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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Parmi 213 patients de 12 centres différents qui ont bénéficié d'un système d'assistance du ventricule gauche (SAVG), 49 ont posé le problème d'une défaillance ventriculaire droite. Bien que la physiopathologie du problème ne soit pas comprise, il est clair que l'effet d'un système d'assistance du ventricule gauche sur les interactions ventriculaires hémodynamiques liées au fait que ventricule droit et gauche sont en série, ainsi que des interactions mécaniques entre les deux ventricules (liées à leur couplage anatomique) peuvent jouer un rôle dans le devenir du ventricule droit. Six hypothèses ont été avancées concernant les avantages et les inconvénients d'un système d'assistance du ventricule gauche pour les déterminants de la fonction ventriculaire droite (précharge, postcharge, contractilité). Le principal effet potentiel sur la précharge ventriculaire droite est un retour veineux accru provoqué par le système d'assistance du ventricule gauche et qui peut constituer une surcharge pour le ventricule droit. En revanche, un effet bénéfique sur la précharge et le remplissage du ventricule droit peut résulter d'une décharge par le système d'assistance d'un ventricule gauche dilaté en ramenant vers la gauche le septum interventriculaire. Un effet bénéfique sur la postcharge du ventricule droit peut également être obtenu grâce au système d'assistance du ventricule gauche par diminution passive des pressions de l'artère pulmonaire liée à la baisse de la pression auriculaire gauche; cependant en cas maladie pulmonaire obstructive, les pressions dans l'artère pulmonaire peuvent augmenter en raison d'un débit cardiaque accru au travers de résistances vasculaires pulmonaires fixées. Les effets du système d'assistance du ventricule gauche sur la contractilité du ventricule droit sont essentiellement bénéfiques dans la mesure ou le débit aortique et ainsi la pression de perfusion coronaire sont maintenus. Un éventuel effet délétère sur la contractilité du ventricule droit est lié à la diminution de la contribution du septum dans la contraction du ventricule droit, phénomène dû à la décharge complète du ventricule gauche par le système d'assistance. Le traitement initial de la défaillance ventriculaire droite chez les patients sous assistance ventriculaire gauche est le remplissage. L'isoproterenol, la dobutamùine et la dopamine peuvent être utilisées pour leur effet inotrope positif et le pacing auriculaire peut améliorer la contribution de l'oreillette au remplissage du ventricule; si ces mesures thérapeutiques sont insuffisantes des techniques chirurgicales incluant le ballon de contrepulsion de l'artère pulmonaire ou l'assistance circulatoire avec oxygénation extra-corporelle peuvent être tentées mais un système d'assistance mécanique du ventricule droit paraît plus recommandé.
    Abstract: Resumen La falla del ventrículo derecho (VD) ha sido informada como problema real en 49 de 213 patientes sometidos a sistemas de asistencia mecánica del ventrículo izquierdo (AMVI) en 12 centros médicos diferentes. A pesar de que aún no se conoce bien la patología del problema, parece claro que el efecto de la AMVI sobre las interacciones hemodinámicas ventriculares (que se deben a que el corazón derecho y el corazón izquierdo están en serie) y sobre las interacciones mecánicas ventriculares (que se deben al acoplamiento anatómico entre los ventrículos) puede tener influencia en la determinación del destino final del VD. Se generaron seis hipótesis relativas a los efectos benéficos o nocivos de una AMVI sobre los factores determinantes de la función ventricular derecha (precarga, postcarga, contractilidad). El mayor efecto potencial sobre la precarga del VD es el aumento en al retorno venoso producido por la AMVI, que puede sobrecargar un VD con función marginal; pero los efectos benéficos sobre la precarga y llenamiento del VD también pueden ser ejercidos por la AMVI al descargar un VI dilatado, con lo cual se restituye la posición normal del septo interventricular que desviado hacia la derecha, protruía sobre el VD. Un efecto benéfico de significación sobre la postcarga del VD puede ser producido por la AMVI mediante las reducciones pasivas de la presión de la arteria pulmonar (AP) secundarias a las reducciones en la presión de la aurícula izquierda; sinembargo, en presencia de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva, las presiones en la AP pueden verse aumentadas debido al mayor flujo sanguíneo a través de una resistencia vascular pulmonar fija. Los mayores efectos sobre la contractilidad del VD que produce la AMVI son significativamente benéficos, puesto que se mantiene la perfusión aórtica y por consiguiente la perfusión coronaria. También hay un efecto potencialmente desventajoso sobre la contractilidad del VD, producido por una disminuída contribución septal a la contracción del VD durante la descarga total del VI por la AMVI. La terapia inicial para el ventrículo derecho que falla en pacientes con AMVI, es la carga de volumen. El isoproterenol, la dobutamina y la dopamina pueden ser utilizados para soporte inotrópico, y el control de la contracción auricular puede mejorar la contribución atrial al llenamiento ventricular. Si estas modalidades fallan, pueden ensayarse técnicas de tratamiento quirúrgico que incluyen el balón de bombeo en la arteria pulmonar y la oxigenación extracorpórea por oxigenador de membrana. Pero el sistema recomendable de soporte mecánico es un sistema de asistencia ventricular derecha.
