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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (11)
  • Oxford University Press  (4)
  • Seismological Society of America  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A double-label two-dimensional procedure for the analysis of membrane proteins (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 9 (1988), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A previously described double-label two-dimensional electrophoresis procedure (Wheeler et al., Anal. Biochem. 1986 159, 1-7) for the analysis of differences between two complex mixtures of soluble proteins has been modified to allow analysis of proteins requiring detergent for aqueous solubility. The samples are first disrupted by sonication and the insoluble proteins concentrated by high-speed centrifugation. The proteins are then solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate and further concentrated in a centrifugal concentrator to achieve protein mixtures suitable for labeling with 14C and 3H by reductive methylation and subsequent two-dimensional electrophoresis. The sample concentration step is quick, minimizes the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the final sample, and avoids the potential difficulties associated with lyophilization or precipitation. The modified procedure was applied to the analysis of erythrocyte membranes, platelets and isolated placental microvilli. The high resolving power of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is retained and the procedure is sensitive because the conditions of labeling allow substantial incorporation of radioactivity into protein despite the presence of detergent.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150090607
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    Bayesian Forecast Evaluation and Ensemble Earthquake Forecasting (2013)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The assessment of earthquake forecast models for practical purposes requires more than simply checking model consistency in a statistical framework. One also needs to understand how to construct the best model for specific forecasting applications. We describe a Bayesian approach to evaluating earthquake forecasting models, and we consider related procedures for constructing ensemble forecasts. We show how evaluations based on Bayes factors, which measure the relative skill among forecasts, can be complementary to common goodness-of-fit tests used to measure the absolute consistency of forecasts with data. To construct ensemble forecasts, we consider averages across a forecast set, weighted by either posterior probabilities or inverse log- likelihoods derived during prospective earthquake forecasting experiments. We account for model correlations by conditioning weights using the Garthwaite–Mubwandarikwa capped eigenvalue scheme. We apply these methods to the Regional Earthquake Like- lihood Models (RELM) five-year earthquake forecast experiment in California, and we discuss how this approach can be generalized to other ensemble forecasting applications. Specific applications of seismological importance include experiments being conducted within the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP) and ensemble methods for operational earthquake forecasting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2574 – 2584
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Modelli per la stima della pericolosità sismica a scala nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: earthquake forecasting ; ensemble model ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 3
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    Operational earthquake forecasting can enhance earthquake preparedness (2015)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: We cannot yet predict large earthquakes in the short term with much reliability and skill, but the strong clustering exhibited in seismic sequences tells us that earthquake probabilities are not constant in time; they generally rise and fall over periods of days to years in correlation with nearby seismic activity. Opera- tional earthquake forecasting (OEF) is the dissemination of authoritative information about these time-dependent proba- bilities to help communities prepare for potentially destructive earthquakes. The goal of OEF is to inform the decisions that people and organizations must continually make to mitigate seismic risk and prepare for potentially destructive earthquakes on time scales from days to decades. To fulfill this role, OEF must provide a complete description of the seismic hazard—ground-motion exceedance probabilities as well as short-term rupture probabilities—in concert with the long-term forecasts of probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis (PSHA).
    Description: Published
    Description: 955-959
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Operational earthquake forecasting ; seismic preparedness ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Predictability study on the aftershock sequence following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake: first results (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Although no deterministic and reliable earthquake precursor is known to date, we are steadily gaining insight into probabilistic forecasting that draws on space–time characteristics of earthquake clustering. Clustering-based models aiming to forecast earthquakes within the next 24 hours are under test in the global project ‘Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability’ (CSEP). The 2011 March 11 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan provides a unique opportunity to test the existing 1-day CSEP models against its unprecedentedly active aftershock sequence. The original CSEP experiment performs tests after the catalogue is finalized to avoid bias due to poor data quality. However, this study differs from this tradition and uses the preliminary catalogue revised and updated by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which is often incomplete but is immediately available. This study is intended as a first step towards operability-oriented earthquake forecasting in Japan. Encouragingly, at least one model passed the test in most combinations of the target day and the testing method, although the models could not take account of the megaquake in advance and the catalogue used for forecast generation was incomplete. However, it can also be seen that all models have only limited forecasting power for the period immediately after the quake. Our conclusion does not change when the preliminary JMAcatalogue is replaced by the finalized one, implying that the models perform stably over the catalogue replacement and are applicable to operational earthquake forecasting. However, we emphasize the need of further research on model improvement to assure the reliability of forecasts for the days immediately after the main quake. Seismicity is expected to remain high in all parts of Japan over the coming years. Our results present a way to answer the urgent need to promote research on time-dependent earthquake predictability to prepare for subsequent large earthquakes in the near future in Japan.
