Note: Intro -- Neural Correlates of Auditory Cognition -- Series Preface -- Volume Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Auditory Cognition: The Integration of Psychophysics with Neurophysiology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview of Chapters in the Volume -- 1.3 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Chapter 2: Processing Streams in Auditory Cortex -- 2.1 Hierarchical Processing of Communication Sounds in the Auditory Ventral Stream -- 2.1.1 Auditory Communication as a Pattern Recognition Problem -- 2.1.2 Early Parallel Processing in Auditory Cortex -- 2.1.3 Processing of Sounds with Intermediate Complexity in the Auditory Belt -- 2.1.3.1 Selectivity for BP Noise -- 2.1.3.2 Selectivity for Frequency-Modulated Sweeps -- 2.1.4 Selectivity for Species-Speci c Calls -- 2.1.4.1 Nonlinear Integration Mechanisms -- 2.1.4.2 MC and Spatial Selectivity -- 2.1.5 Auditory Belt Projections to Prefrontal Cortex -- 2.1.6 Human Imaging Studies -- 2.1.7 Summary -- 2.2 Processing of Space and Motion in the Auditory Dorsal Stream -- 2.2.1 Brain Stem Processing of Auditory Space -- 2.2.2 Spatial Selectivity in Primary and Nonprimary Auditory Cortex -- 2.2.3 Spatial and Pattern Selectivity in the Lateral Belt -- 2.2.4 Caudal Belt Projections to Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex -- 2.2.5 Human Imaging Studies of the Auditory Dorsal Stream -- 2.2.6 Summary -- 2.3 Sensorimotor Integration and Control in the Dorsal Stream -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Role of the Human Dorsal Auditory Pathway in Speech and Language -- 2.3.2.1 Is the Dorsal Pathway Really Involved in Speech Processing? -- 2.3.2.2 Representation of Action Sounds in the Dorsal Stream -- 2.3.2.3 A Multisensory Reference Frame -- 2.3.2.4 Encoding and Retrieval of Sound Sequences -- 2.3.2.5 Auditory Perception/Production Links in Voice and Speech. , 2.3.3 Uni ed Function of the Dorsal Stream: Anticipatory Control of Sensorimotor Events -- 2.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Task-Related Activation of Auditory Cortex -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Meaning of Natural Sounds in Environments and in Tasks -- 3.3 Auditory Task Structure for Animals -- 3.3.1 Pavlovian Conditioning -- 3.3.2 Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning -- 3.4 Task-Related Modulations of Neuronal Responses in Auditory Cortex -- 3.5 Task-Related Changes of Receptive Fields -- 3.6 Learning-Induced Changes of Auditory Responses -- 3.6.1 Tone Detection and Discrimination Tasks -- 3.6.2 Learning-Induced Changes of Auditory Responses in Categorization Tasks -- 3.7 Neuronal Responses to Self-Generated Sounds -- 3.8 Neuronal Firing Related to Nonauditory Events -- 3.8.1 Neuronal Responses to Nonauditory Stimuli -- 3.8.2 Neuronal Activity Between Elements of an Auditory Task -- 3.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: The Role of Auditory Cortex in Spatial Processing -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Auditory Spatial Localization Cues -- 4.2.1 Plasticity of Spatial Cues During Development -- 4.3 Sound Localization Ability as Measured by Psychophysical Performance -- 4.3.1 Effects of Stimulus Spectrum -- 4.3.2 Effects of Stimulus Intensity -- 4.4 Effect of Auditory Cortical Lesions on Sound Localization Performance -- 4.5 Plasticity of Sound Localization Processing -- 4.5.1 Plasticity in Localization in Elevation -- 4.5.2 Plasticity in Localization in Azimuth -- 4.5.3 Role of Auditory Cortex in Sound Localization Plasticity -- 4.5.3.1 A1 and Plasticity After Monaural Plugging -- 4.5.3.2 A1 and Plasticity After Environmental Enrichment -- 4.6 Functional Properties of Auditory Cortical Neurons -- 4.6.1 A Spatial Processing Stream in Auditory Cortex -- 4.7 Auditory Cortical Representations of Acoustic Space. , 4.7.1 Cortical Representations as a Function of Stimulus Spectrum -- 4.7.2 Cortical Responses as a Function of Stimulus Intensity -- 4.7.3 Potential Population Encoding