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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Opicapone, a Novel Catechol-O-methyl Transferase Inhibitor, for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease “Off” Episodes
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-6-28)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-6-28)
    Abstract: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of disability. It causes significant morbidity and disability through a plethora of symptoms, including movement disorders, sleep disturbances, and cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. The traditional pathogenesis theory of PD involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Classically, treatment is pursued with an assortment of medications that are directed at overcoming this deficiency with levodopa being central to most treatment plans. Patients taking levodopa tend to experience “off episodes” with decreasing medication levels, causing large fluctuations in their symptoms. These off episodes are disturbing and a source of morbidity for these patients. Opicapone is a novel, peripherally acting Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor that is used as adjunctive therapy to carbidopa/levodopa for treatment and prevention of “off episodes.” It has been approved for use as an adjunct to levodopa since 2016 in Europe and has recently (April 2020) gained FDA approval for use in the USA. By inhibiting COMT, opicapone slows levodopa metabolism and increases its availability. Several clinical studies demonstrated significant improvement in treatment efficacy and reduction in duration of “off episodes.” The main side effect demonstrated was dyskinesia, mostly with the 100mg dose, which is higher than the approved, effective dose of 50mg. Post-marketing surveillance and analysis are required to further elucidate its safety profile and contribute to patient selection. This paper reviews the seminal and latest evidence in the treatment of PD “off episodes” with the novel drug Opicapone, including efficacy, safety, and clinical indications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.36074
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Midazolam nasal spray to treat intermittent, stereotypic episodes of frequent seizure activity: pharmacology and clinical role, a comprehensive review
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-10-12)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-10-12)
    Abstract: An intranasal formulation of midazolam, Nayzilam, has been FDA-approved to treat intermittent, stereotypic episodes of frequent seizure activity. Nayzilam is easy to administer and can quickly treat seizures that occur outside of the hospital. The intra-nasal route of administration allows non-medical personal to administer the drug which makes it more accessible and user-friendly in the event of a seizure. Many studies have indicated quick cessation of seizures with Nayzilam compared to rectal diazepam, which has been the standard of care treatment. Nayzilam has been proven to be safe and effective for acute seizures in children, deeming it a revolutionary alternative in times where intravenous administration is not possible.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.38536
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Aduhelm, a novel anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: A comprehensive review
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-7-28)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2022-7-28)
    Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting millions of individuals, including family members who often take on the role of caregivers. This debilitating disease reportedly consumes 8% of the total United States healthcare expenditure, with medical and nursing outlays accounting for an estimated $290 billion. Cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists have historically been the most widely used pharmacologic therapies for patients with AD; however, these drugs are not curative. The present investigation describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, presentation, and current treatment of AD followed by the role of the novel monoclonal antibody, Adulhelm, in the treatment of AD. Currently, Adulhelm is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug that acts to slow the progression of this disease. Adulhelm is an anti-amyloid drug that functions by selectively binding amyloid aggregates in both the oligomeric and fibrillar states. Studies show Adulhelm may help to restore neurological function in patients with AD by reducing beta-amyloid plaques and reestablishing neuronal calcium permeability. At present, there is concern the magnitude of this drug’s benefit may only be statistically significant, although not clinically significant. Despite skepticism, Adulhelm has proven to significantly decrease amyloid in all cortical brain regions examined. With such high stakes and potential, further research into Adulhelm’s clinical efficacy is warranted in the treatment of AD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.37023
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    The Antisense Oligonucleotide Nusinersen for Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Orthopedic Reviews Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-6-19)
    Details
    In: Orthopedic Reviews, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-6-19)
