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  • 1
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    Sex differences in alarm response and predation risk in the fresh water snail Pomacea canaliculata (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-29
    Description: Many animals show alarm responses (ARs) to chemical cues released from predators or injured conspecifics. However, the prey often makes a trade-off between predation avoidance and reproduction, resulting in pronounced sex differences in AR and in sex-biased predation. This phenomenon has rarely been investigated in snails. The freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata is reported to exhibit an AR to chemical cues released from predators or injured conspecifics. Here, we investigate the sex differences in AR in the snail to chemical cues released from its predator turtle Chinemys reevesii and injured conspecifics. By exposing adult females and males of equivalent size to turtles, we also evaluate the sex-biased predation in the snail. We find that females respond to chemical cues significantly more strongly than males. The predation experiment shows that more females survived than males after a week of predation. These results suggest that males may reduce their antipredator behaviour in order to increase the chance of mating, suggesting a trade-off between predation avoidance and reproduction.
    Print ISSN: 0260-1230
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3766
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Pt-based nanowires as electrocatalysts in proton exchange fuel cells (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-17
    Description: Platinum (Pt)-based nanowires can give excellent performance as electrochemical catalysts in low-temperature proton exchange fuel cells (PEFCs). Several preparation methods have been developed for this kind of application. In this paper, we review the development history of Pt-based nanowires for low-temperature fuel cells, focusing on the preparation method from the early template technique for the polycrystalline nanowires to the simple wet chemical approaches for preparing single crystal ones today. The limitations and future developments are also discussed.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Synergistic action of master transcription factors controls epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex multistep process in which phenotype switches are mediated by a network of transcription factors (TFs). Systematic characterization of all dynamic TFs controlling EMT state transitions, especially for the intermediate partial-EMT state, represents a highly relevant yet largely unexplored task. Here, we performed a computational analysis that integrated time-course EMT transcriptomic data with public cistromic data and identified three synergistic master TFs (ETS2, HNF4A and JUNB) that regulate the transition through the partial-EMT state. Overexpression of these regulators predicted a poor clinical outcome, and their elimination readily abolished TGF-β-induced EMT. Importantly, these factors utilized a clique motif, physically interact and their cumulative binding generally characterized EMT-associated genes. Furthermore, analyses of H3K27ac ChIP-seq data revealed that ETS2, HNF4A and JUNB are associated with super-enhancers and the administration of BRD4 inhibitor readily abolished TGF-β-induced EMT. These findings have implications for systematic discovery of master EMT regulators and super-enhancers as novel targets for controlling metastasis.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Baculoviral transduction facilitates TALEN-mediated targeted transgene integration and Cre/LoxP cassette exchange in human-induced pluripotent stem cells (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: Safety and reliability of transgene integration in human genome continue to pose challenges for stem cell-based gene therapy. Here, we report a baculovirus-transcription activator-like effector nuclease system for AAVS1 locus-directed homologous recombination in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This viral system, when optimized in human U87 cells, provided a targeted integration efficiency of 95.21% in incorporating a Neo-eGFP cassette and was able to mediate integration of DNA insert up to 13.5 kb. In iPSCs, targeted integration with persistent transgene expression was achieved without compromising genomic stability. The modified iPSCs continued to express stem cell pluripotency markers and maintained the ability to differentiate into three germ lineages in derived embryoid bodies. Using a baculovirus-Cre/LoxP system in the iPSCs, the Neo-eGFP cassette at the AAVS1 locus could be replaced by a Hygro-mCherry cassette, demonstrating the feasibility of cassette exchange. Moreover, as assessed by measuring -H2AX expression levels, genome toxicity associated with chromosomal double-strand breaks was not detectable after transduction with moderate doses of baculoviral vectors expressing transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Given high targeted integration efficiency, flexibility in transgene exchange and low genome toxicity, our baculoviral transduction-based approach offers great potential and attractive option for precise genetic manipulation in human pluripotent stem cells.