Models -- 4.7.3.1 Population Coding Based on Topography -- 4.7.3.2 Population Coding Based on Neuronal Probabilities -- 4.7.3.3 Acoustic Space Coding Based on Population Vectors -- 4.7.3.4 Acoustic Space Coding Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation -- 4.7.3.5 Acoustic Space Coding Not Based on Firing Rate -- 4.7.4 Effects of Natural Aging on Sound Localization and Cortical Spatial Processing -- 4.8 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Neural Correlates of Auditory Object Perception -- 5.1 What Are Auditory Objects? -- 5.2 Physical Acoustics of Auditory Objects -- 5.2.1 Acoustic Fingerprints of Sound Sources -- 5.2.2 Vocalizations as a Special Case of "Objects" -- 5.3 Perception of Auditory Objects -- 5.3.1 "What Type of Object?" Invariance in Categorical Perception -- 5.3.2 "How Many Objects?" Auditory Stream Segregation -- 5.3.3 Taking a Pragmatic Approach -- 5.4 Neural Processing of Auditory Objects -- 5.4.1 Neural Correlates of Gestalt Grouping by Common Onset -- 5.4.2 Neural Correlates of Stream Segregation -- 5.4.3 Auditory Object Representations in Primary Cortical Areas -- 5.4.4 Higher-Order Auditory Cortex: An Auditory "What" Stream? -- 5.4.5 Are Auditory Objects Represented by Network States? -- 5.4.6 Objects in the Context of Action and Learning -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Phonemic Representations and Categories -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Terminology -- 6.2 Phonemic Representation within the Auditory System: General Principles -- 6.2.1 Utility of Animal Models -- 6.2.2 Subcortical Physiology -- 6.2.3 Cortical Neural Networks -- 6.2.4 Hemispheric Asymmetries -- 6.2.5 Temporal Processing -- 6.3 Phonemic Representation Within A1. , 6.3.1 Tonotopic Organization -- 6.3.2 Multidimensional Representation -- 6.3.3 Temporal Processing -- 6.3.3.1 Windows of Integration -- 6.3.3.2 Temporal Envelope Processing -- 6.3.4 Context Dependence -- 6.3.5 Relationship Between Physiology and Perception -- 6.4 Phonemic Representation and Categorization in Non-A1 -- 6.4.1 General Principles -- 6.4.2 Posterior-Lateral Superior Temporal Gyrus -- 6.4.3 Planum Temporale -- 6.4.4 Superior Temporal Sulcus -- 6.4.5 Supramarginal Gyrus -- 6.4.6 Ventral Prefrontal Cortex -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.5.1 Serial Processing versus a Bidirectional and Interactive Neural Network -- 6.5.2 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 7: The Influence of Vision on Auditory Communication in Primates -- 7.1 Introduction: The Structure of Primate Communication Signals -- 7.2 Perceptual Responses of Primates to Vocal Communication Signals -- 7.2.1 Temporal Cues in Vocal Recognition -- 7.2.2 Multisensory Matching of Faces and Voices -- 7.2.3 Eye Movement Strategies -- 7.2.4 Behavioral Integration of Faces and Voices -- 7.3 Neocortical Processing of Face/Voice Signals in Monkeys -- 7.3.1 The Auditory Cortical Node in Audiovisual Communication -- 7.3.2 The Superior Temporal Sulcus Is a Source for Visual Modulation of Auditory Cortical Activity -- 7.4 Mechanism for Visual Modulation of Auditory Cortical Signals: Phase Resetting -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Neurophysiology of Attention and Memory Processing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Neural Correlates of Auditory Attention -- 8.2.1 The Role of Primary Auditory Cortex in Unimodal Attention Tasks -- 8.2.2 Primary AC and Attention Across Multiple Sensory Modalities -- 8.2.3 Areas Outside of Primary AC and Auditory Attention -- 8.2.4 Attentional Processing Mechanisms -- 8.2.5 Future Questions Regarding Auditory Attention and Neural Activity -- 8.3 Auditory Memory. , 8.3.1 Stimulus-Speci c Adaptation -- 8.3.2 Working Memory -- 8.3.2.1 Neural Correlates of Auditory Working Memory in PFC -- 8.3.2.2 Neural Correlates of Auditory WM in the STG and Parietal Lobe -- 8.3.2.3 Neural Correlates of Auditory WM in the AC -- 8.3.3 Plasticity and Long-Term Retention -- 8.3.4 Future Questions