    Abstract: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare, autosomal recessive neuromuscular degenerative disease characterized by loss of spinal cord motor neurons leading to progressive muscle wasting. The most common pathology results from a homozygous disruption in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene on chromosome 5q13 via deletion, conversion, or mutation. SMN2 is a near duplicate of SMN1 that can produce full-length SMN mRNA transcripts, but its overall production capability of these mRNA transcripts is lower than that seen in SMN1. This leads to lower levels of functional SMN protein within motor neurons. The FDA approved nusinersen in December 2016 to treat SMA associated with SMN1 gene mutation. It is administered directly to the central nervous system by intrathecal injection. An antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drug, nusinersen, provides an upcoming and promising treatment option for SMA and represents a novel pharmacological approach with a mechanism of action relevant for other neurodegenerative disorders. Nusinersen begins with four initial loading doses that are followed by three maintenance doses per year. Three major studies (CHERISH, ENDEAR, and NURTURE) have shown to improve motor function in early and late-onset individuals and reduce the chances of ventilator requirements in pre-symptomatic infants. Studies investigating the timing of drug delivery in mouse models of SMA report the best outcomes when drugs are delivered early before any significant motor function is lost. Nusinersen is a novel therapeutic approach with consistent results in all three studies and is proof of the novel concept for treating SMA and other neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2035-8164
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.24934
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2508171-8
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Review of Interventional Therapies for Refractory Pediatric Migraine
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2023
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2023-1-28)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2023-1-28)
    Abstract: This is a review of the latest and seminal evidence in pediatric migraine. It covers the etiology and pathophysiology known today, and then will review treatment options, efficacy and safety, quality of data and indications. Though migraine is usually regarded as an infliction in adults, it is not uncommon in the pediatric population and affects up to 8% of children. Children may experience migraine differently than adults, and present not only with headache but also frequent gastrointestinal symptoms. They are frequently shorter in duration than in adults. Traditional migraine treatment in adults is less effective in children. In this population, adjunct therapies – such as interventional techniques – should be considered when traditional treatment fails, including Botulinum Toxin A (BTA) injections, peripheral nerve and ganglion blocks. BTA injections are FDA approved for migraine prophylaxis in adults, but currently not in children; however, recent evidence shows efficacy and safety in pediatric migraine management. Nerve blocks stop nociceptive afferent fibers through injection of local anesthetics, and it may be associated with the local injection of corticosteroids. Although more common in adults, recent data suggests they are safe and effective in children and adolescents. Blocking the sphenopalatine ganglion can be achieved through nasal approach, and achieves a similar action by blocking the entire ganglion. Interventional techniques may provide a key component in the alleviation of this otherwise debilitating chronic migraine pain. Though most studies have been performed in adults, new studies provide encouraging results for treatment in children.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.67853
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Methamphetamine Use: A Narrative Review of Adverse Effects and Related Toxicities
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2022-9-15)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2022-9-15)
    Abstract: Methamphetamine has been labeled “America’s most dangerous drug” and has received significant public health attention. Stimulant addiction and tolerance are heavily documented in the literature; increasingly larger doses maintain euphoria in short time periods to withstand stimulant tolerance. Stimulant deaths are high in the United States and abroad. Between 2013 and 2019, deaths related to methamphetamine use quadrupled from 3,616 to 16,127. Methamphetamine use increased four-fold from 2015 to 2016. Due to this increase in methamphetamine use and its associated medical complications, the mortality rate associated with methamphetamine use has doubled over the past ten years. Cardiopulmonary symptoms include chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Methamphetamine-related myocardial infarction can also occur. Central nervous system symptoms include agitation, anxiety, delusions, hallucinations, and seizures. Methamphetamine-induced psychosis may unmask underlying psychiatric disorders. It can also cause cerebral vasculitis, which elicits cortical blindness and ischemic strokes. Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in serotonergic systems is more diffuse, involving the striatum, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, and hypothalamus leading to mood changes, psychosis, and memory impairment. This narrative review will aim to highlight the adverse effects as well as the toxicity that can occur with methamphetamine use.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.38161
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Historical Pathways for Opioid Addiction, Withdrawal with Traditional and Alternative Treatment Options with Ketamine, Cannabinoids, and Noribogaine: A Narrative Review
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2022-10-7)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2022-10-7)
    Abstract: Even as prescription opioid dispensing rates have begun to decrease, the use of illicit opioids such as heroin and fentanyl has increased. Thus, the end of the opioid epidemic is not in sight, and treating patients that are addicted to opioids remains of utmost importance. Currently, the primary pharmacotherapies used to treat opioid addiction over the long term are the opioid antagonist naltrexone, the partial-agonist buprenorphine, and the full agonist methadone. Naloxone is an antagonist used to rapidly reverse opioid overdose. While these treatments are well-established and used regularly, the gravity of the opioid epidemic necessitates that all possible avenues of treatment be explored. Therefore, in this narrative review, we analyze current literature regarding use of the alternative medications ketamine, noribogaine, and cannabinoids in treating patients suffering from opioid use disorder. Beyond its use as an anesthetic, ketamine has been shown to have many applications in several medical specialties. Of particular interest to the subject at hand, ketamine is promising in treating individuals addicted to opioids, alcohol, and cocaine. Therapeutically administered cannabinoids have been proposed for the treatment of multiple illnesses. These include, but are not limited to epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain conditions, anxiety disorders, and addiction. The cannabinoid dronabinol has been seen to have varying effects. High doses appear to reduce withdrawal symptoms but this comes at the expense of increased adverse side effects such as sedation and tachycardia. Noribogaine is a weak MOR antagonist and relatively potent KOR agonist, which may explain the clinical anti-addictive effects. More research should be done to assess the viability of these medications for the treatment of OUD and withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.38672