    Keywords: Recombinant DNA expression, Recombination, DNA-Mediated Cell Transformation and Nucleic Acids Transfer
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Gne depletion during zebrafish development impairs skeletal muscle structure and function (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-10
    Description: GNE Myopathy is a rare recessively inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene, which codes for the key enzyme in the metabolic pathway of sialic acid synthesis. The process by which GNE mutations lead to myopathy is not well understood. By in situ hybridization and gne promoter-driven fluorescent transgenic fish generation, we have characterized the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the zebrafish gne gene and have shown that it is highly conserved compared with the human ortholog. We also show the deposition of maternal gne mRNA and maternal GNE protein at the earliest embryonic stage, emphasizing the critical role of gne in embryonic development. Injection of morpholino (MO)-modified antisense oligonucleotides specifically designed to knockdown gne , into one-cell embryos lead to a variety of phenotypic severity. Characterization of the gne knockdown morphants showed a significantly reduced locomotor activity as well as distorted muscle integrity, including a reduction in the number of muscle myofibers, even in mild or intermediate phenotype morphants. These findings were further confirmed by electron microscopy studies, where large gaps between sarcolemmas were visualized, although normal sarcomeric structures were maintained. These results demonstrate a critical novel role for gne in embryonic development and particularly in myofiber development, muscle integrity and activity.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    An ALS-mutant TDP-43 neurotoxic peptide adopts an anti-parallel {beta}-structure and induces TDP-43 redistribution (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
    Description: TDP-43 proteinopathies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases that had been considered distinct from classical amyloid diseases. Here, we provide evidence for the structural similarity between TDP-43 peptides and other amyloid proteins. Atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy examination of peptides spanning a previously defined amyloidogenic fragment revealed a minimal core region that forms amyloid fibrils similar to the TDP-43 fibrils detected in FTLD-TDP brain tissues. An ALS-mutant A315E amyloidogenic TDP-43 peptide is capable of cross-seeding other TDP-43 peptides and an amyloid-β peptide. Sequential Nuclear Overhauser Effects and double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses of the A315E-mutant TDP-43 peptide indicate that it adopts an anti-parallel β conformation. When added to cell cultures, the amyloidogenic TDP-43 peptides induce TDP-43 redistribution from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Neuronal cultures in compartmentalized microfluidic-chambers demonstrate that the TDP-43 peptides can be taken up by axons and induce axonotoxicity and neuronal death, thus recapitulating key neuropathological features of TDP-43 proteinopathies. Importantly, a single amino acid change in the amyloidogenic TDP-43 peptide that disrupts fibril formation also eliminates neurotoxicity, supporting that amyloidogenesis is critical for TDP-43 neurotoxicity.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Variant Near FGF5 Has Stronger Effects on Blood Pressure in Chinese With a Higher Body Mass Index (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-10
    Description: BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic association of 4 candidate variants with blood pressure and test the modifying effects of environmental factors including age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). METHODS We used a linear mixed-effects model to test for variant main effects and variant interactions with age, sex, and BMI on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in 7,319 Chinese adults from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). We attempted to replicate our significant interaction findings in 1,996 Chinese men from the Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES). RESULTS Two variants (rs11105378 near ATP2B1 and rs1458038 near FGF5 ) were significantly associated ( P 〈 0.00625 = 0.05/8) with both SBP and DBP in CHNS. Variant rs1378942 near CSK was nominally associated with SBP ( P = 0.01). The signal at rs1458038 exhibited a genotype-by-BMI interaction affecting blood pressure ( P interaction = 0.0018 for SBP; P interaction = 0.049 for DBP), with the strongest variant effects in those with the highest BMI. In FAMHES, rs1458038 also showed stronger effects on SBP and DBP among men with the highest BMI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest high BMI increases the effect of the blood pressure-increasing allele at rs1458038 near FGF5 , further highlighting the importance of obesity prevention in reducing hypertension risk.
    Print ISSN: 0895-7061
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-1905
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Control system design for micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Fuel cells have been widely studied in the past decades due to their high energy conversion efficiency and low-carbon emissions. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) work at a high-temperature range, allowing the use of several types of fuels such as natural gas or methane. However, in operation, too high a fuel utilization (FU) leads to a large internal temperature gradient, thus the thermal shock of ceramic cracking; while a very low-FU results in carbon deposition and thus a decrease in the overall efficiency. In this work, a control system was designed for a small-scale micro-tubular SOFC (μ-SOFC) stack by employing the National Instruments™ Labview Programme and Data acquisition (DAQ) 6009 as well as related electronic components which enabled the control of the fuel flow rate for the stack and the temperature inside the furnace. The results showed that a well designed control system can not only improve the overall efficiency but also extend the working life, finally achieving a more economical μ-SOFC system.
    Keywords: Fuel cells systems
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    The radiative efficiency of relativistic jet and wind: a case study of GRB 070110 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: A rapidly spinning, strongly magnetized neutron star (NS) is invoked as the central engine for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), especially, the ‘internal plateau’ feature of X-ray afterglow. However, for these ‘internal plateau’ GRBs, how to produce their prompt emission remains an open question. Two different physical processes have been proposed in the literature, (1) a new-born NS is surrounded by a hyper-accreting and neutrino cooling disc, the GRB jet can be powered by neutrino annihilation aligning the spin axis; (2) a differentially rotating millisecond pulsar was formed due to different angular velocity between the interior core and outer shell parts of the NS, which can power an episodic GRB jet. In this paper, by analysing the data of one peculiar GRB 070110 (with internal plateau), we try to test which model is being favoured. By deriving the physical parameters of magnetar with observational data, the parameter regime for initial period ( P 0 ) and surface polar cap magnetic field ( B p ) of the central NS are 0.96 ~ 1.2 ms and (2.4 ~ 3.7) x 10 14 G, respectively. The radiative efficiency of prompt emission is about  ~ 6 per cent. However, the radiative efficiency of internal plateau ( X ) is larger than 31 per cent assuming the M NS  ~ 1.4 M and $P_{0\rm }\sim 1.2 \rm \,ms$ . The clear difference between the radiation efficiencies of prompt emission and internal plateau implies that they maybe originated from different components (e.g. prompt emission from the relativistic jet powered by neutrino annihilation, while the internal plateau from the magnetic outflow wind).
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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