    Notes: Abstract Right ventricular (RV) failure has been reported to be a problem in 49 of 213 patients who received left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) at 12 different centers. Although the pathology of the problem is not understood, it is clear that the effect of an LVAD on hemodynamic ventricular interactions due to the right and left hearts being in series, and on mechanical ventricular interactions due to the anatomic coupling between the ventricles, could play a role in determining the ultimate fate of the right ventricle. Six hypotheses were generated concerning beneficial and detrimental effects of an LVAD on the determinants of right ventricular function (preload, afterload, contractility). The major potential effect on RV preload is increased venous return produced by the LVAD which can overload a marginal RV; but beneficial effects on RV preload and filling also can be produced by the LVAD unloading a dilated LV, thereby shifting the interventricular septum, which had encroached into the RV, back to the left. A significant beneficial effect on RV afterload can be produced with an LVAD by passive reductions in pulmonary artery (PA) pressure secondary to reductions in left atrial pressure; with pulmonary obstructive disease, however, PA pressures can increase due to the greater blood flow through the fixed pulmonary vascular resistance. The major effects on RV contractility produced by an LVAD are significantly beneficial since aortic and, therefore, coronary perfusion pressure is maintained. There also is a potential detrimental effect on RV contractility produced by decreased septal contribution to RV contraction during complete LV unloading with an LVAD. The initial therapy for the failing right ventricle in patients with an LVAD is volume loading. Isoproterenol, dobutamine, and dopamine can be used for inotropic support, and atrial pacing can improve the atrial contribution to filling. If these modalities fail, surgical techniques including pulmonary artery balloon pump or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be tried, but the recommended mechanical support is a right ventricular assist device.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Deprenyl ; MAO-inhibiting antidepressants ; Serotonin ; Norepinephrine ; Pineal gland ; Circadian rhythms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The type A monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibiting antidepressant clorgyline (1 mg/kg/24 days) administered to rhesus monkeys increased night-time cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) melatonin concentrations 3-fold and day-time maltonin values 5-fold. Other circadian parameters of melatonin release, including the peak time and duration of nocturnal melatonin elevation measured during continuous CSF collection periods of 90 min duration over 24-h cycles, were unaffected by clorgyline. While pinealocytes are thought to contain only MAO-B, treatment with the selective MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl (2 mg/kg/24 days) did not alter day or night-time melatonin concentrations. These results are consistent with MAO-A and non-selective MAO inhibitors acting via blockade of degradation of the preferential substrates of MAO-A, serotonin and/or norepinephrine, in adrenergic neurons entering the pineal gland. Further study is needed to evaluate the relative contributions of an increased availability of the melatonin precursor, serotonin, or a sustained net increase in alpha1-or beta adrenoceptor-mediated input on pinealocytes to these marked changes in melatonin production.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Food intake ; Locomotor activity ; Fenfluramine ; Clorgyline ; Long-term ; Suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Administration of fenfluramine to rats produced decreases in 1-h food intake and locomotor activity. Short-term (2–6 days) or long-term (21–25 days) treatment with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A inhibiting antidepressant clorgyline potentiated fenfluramine-induced suppression of food intake but did not affect fenfluramine-induced suppression of locomotor activity. Although daily (4 h) food intake was not significantly less in clorgyline-treated animals relative to saline-treated controls, body weight gain was significantly less in clorgyline-treated animals relative to controls. These findings demonstrate a differential effect of clorgyline treatment on fenfluramine-induced suppression of food intake and locomotor activity.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 185 (1991), S. 472-478 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Corolla development ; Flower growth ; Growth rate, relative ; Heteroblasty ; Nicotiana (corolla growth) ; Plastochron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of vegetative and reproductive shoots of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi is analyzed with the plastochron index to estimate the relationship between corolla growth and time. The plastochron of leaves 9 through 20 declines steadily at each successive node. The flower plastochron increases steadily during the growth of an individual cyme, with the most distal flower to open having the longest plastochron. Variation in the flower plastochron is the result of variation in the rate of flower initiation, not the growth rate of individual flowers. The corolla has an extended phase of approximately constant relative growth in length (between 0.2 · d−1 and 0.3 · d−1) until a peak of growth (0.5 · d−1) 2–3 d before anthesis. Corollas also have periodic peaks and troughs of growth that are low in amplitude (0.1 · d−1), but persist throughout most of corolla development. The pattern of corolla expansion contrasts strongly with earlier reports of the pattern of tobacco leaf growth.