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Clinically Relevant Drug Interactions with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2022-11-3)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2022-11-3)
    Abstract: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) are a class of drugs that were originally developed for the treatment of depression but have since been expanded to be used in management of affective and neurological disorders, as well as stroke and aging-related neurocognitive changes. Ranging from irreversible to reversible and selective to non-selective, these drugs target the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme and prevent the oxidative deamination of various monoamines and catecholamines such as serotonin and dopamine, respectively. Tyramine is a potent releaser of norepinephrine (NE) and is found in high concentrations in foods such as aged cheeses and meats. Under normal conditions, NE is unable to accumulate to toxic levels due to the presence of MAO-A, an enzyme that degrades neurotransmitters, including NE. When MAO-A is inhibited, the capacity to handle tyramine intake from the diet is significantly reduced causing the brain to be vulnerable to overstimulation of postsynaptic adrenergic receptors with as little as 8-10 mg of tyramine ingested and can result in life-threatening blood pressure elevations. In addition to adverse reactions with certain foods, both older and newer MAOIs can negatively interact with both sympathomimetic and serotonergic drugs. In general, patients on a MAOI want to avoid two types of medications: those that can elevate blood pressure via sympathomimetic actions (e.g., phenylephrine and oxymetazoline) and those that can increase serotonin levels via 5-HT reuptake inhibition (e.g., dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine, and brompheniramine). Illicit drugs that stimulate the central nervous system such as ecstasy (MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) act as serotonin releasers. Patient involvement is also crucial to ensure any interaction within the healthcare setting includes making other providers aware of a MAOI prescription as well as avoiding certain OTC medications that can interact adversely with MAOIs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.39576
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    Phenothiazines and their Evolving Roles in Clinical Practice: A Narrative Review
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2022-11-3)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2022-11-3)
    Abstract: Phenothiazines, a diverse class of drugs, can be used to treat multiple mental health and physical conditions. Phenothiazines have been used for decades to treat mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, mania in bipolar disorder, and psychosis. Additionally, these drugs offer relief for physical illnesses, including migraines, hiccups, nausea, and vomiting in both adults and children. Further research is needed to prove the efficacy of phenothiazines in treating physical symptoms. Phenothiazines are dopaminergic antagonists that inhibit D2 receptors with varying potency. High potency phenothiazines such as perphenazine are used to treat various psychiatric conditions such as the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, the symptoms of psychosis, and mania that can occur with bipolar disorder. Low/mid potency phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine antipsychotic drugs that have been used to treat schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders since the 1950s and are utilized in numerous disease states. The present investigation aims to elucidate the effects of phenothiazines in clinical practice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.38930
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Buprenorphine and its formulations: a comprehensive review
    Open Medical Publishing ; 2022
    In:  Health Psychology Research Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2022-8-20)
    Details
    In: Health Psychology Research, Open Medical Publishing, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2022-8-20)
    Abstract: Buprenorphine, a novel long-acting analgesic, was developed with the intention of two purposes: analgesia and opioid use disorder. Regarding its pharmacodynamics, it is a partial agonist at mu receptors, an inverse agonist at kappa receptors, and an antagonist at delta receptors. For the purpose of analgesia, three formulations of buprenorphine were developed: IV/IM injectable formulation (Buprenex®), transdermal patch formulation (Butrans®), and buccal film formulation (Belbuca®). Related to opioid dependence, the formulations developed were subcutaneous extended release (Sublocade®), subdermal implant (Probuphine®), and sublingual tablets (Subutex®). Lastly, in order to avoid misuse of buprenorphine for opioid dependence, two combination formulations paired with naloxone were developed: film formulation (Suboxone®) and tablet formulation (Zubsolv®). In this review, we present details of each formulation along with their similarities and differences between each other and clinical considerations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2420-8124
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.52965/001c.37517
    Language: English
    Publisher: Open Medical Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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