    Description: Published
    Description: 653-658
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Time-series analysis ; Probabilistic forecasting ; Seismicity and tectonics ; Computational seismology ; Statistical seismology ; Asia ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Machine learning in marine ecology: an overview of techniques and applications (2023)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: Machine learning covers a large set of algorithms that can be trained to identify patterns in data. Thanks to the increase in the amount of data and computing power available, it has become pervasive across scientific disciplines. We first highlight why machine learning is needed in marine ecology. Then we provide a quick primer on machine learning techniques and vocabulary. We built a database of & SIM;1000 publications that implement such techniques to analyse marine ecology data. For various data types (images, optical spectra, acoustics, omics, geolocations, biogeochemical profiles, and satellite imagery), we present a historical perspective on applications that proved influential, can serve as templates for new work, or represent the diversity of approaches. Then, we illustrate how machine learning can be used to better understand ecological systems, by combining various sources of marine data. Through this coverage of the literature, we demonstrate an increase in the proportion of marine ecology studies that use machine learning, the pervasiveness of images as a data source, the dominance of machine learning for classification-type problems, and a shift towards deep learning for all data types. This overview is meant to guide researchers who wish to apply machine learning methods to their marine datasets.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Coordinated Lightning, Balloon-borne Electric Field, and Radar Observations of Triggered Lightning Flashes in North Florida (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: This study examines coordinated storm and triggered lightning observations made July – August 2013 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing to determine why triggered flashes in Florida typically transition from an upward vertical channel entering the cloud to horizontal structure near the storm's melting level. Data from a balloon-borne electric field meter, a mobile 5-cm wavelength radar, and a small-baseline VHF Lightning Mapping Array acquired during a period in which three flashes were triggered on 1 August confirmed the hypothesis that the transition to horizontal lightning structure just above the melting level occurred in a layer of negative charge. This experiment was the first to provide vertical profiles of the electric field in Florida storms, from which their vertical charge distribution could be inferred. Three dissipating storms observed on different days all had negative charge near the melting level, but a growing mature storm had positive charge there.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    An effective medium theory for three-dimensional elastic heterogeneities (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-15
    Description: A second-order Born approximation is used to formulate a self-consistent theory for the effective elastic parameters of stochastic media with ellipsoidal distributions of small-scale heterogeneity. The covariance of the stiffness tensor is represented as the product of a one-point tensor variance and a two-point scalar correlation function with ellipsoidal symmetry, which separates the statistical properties of the local anisotropy from those of the geometric anisotropy. The spatial variations can then be rescaled to an isotropic distribution by a simple metric transformation; the spherical average of the strain Green's function in the transformed space reduces to a constant Kneer tensor, and the second-order corrections to the effective elastic parameters are given by the contraction of the rescaled Kneer tensor against the single-point variance of the stiffness tensor. Explicit results are derived for stochastic models in which the heterogeneity is transversely isotropic and its second moments are characterized by a horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio . If medium is locally isotropic, the expressions for the anisotropic effective moduli reduce in the limit -〉 to Backus's second-order expressions for a 1-D stochastic laminate. Comparisons with the exact Backus theory show that the second-order approximation predicts the effective anisotropy for non-Gaussian media fairly well for relative rms fluctuations in the moduli smaller than about 30 per cent. A locally anisotropic model is formulated in which the local elastic properties have hexagonal symmetry, guided by a Gaussian random vector field that is transversely isotropic and specified by a horizontal-to-vertical orientation ratio . The self-consistent theory provides closed-form expressions for the dependence of the effective moduli on 0 〈 〈 and 0 〈 〈 . The effective-medium parametrizations described here appear to be suitable for incorporation into tomographic modelling.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 8
