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  • 1
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    Loss of function of Ifi202b by a microdeletion on chromosome 1 of C57BL/6J mice suppresses 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression and development of obesity (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-07
    Description: Nob3 is a major obesity quantitative trait locus (QTL) identified in an intercross of New Zealand Obese (NZO) mice with C57BL/6J (B6), and by introgression of its 38 Mbp peak region into B6 (B6.NZO- Nob3.38 ). B6.NZO- Nob3.38 mice carrying the NZO allele exhibited markedly increased body weight, fat mass, lean mass and a lower energy expenditure, than the corresponding B6 allele carriers. For positional cloning of the responsible obesity gene, five additional congenic lines (RCS) were generated and characterized, allowing to define a critical genomic interval comprising 43 genes. mRNA profiling and western blotting indicated that Ifi202b , a member of the Ifi200 family of interferon inducible transcriptional modulators, was expressed in NZO-allele carriers but was undetectable in tissues of homozygous B6-allele carriers due to a microdeletion, including the first exon and the 5'-flanking region of Ifi202b in B6. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue of RCS revealed a marked induction of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 ( 11β-Hsd1 ) expression in mice expressing Ifi202b . Furthermore, siRNA-mediated Ifi202b suppression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes resulted in a significant inhibition of 11β-Hsd1 expression, whereas an adenoviral-mediated overexpression of Ifi202b increased 11β-Hsd1 mRNA levels. Expression of human IFI orthologues was significantly increased in visceral adipose tissue of obese subjects. We suggest that the disruption of Ifi202b in B6 is responsible for the effects of the obesity QTL Nob3 , and that Ifi202b modulates fat accumulation through expression of adipogenic genes such as 11β-Hsd1 .
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Trade-offs between personal immunity and reproduction in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: We know that parental investment and immune investment are costly processes, but it is unclear which trait will be prioritized when both may be required. Here, we address this question using the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides , carrion breeders that exhibit biparental care of young. Our results show that immunosuppression occurs during provision of parental care. We measured phenoloxidase (PO) on Days 1–8 of the breeding bout and results show a clear decrease in PO immediately from presentation of the breeding resource onward. Having established baseline immune investment during breeding we then manipulated immune investment at different times by applying a wounding challenge. Beetles were wounded prior to and during the parental care period and reproductive investment quantified. Different effects on reproductive output occur depending on the timing of wounding. Challenging the immune system with wounding prior to breeding does not affect reproductive output and subsequent lifetime reproductive success (LRS). LRS is also unaffected by applying an immune elicitor prior to breeding, though different arms of the immune system are up/downregulated, perhaps indicating a trade-off between cellular and humoral immunity. In contrast, wounding during breeding reduces reproductive output and to the greatest extent if the challenge is applied early in the breeding bout. Despite being immunosuppressed, breeding beetles can still respond to wounding by increasing PO, albeit not to prebreeding levels. This upregulation of PO during breeding may affect parental investment, resulting in a reduction in reproductive output. The potential role of juvenile hormone in controlling this trade-off is discussed.
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Molecular Mechanism of the Two-Component Suicidal Weapon of Neocapritermes taracua Old Workers (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-20
    Description: In termites, as in many social insects, some individuals specialize in colony defense, developing diverse weaponry. As workers of the termite Neocapritermes taracua (Termitidae: Termitinae) age, their efficiency to perform general tasks decreases, while they accumulate defensive secretions and increase their readiness to fight. This defensive mechanism involves self-sacrifice through body rupture during which an enzyme, stored as blue crystals in dorsal pouches, converts precursors produced by the labial glands into highly toxic compounds. Here, we identify both components of this activated defense system and describe the molecular basis responsible for the toxicity of N. taracua worker autothysis. The blue crystals are formed almost exclusively by a specific protein named BP76. By matching N. taracua transcriptome databases with amino acid sequences, we identified BP76 to be a laccase. Following autothysis, the series of hydroquinone precursors produced by labial glands get mixed with BP76, resulting in the conversion of relatively harmless hydroquinones into toxic benzoquinone analogues. Neocapritermes taracua workers therefore rely on a two-component activated defense system, consisting of two separately stored secretions that can react only after suicidal body rupture, which produces a sticky and toxic cocktail harmful to opponents.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Bacterial ferrous iron transport: the Feo system (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: To maintain iron homeostasis within the cell, bacteria have evolved various types of iron acquisition systems. Ferric iron (Fe 3+ ) is the dominant species in an oxygenated environment, while ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) is more abundant under anaerobic conditions or at low pH. For organisms that must combat oxygen limitation for their everyday survival, pathways for the uptake of ferrous iron are essential. Several bacterial ferrous iron transport systems have been described; however, only the Feo system appears to be widely distributed and is exclusively dedicated to the transport of iron. In recent years, many studies have explored the role of the FeoB and FeoA proteins in ferrous iron transport and their contribution toward bacterial virulence. The three-dimensional structures for the Feo proteins have recently been determined and provide insight into the molecular details of the transport system. A highly select group of bacteria also express the FeoC protein from the same operon. This review will provide a comprehensive look at the structural and functional aspects of the Feo system. In addition, bioinformatics analyses of the feo operon and the Feo proteins have been performed to complement our understanding of this ubiquitous bacterial uptake system, providing a new outlook for future studies.
    Print ISSN: 0168-6445
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6976
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Species divergence in offspring begging and parental provisioning is linked to nutritional dependency (2018)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: In animal species in which parents provide food to their dependent young, offspring often display conspicuous begging signals. These solicitation behaviors are important components of parent–offspring communication, but it is currently unclear how they and the parental response covary with offspring dependency on parental food provisioning across species. Burying beetles ( Nicrophorus ) are well known for providing elaborate biparental care, including provisioning of begging larvae. By using a multispecies approach, we show that larval begging intensity, as well as the time parents spend provisioning, differ greatly between individuals of the 3 species: N. orbicollis , N. pustulatus , and N. vespilloides . Our results demonstrate that the most dependent offspring of N. orbicollis invest the most time in begging, whereas the most independent offspring of N. pustulatus invest the least amount of time in begging. Thus, we suggest that begging intensity differs due to intrinsic differences in nutritional need between the species rather than because of an arbitrary divergence in begging behavior. We further show that in all 3 species, females spend significantly more time provisioning than males, although there is considerable divergence between species in the extent to which females and males contribute to the provisioning of larvae. We discuss the potential selective factors leading to this diversification of offspring begging and parental provisioning in relation to the distinct variation in offspring dependence between the 3 species.
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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