Pertaining to Auditory Memory -- 8.4 Overall Summary for Neural Correlates of Auditory Attention and Memory -- References -- Chapter 9: Attention and Dynamic, Task-Related Receptive Field Plasticity in Adult Auditory Cortex -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Rapid Plasticity Customizes Contrast Filters to Enable Separation of Foreground from Background -- 9.2 Rapid Bottom-Up Adaptation -- 9.2.1 Adaptive Coding of Stimulus Statistics -- 9.2.2 Stimulus-Speci c Adaptation: Novelty Responses -- 9.2.3 Role of Bottom-Up Adaptation -- 9.3 Dynamic Plasticity of RFs During Attention-Driven Behavior -- 9.3.1 Time Resolution for Analysis of Dynamic RF Properties of Neurons in A1 During Behavior -- 9.3.2 Task-Related Plasticity in A1: Measuring Changes in Spectrotemporal RFs -- 9.3.3 Dynamic Changes in Spectral Tuning in a Sea of STRF Stability -- 9.3.4 Bidirectional Plasticity (Both Enhancement and Suppression) -- 9.3.5 Plasticity During Detection of Tone-in-Noise -- 9.3.6 Unique, Persistent Plasticity 'Contrast Filter' Signatures for Each Combination of Task and Stimuli -- 9.3.6.1 Persistence of RFP Changes After Spectral Tasks -- 9.3.7 Importance of Task Valence in Shaping RFP -- 9.3.8 Temporal Tasks and Plasticity in the Temporal Dimension of the STRF -- 9.3.9 Summary of Variables Contributing to RFP -- 9.3.10 Task-Related Plasticity in A1 Emerges from a Larger Attention-Driven Plasticity Circuit -- 9.3.11 Attention and Task-Related Responses in FC -- 9.3.11.1 Speci c Changes in Brain Oscillations May In uence RFP. , 9.4 Learning-Induced Plasticity in Sound Localization and Auditory Spatial Learning.

Note: Intro -- Series Preface -- Preface 1992 -- Volume Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Biosonar of Bats and Toothed Whales: An Overview -- 1.1 Why Bats and Toothed Whales Together? -- 1.2 An Overview of the Volume -- 1.3 Volume Dedication -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Sonar Signals of Bats and Toothed Whales -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Signal Production -- 2.2.1 Bats -- 2.2.2 Toothed Whales -- 2.3 Echoreception -- 2.3.1 Bats -- 2.3.2 Toothed Whales -- 2.4 Acoustic Structure of Echolocation Signals from Bats and Toothed Whales -- 2.4.1 Design of Sonar Signals -- 2.4.2 Contributions from the Laboratory and the Field -- 2.4.3 Echolocation Signals of Bats -- 2.4.4 Echolocation Signals of Toothed Whales -- 2.5 Patterns of Call Production -- 2.5.1 Duty Cycle -- 2.5.2 Feeding Buzzes -- 2.5.3 Adaptive Changes in Signal Structure -- 2.5.4 Time-Varying Gain Control -- 2.6 Challenges Faced and Solved -- 2.6.1 Clutter -- 2.6.2 Jamming Avoidance -- 2.6.3 Communication -- 2.6.4 Predator-Prey Interactions -- 2.7 Phylogeny and Diversification of Echolocation in Bats and Toothed Whales -- 2.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Production of Biosonar Signals: Structure and Form -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Signal Production in Dolphins -- 3.2.1 Site of the Sound Source -- 3.2.1.1 Propagation Through the Head of Dolphins -- 3.3 Signal Production in Bats -- 3.3.1 Respiratory Dynamics of Sonar Pulse Production -- 3.3.1.1 Timing of Sonar Pulses in Respiratory Cycle -- 3.3.1.2 Respiration and Sonar Pulse Intensity -- 3.3.2 Respiratory Muscle Specializations for Echolocation -- 3.3.3 Respiration, Wingbeat Cycle, and Sonar Pulse Emission -- 3.4 The Larynx -- 3.4.1 Anatomy -- 3.4.2 Innervation -- 3.4.3 Sensory Feedback -- 3.4.4 Vocal Membranes: The Laryngeal Sound Source -- 3.4.5 Laryngeal Control of Sonar Pulse Timing: The Laryngeal Gate. , 3.5 The Biosonar Signal in Dolphins -- 3.5.1 Wave Shapes and Frequency Spectra -- 3.5.2 Transmission Beam Pattern -- 3.5.3 Relationship Between Source Level and Center Frequency -- 3.5.4 Effects of Hearing Loss -- 3.6 Biosonar Signal of Bats -- 3.6.1 Achieving High Pulse Repetition Rates -- 3.6.2 Control of Fundamental Frequency -- 3.6.2.1 Long CF-FM Bats -- 3.6.2.2 FM Bats -- 3.6.3 Acoustic Filters of Laryngeal Sound -- 3.6.3.1 