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons revu la fréquence des thromboses et des thrombo-embolies (TE) après remplacement valvulaire par valve de Hancock, chez 140 patients porteurs d'une prothèse mitrale et 150 avec prothèse aortique. Chez les malades avec valve aortique, nous avons observé un embol et, à l'autopsie d'un autre cas, une thrombose sur une valve dégénérée. Les 2 malades avaient reçu de l'aspirine. Il n'y a pas eu de TE chez les patients ne recevant pas d'anticoagulants. Parmi les patients avec valve mitrale, 16 avaient, avant et/ou après l'opération, un syndrome de débit bas (groupe A): 8 sont décédés, dont 6 avaient, à l'autopsie, des thrombi importants sur l'hétérogreffe. Parmi 126 survivants à long terme, 9 accidents thrombo-emboliques ont été observés (fréquence: 5.4% par patient/année). Tous les malades qui ont fait une embolie avaient une fibrillation auriculaire. La majorité des embolies (7/9) sont survenues dans les 3 mois post-opératoires, dont 5 chez les malades ne recevant pas d'anticoagulants (groupe B) et 2 chez les patients sous warfarine (groupe C). Il n'y a pas eu d'accident thrombo-embolique chez les malades recevant de l'aspirine (groupe D). On peut donc conclure que les malades porteurs d'une valve aortique de Hancock ont un risque de TE très faible; ils n'ont pas besoin d'anticoagulation. Chez las malades porteurs d'une valve mitrale de Hancock, stables au point de vue hémodynamique, le risque de TE est réduit; l'anticoagulation n'est pas nécessaire. Chez les malades avec fibrillation auriculaire, le risque de TE est accru: ces patients doivent être mis sous warfarine pendant les 3 premiers mois post-opératoires, puis sous aspirine.
    Notes: Abstract The incidence of thrombotic and thromboembolic (TE) complications after Hancock valve replacement was reviewed in 140 patients with mitral valve prostheses and 150 patients with aortic valve prostheses. In patients with aortic valves, 1 embolus occurred and another patient was found at autopsy to have thrombi on a degenerated valve. Both patients had been on aspirin treatment. There was no TE event in patients receiving no anticoagulant therapy. In patients with mitral valves, 16 showed pre- and/or postoperative low output syndrome (Group A); 8 of these patients died and 6 had autopsies that showed major thrombi in the heterograft. In 126 long-term survivors, 9 thromboembolic events occurred (TE incidence 5.4% per patient year). All patients with emboli had atrial fibrillation. The majority (7/9) of emboli occurred during the first 3 postoperative months. Five occurred in patients who were not on anticoagulation (Group B), and 2 occurred in patients receiving warfarin therapy (Group C). There was no thromboembolic event in patients receiving aspirin treatment (Group D). It is concluded that patients with Hancock aortic valves have a very small risk of TE, and do not need anticoagulation. Patients with Hancock mitral valves with stable hemodynamics have a decreased risk of TE and do not require anticoagulation. Patients with atrial fibrillation have an increased risk of TE and should be on warfarin for 3 months after surgery and then on aspirin therapy.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Coexistence ; White clover ; Perennial ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Yield comparisons between five white cloverperennial ryegrass mixtures, whose individual components had previously coexisted, and a corresponding set of ten mixtures based on components that had not coexisted disclosed a yield advantage to the former group of 8.5% over a 4-year period. All five clover populations produced their highest yields when associated with their coexisting grass. The coexisting mixtures also yielded more grass in spring, probably due to the exotic origin of the majority of the companion grasses, reinforced by the nitrogen transfer process between clover and grass. The relative proportions of clover attained by the five populations was apparently unaffected by grass companion. These results are briefly discussed in the context of improving the productivity of white clover-perennial ryegrass mixtures.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 168-176 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Competition ; Coexistence ; Coevolution ; White clover ; Perennial ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The role of competition, coexistence and co-evolution in the formation of plant communities is discussed, particularly in relation to the breeding of improved grass/legume mixtures. Competition occurs whenever the demand for a particular resource outstrips supply, with the pressures generated within a species expected to exceed those between species. These pressures must be withstood before populations can coexist within a community. This is accomplished by a process of niche diversification, arising from temporal or spatial differences between the populations, that enables them to draw on resources not readily available to their competitors. Coexistence is crucial to the success of any breeding programme designed to raise the productivity of grass/ legume pastures, because it enables components to adapt not only to the environment which they share, but also to each other. A strategy that improves the “general ecological combining ability” of one or both components by a process of recurrent or reciprocal recurrent unilateral adaptation may prove successful, particularly if existing niche differences are increased thereby. Although both processes may give rise to populations which have apparently coevolved, only those resulting from reciprocal recurrent selection will meet the criteria of specificity and reciprocity.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chenopodium quinoa ; Genotype-environment interaction ; Quinoa ; Stability ; Superiority