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    Lightning current and luminosity at and above channel bottom for return strokes and M-components (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: We measured current and luminosity at the channel bottom of 12 triggered lightning discharges including 44 return strokes, 23 M-components, and 1 ICC pulse. Combined current and luminosity data for impulse currents span a 10-90% risetime range from 0.15 to 192 microseconds. Current risetime and luminosity risetime at the channel bottom are roughly linearly correlated ( τ r , I  = 0.71 τ r , L 1.08 ). We observed a time delay between current and the resultant luminosity at the channel bottom, both measured at 20% of peak amplitude, that is approximately linearly related to both the luminosity 10-90% risetime ( Δτ 20, b  = 0.24 τ r , L 1.12 ) and the current 10-90% risetime ( Δτ 20, b  = 0.35 τ r , I 1.03 ). At the channel bottom, the peak current is roughly proportional to the square root of the peak luminosity ( I P  = 21.89 L p 0.57 ) over the full range of current and luminosity risetimes. For two return strokes we provide measurements of stroke luminosity vs. time for 11 increasing heights to 115 m altitude. We assume that measurements above the channel bottom behave similarly to those at the bottom and find that (1) one return stroke current peak decayed at 115 m to about 47% of its peak value at channel bottom, while the luminosity peak at 115 m decayed to about 20%, and for the second stroke 38% and 12%, respectively; and (2) measured upward return stroke luminosity speeds of the two strokes of 1.10×10 8 and 9.7×10 7 ms -1 correspond to current speeds about 30% faster. These results represent the first determination of return stroke current speed and current peak value above ground derived from measured return stroke luminosity data.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    The Attachment Process of Rocket-Triggered Lightning Dart-Stepped Leaders (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-08
    Description: Time-correlated 1.54 µs high-speed video frames, channel-base current and current derivative (dI/dt), and electric field derivative (dE/dt) measurements are used to analyze the attachment process of triggered lightning dart-stepped leaders. Lengths, speeds, and durations of the upward-connecting positive leaders propagating from the launching structure are measured and calculated. The “leader burst” occurring immediately preceding the dE/dt slow-front is demonstrated to be a distinctly different process from the preceding downward dart-stepped leader steps, and is associated with the fast increase in channel-base current due to the initial interactions of the downward and upward leader streamer zones. Locations of the leader burst pulses are found to occur within or immediately above the connection region. Pulses superimposed on the dE/dt slow-front are shown to occur after the initial connection between the downward and upward leaders and are associated with kilo-ampere scale increases in the channel-base current. Subsequent fast transition pulses are found to produce multiple kilo-ampere scale increases in the channel-base current. Observed time delays between dE/dt and dI/dt peaks for slow-front and fast-transition pulses confirm the existence of an elevated junction point between the downward and upward leaders. Average downward current wave speeds for fast transition pulses are found to be a factor of 2 to 2.5 faster than those for slow-front pulses. For 51 dart-stepped leader events, the average total duration of the attachment process, starting with the initial fast current increase and ending with the peak of the final dI/dt fast transition pulse, is measured to be 1.77 µs.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-21
    Description: ABSTRACT Atmospheric blocking commonly occurs over the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting from the development of persistent areas of high pressure that lead to warmer-than-average surface temperatures west of the high centre. While the variability and trends in anticyclonic circulation patterns (including blocking) over Greenland have been previously documented, an analysis of the most extreme blocking events within the observational record is lacking. In this study, a historical climatology of extreme Greenland blocking episodes (GBEs) from 1958 to 2013 is examined within the context of anomalous anticyclonic circulation patterns over the North Atlantic region during recent years. Based on a combination of the ERA-40 (1958–1978) and ERA-Interim (1979–2013) reanalysis data sets, the Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) is used to quantify 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies for the identification of extreme GBEs. The annual rate of extreme blocking days has doubled since 1958, reaching an average of approximately 20 days per year by 2013. The frequency and, to some extent, duration of extreme GBEs were unprecedentedly high from 2007 to 2013 compared to the 56-year period of record, with a majority of the increase occurring during the spring (MAM) and summer (JJA). A multiple linear regression analysis reveals that interannual variability in extreme blocking and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) are the two predominant drivers of surface meltwater production across the entire Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), but Arctic sea ice extent and North Atlantic cyclone activity can also influence the extent of summer melting over portions of the GrIS. Thus, in addition to the larger-scale atmospheric and oceanic variability, smaller-scale features such as extratropical cyclones can play a significant role in modulating GrIS surface melting each summer.
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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