Vocal Tract Filters -- 3.6.3.2 Subglottal Filters -- 3.6.3.3 Beamforming of the Sonar Signal -- 3.7 Echolocation in Air with Clicks -- 3.7.1 Lingual Sonar Clicks -- 3.7.2 Syringeal Sonar Clicks -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Sound Intensities of Biosonar Signals from Bats and Toothed Whales -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology -- 4.2.1 Transmission Loss -- 4.2.2 Acoustic Localization -- 4.2.2.1 Different Types of Arrays -- 4.2.2.2 Theory of Acoustic Localization -- 4.2.2.3 Precision in Source Localization -- 4.3 Metrics -- 4.4 Source Levels and Directionality from Bats and Toothed Whales -- 4.5 Modulation of the Source Level -- 4.5.1 The Sonar Equations -- 4.5.2 Modeling the Received Level from Echoes in Clutter -- 4.5.3 Automatic Gain Control -- 4.5.4 Acoustic Predator-Prey Interactions -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Hearing During Echolocation in Whales and Bats -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hearing Sensation Level Changes -- 5.3 Auditory Evoked Potential Thresholds -- 5.4 Hearing Loud Signals and Quiet Returns -- 5.5 Neural Mechanisms for Hearing in Echolocating Bats -- 5.5.1 Self-Stimulation -- 5.5.2 Masking -- 5.6 Vocal Influence on Auditory Processing and Facilitation -- 5.7 Corollary Discharges and Efferent Influences on Auditory Processing -- 5.8 Echolocation and Passive Listening in Groups -- 5.9 Comparisons of Whale and Bat Hearing Measured During Echolocation -- 5.10 Summary -- References. , Chapter 6: Localization and Classification of Targets by Echolocating Bats and Dolphins -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Limitations on Comparisons Between Dolphins and Bats -- 6.2 Target Detection and the Operating Range of Echolocation in Relation to the Emission Patterns of Broadcast Signals -- 6.3 Perception of Target Range from Echo Delay -- 6.4 Distortions of Perception for Target Range by Flying Bats -- 6.5 Perception of Target Shape: Echo Spectra and Glint Delays -- 6.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: On-Animal Methods for Studying Echolocation in Free-Ranging Animals -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Animal-Borne Devices for Studying Echolocation -- 7.2.1 Tags for Bats -- 7.2.2 Tags for Toothed Whales -- 7.2.3 Sound Acquisition -- 7.2.4 Nonacoustic Sensors -- 7.2.5 Impact of Tags -- 7.3 Exploring and Visualizing On-Animal Echolocation Data -- 7.3.1 Sensor Fusion -- 7.3.2 Event Detection -- 7.3.3 Visualization -- 7.3.4 Quantifying Tag Data from Echolocating Animals -- 7.3.4.1 Sound Source Parameters -- 7.3.4.2 Echo Parameters -- 7.4 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Analysis of Natural Scenes by Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Characterizing Auditory Scenes of Echolocating Animals -- 8.2.1 Bats -- 8.2.2 Dolphins -- 8.3 Studies of Auditory Scene Analysis in Echolocating Animals -- 8.3.1 Bats -- 8.3.2 Dolphins -- 8.3.2.1 The Littoral Ocean (Noisy, Reverberant, and Cluttered) -- 8.3.2.2 Tracking Prey in the Presence of Conspecifics -- 8.4 Challenges and Future Direction for the Study of Auditory Scene Analysis in Bats and Dolphins -- References -- Chapter 9: Echolocation in Air and Water -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Physical Framework of Operating Biosonars in Air and Water -- 9.2.1 Background -- 9.2.2 Source Levels and Acoustic Outputs -- 9.2.3 Directionality, Frequency, and Backscatter. , 9.2.4 Transmission Loss and Masking Noise -- 9.3 Methods for Studying Echolocation in the Wild -- 9.3.1 Historical Background -- 9.3.2 Bats -- 9.3.3 Toothed Whales -- 9.4 Echolocation in the Wild -- 9.4.1 Bat Echolocation in the Wild -- 9.4.2 Toothed Whale Echolocation in the Wild -- 9.4.3 A Case Study: Blainville's Beaked Whale -- 9.4.4 Other Species of Toothed Whales -- 9.5 Predator-Prey Interactions -- 9.5.1 Bats and Their Prey -- 9.5.2 Toothed Whales, Their Prey, and Predators -- 9.6 Summary: Comparison of Biosonars in Air and Water -- References.