-term post-CABG mortality and ECAS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1015-9770 , 1421-9786
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000494502
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482069-9
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