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of various descriptive characters was studied over a 5-year period in 14 lines of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to determine the most appropriate time in a breeding programme when selection for these characters could be performed, and which lines could serve as potential parents. Various measures of stability were employed to analyse these data, including those proposed by Francis and Kannenberg (1978) and Lin and Binns (1988), appropriately modified for the purpose of this investigation. From these results it was concluded that selection for height, inflorescence size and developmental stage could be satisfactorily performed at an early stage of the breeding programme. For saponin content, however, the measuring techniques available were too insensitive to enable a recommendation to be made. Potential parents were identified in this material for use in the development of varieties suitable for North European conditions.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Chenopodium quinoa  ;  Genotype-environment interaction  ;  Quinoa  ;  Stability  ;  Superiority
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of various descriptive characters was studied over a 5-year period in 14 lines of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to determine the most appropriate time in a breeding programme when selection for these characters could be performed, and which lines could serve as potential parents. Various measures of stability were employed to analyse these data, including those proposed by Francis and Kannenberg (1978) and Lin and Binns (1988), appropriately modified for the purpose of this investigation. From these results it was concluded that selection for height, inflorescence size and developmental stage could be satisfactorily performed at an early stage of the breeding programme. For saponin content, however, the measuring techniques available were too insensitive to enable a recommendation to be made. Potential parents were identified in this material for use in the development of varieties suitable for North European conditions.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 387-394 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Ventricel septum defect ; Myocardial infarction ; Cardiogenic shock ; Ventrikelseptumruptur ; Herzinfarkt ; Cardiogener Schock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die pathologisch-anatomischen und pathophysiologischen Veränderungen bei Ruptur des interventrikulären Septums im Gefolge des Herz-infarktes, sowie das klinische Erscheinungsbild sind anhand der Literatur dargestellt und unsere Erfahrungen mit der operativen Behandlung bei 25 Patienten mitgeteilt. Eine deutliche Zäsur ergibt sich um das Jahr 1970, da hier entscheidende Änderungen sowohl der Operationstechnik als auch in der prä- und postoperativen Behandlung der Patienten gemacht wurde. Von den 8 vor 1970 operierten Patienten verstarben 7 (87,5%), von den 17 nach 1970 operierten starben 7 (41,1%). Als bedeutsam für den operativen Erfolg erwies sich auch der Zeitpunkt der Operation: Die 23 Patienten, die innerhalb der ersten 6 Wochen nach dem auslösenden Infarkt operiert wurden, hatten eine Mortalität von 60%, die nach 6 Wochen operierten Patienten überlebten beide. Wenn man nur die nach 1970 innerhalb der 6-Wochen-Frist operierten Patienten (n=15) betrachtet, ergibt das eine Mortalität von 46,6%. Unsere Daten entsprechen denen anderer Autoren. Das Auftreten des Ventrikelseptumdefektes nach einem akuten Myocardinfarkt geht in der Regel mit einer Verschlechterung des hämodynamischen Zustandes einher. Ist dieser Zustand medikamentös nicht beherrschbar, muß die Operation auch innerhalb der ersten 6 Wochen nach dem auslösenden Infarkt durchgeführt werden. Trotz der im Vergleich zu elektiven kardiochirurgischen Eingriffen noch relativ hohen Mortalität ergibt sich ein deutlicher Vorteil, wenn man bedenkt, daß von den rein konservativ behandelten Patienten 80% innerhalb der ersten 6 Wochen verstarben.
    Notes: Summary The literature on the pathophysiology and physiopathology of the ruptured interventricular septum of the heart following myocardial infarction and the clinical features are reviewed. The results of the surgical management of 25 patients with ruptured interventricular septum are reported. It had to be distinguish between the results among those, operated upon before and after 1970, as significant changes in operative technique and perioperative management were made at this time. Out of 8 patients operated upon before 1970 7 (87.5%) died, while out of 17 patients operated upon after 1970 7 (41.1%) died. Most important for the surgical outcome was the timing of the procedure: 23 patients operated upon within 6 weeks following the initial infarction had a mortality of 60%, both patients operated upon later than six weeks following the infarction survived. When only reviewing the patients operated upon after 1970 but within 6 weeks following the initial infarction (n=15) we encountered a mortality of 46.6%. Our data match with those of other authors. The rupture of the interventricular septum as sequelae of an acute myocardial infarction results in detoriation of the hemodynamic parameter. Is the situation not sufficiently managed by medical treatment, operation has to be performed within 6 weeks following the initial infarction. Though mortality is high when compared with elective cardiovascular procedures, surgery gives a significant advantage, when considering a mortality of 80% within 6 weeks following the initial infarction on medical therapy alone.
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