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  • Mice  (17)
  • Time Factors  (4)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (20)
  • 1
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    Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-11
    Description: Anxiety--a sustained state of heightened apprehension in the absence of immediate threat--becomes severely debilitating in disease states. Anxiety disorders represent the most common of psychiatric diseases (28% lifetime prevalence) and contribute to the aetiology of major depression and substance abuse. Although it has been proposed that the amygdala, a brain region important for emotional processing, has a role in anxiety, the neural mechanisms that control anxiety remain unclear. Here we explore the neural circuits underlying anxiety-related behaviours by using optogenetics with two-photon microscopy, anxiety assays in freely moving mice, and electrophysiology. With the capability of optogenetics to control not only cell types but also specific connections between cells, we observed that temporally precise optogenetic stimulation of basolateral amygdala (BLA) terminals in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)--achieved by viral transduction of the BLA with a codon-optimized channelrhodopsin followed by restricted illumination in the downstream CeA--exerted an acute, reversible anxiolytic effect. Conversely, selective optogenetic inhibition of the same projection with a third-generation halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0) increased anxiety-related behaviours. Importantly, these effects were not observed with direct optogenetic control of BLA somata, possibly owing to recruitment of antagonistic downstream structures. Together, these results implicate specific BLA-CeA projections as critical circuit elements for acute anxiety control in the mammalian brain, and demonstrate the importance of optogenetically targeting defined projections, beyond simply targeting cell types, in the study of circuit function relevant to neuropsychiatric disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3154022/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3154022/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tye, Kay M -- Prakash, Rohit -- Kim, Sung-Yon -- Fenno, Lief E -- Grosenick, Logan -- Zarabi, Hosniya -- Thompson, Kimberly R -- Gradinaru, Viviana -- Ramakrishnan, Charu -- Deisseroth, Karl -- 1F32MH088010-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000616/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000616-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA020794/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA020794-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH075957/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH075957-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 17;471(7338):358-62. doi: 10.1038/nature09820. Epub 2011 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21389985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/cytology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Animals ; Anxiety/*physiopathology ; Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology ; Halorhodopsins/metabolism ; Light ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways/physiology/radiation effects ; Neurons/physiology/radiation effects ; Stress, Physiological/physiology ; Synapses/physiology/radiation effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Macropinocytosis of protein is an amino acid supply route in Ras-transformed cells (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-15
    Description: Macropinocytosis is a highly conserved endocytic process by which extracellular fluid and its contents are internalized into cells through large, heterogeneous vesicles known as macropinosomes. Oncogenic Ras proteins have been shown to stimulate macropinocytosis but the functional contribution of this uptake mechanism to the transformed phenotype remains unknown. Here we show that Ras-transformed cells use macropinocytosis to transport extracellular protein into the cell. The internalized protein undergoes proteolytic degradation, yielding amino acids including glutamine that can enter central carbon metabolism. Accordingly, the dependence of Ras-transformed cells on free extracellular glutamine for growth can be suppressed by the macropinocytic uptake of protein. Consistent with macropinocytosis representing an important route of nutrient uptake in tumours, its pharmacological inhibition compromises the growth of Ras-transformed pancreatic tumour xenografts. These results identify macropinocytosis as a mechanism by which cancer cells support their unique metabolic needs and point to the possible exploitation of this process in the design of anticancer therapies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3810415/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3810415/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Commisso, Cosimo -- Davidson, Shawn M -- Soydaner-Azeloglu, Rengin G -- Parker, Seth J -- Kamphorst, Jurre J -- Hackett, Sean -- Grabocka, Elda -- Nofal, Michel -- Drebin, Jeffrey A -- Thompson, Craig B -- Rabinowitz, Joshua D -- Metallo, Christian M -- Vander Heiden, Matthew G -- Bar-Sagi, Dafna -- 5 P30CA016087-32/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA104838/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA117969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA117969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30-CA14051-39/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA055360/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA105463/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA163591/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA055360/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 30;497(7451):633-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12138. Epub 2013 May 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23665962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/*metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Carbon/metabolism ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Glutamine/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Oncogene Protein p21(ras)/genetics/*metabolism ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics/*metabolism/*pathology ; *Pinocytosis ; Proteolysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-26
    Description: To achieve its precise neural connectivity, the developing mammalian nervous system undergoes extensive activity-dependent synapse remodelling. Recently, microglial cells have been shown to be responsible for a portion of synaptic pruning, but the remaining mechanisms remain unknown. Here we report a new role for astrocytes in actively engulfing central nervous system synapses. This process helps to mediate synapse elimination, requires the MEGF10 and MERTK phagocytic pathways, and is strongly dependent on neuronal activity. Developing mice deficient in both astrocyte pathways fail to refine their retinogeniculate connections normally and retain excess functional synapses. Finally, we show that in the adult mouse brain, astrocytes continuously engulf both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. These studies reveal a novel role for astrocytes in mediating synapse elimination in the developing and adult brain, identify MEGF10 and MERTK as critical proteins in the synapse remodelling underlying neural circuit refinement, and have important implications for understanding learning and memory as well as neurological disease processes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969024/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969024/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chung, Won-Suk -- Clarke, Laura E -- Wang, Gordon X -- Stafford, Benjamin K -- Sher, Alexander -- Chakraborty, Chandrani -- Joung, Julia -- Foo, Lynette C -- Thompson, Andrew -- Chen, Chinfei -- Smith, Stephen J -- Barres, Ben A -- 5 R21NS072556/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS069375/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD018655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY013613/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS075252/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS072556/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH020016/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Dec 19;504(7480):394-400. doi: 10.1038/nature12776. Epub 2013 Nov 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; 1] Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2]. ; 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2]. ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA. ; Santa Cruz Institute of Particle Physic and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. ; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A *Star, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Building, 138673 Singapore. ; Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, CLS12250, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24270812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology/*metabolism ; Brain/cytology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lateral Thalamic Nuclei/cytology/metabolism ; Learning/physiology ; Membrane Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neural Pathways/cytology/*metabolism ; *Phagocytosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Retina/physiology ; Synapses/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Dopamine neurons modulate neural encoding and expression of depression-related behaviour (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-14
    Description: Major depression is characterized by diverse debilitating symptoms that include hopelessness and anhedonia. Dopamine neurons involved in reward and motivation are among many neural populations that have been hypothesized to be relevant, and certain antidepressant treatments, including medications and brain stimulation therapies, can influence the complex dopamine system. Until now it has not been possible to test this hypothesis directly, even in animal models, as existing therapeutic interventions are unable to specifically target dopamine neurons. Here we investigated directly the causal contributions of defined dopamine neurons to multidimensional depression-like phenotypes induced by chronic mild stress, by integrating behavioural, pharmacological, optogenetic and electrophysiological methods in freely moving rodents. We found that bidirectional control (inhibition or excitation) of specified midbrain dopamine neurons immediately and bidirectionally modulates (induces or relieves) multiple independent depression symptoms caused by chronic stress. By probing the circuit implementation of these effects, we observed that optogenetic recruitment of these dopamine neurons potently alters the neural encoding of depression-related behaviours in the downstream nucleus accumbens of freely moving rodents, suggesting that processes affecting depression symptoms may involve alterations in the neural encoding of action in limbic circuitry.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4160519/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4160519/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tye, Kay M -- Mirzabekov, Julie J -- Warden, Melissa R -- Ferenczi, Emily A -- Tsai, Hsing-Chen -- Finkelstein, Joel -- Kim, Sung-Yon -- Adhikari, Avishek -- Thompson, Kimberly R -- Andalman, Aaron S -- Gunaydin, Lisa A -- Witten, Ilana B -- Deisseroth, Karl -- DP2 DA035149/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- F32 MH880102/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 24;493(7433):537-41. doi: 10.1038/nature11740. Epub 2012 Dec 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. kaytye@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Depression/chemically induced/*physiopathology ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism ; Optogenetics ; Phenotype ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology ; Time Factors ; Ventral Tegmental Area/cytology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    MET is required for the recruitment of anti-tumoural neutrophils (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-20
    Description: Mutations or amplification of the MET proto-oncogene are involved in the pathogenesis of several tumours, which rely on the constitutive engagement of this pathway for their growth and survival. However, MET is expressed not only by cancer cells but also by tumour-associated stromal cells, although its precise role in this compartment is not well characterized. Here we show that MET is required for neutrophil chemoattraction and cytotoxicity in response to its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Met deletion in mouse neutrophils enhances tumour growth and metastasis. This phenotype correlates with reduced neutrophil infiltration to both the primary tumour and metastatic sites. Similarly, Met is necessary for neutrophil transudation during colitis, skin rash or peritonitis. Mechanistically, Met is induced by tumour-derived tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or other inflammatory stimuli in both mouse and human neutrophils. This induction is instrumental for neutrophil transmigration across an activated endothelium and for inducible nitric oxide synthase production upon HGF stimulation. Consequently, HGF/MET-dependent nitric oxide release by neutrophils promotes cancer cell killing, which abates tumour growth and metastasis. After systemic administration of a MET kinase inhibitor, we prove that the therapeutic benefit of MET targeting in cancer cells is partly countered by the pro-tumoural effect arising from MET blockade in neutrophils. Our work identifies an unprecedented role of MET in neutrophils, suggests a potential 'Achilles' heel' of MET-targeted therapies in cancer, and supports the rationale for evaluating anti-MET drugs in certain inflammatory diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594765/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594765/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finisguerra, Veronica -- Di Conza, Giusy -- Di Matteo, Mario -- Serneels, Jens -- Costa, Sandra -- Thompson, A A Roger -- Wauters, Els -- Walmsley, Sarah -- Prenen, Hans -- Granot, Zvi -- Casazza, Andrea -- Mazzone, Massimiliano -- 098516/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 308459/European Research Council/International -- G0802255/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 18;522(7556):349-53. doi: 10.1038/nature14407. Epub 2015 May 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven B3000, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven B3000, Belgium. ; 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven B3000, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven B3000, Belgium [3] Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal [4] ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal. ; Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK. ; 1] Respiratory Division, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven B3000, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven B3000, Belgium [3] Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven B3000, Belgium. ; Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven B3000, Belgium. ; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25985180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects/*pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; Humans ; Inflammation/immunology/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/*immunology/*metabolism/pathology ; Neutrophils/drug effects/*immunology/secretion ; Nitric Oxide/secretion ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/antagonists & ; inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Solubility ; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    A prefrontal cortex-brainstem neuronal projection that controls response to behavioural challenge (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-11-20
    Description: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to participate in high-level control of the generation of behaviours (including the decision to execute actions); indeed, imaging and lesion studies in human beings have revealed that PFC dysfunction can lead to either impulsive states with increased tendency to initiate action, or to amotivational states characterized by symptoms such as reduced activity, hopelessness and depressed mood. Considering the opposite valence of these two phenotypes as well as the broad complexity of other tasks attributed to PFC, we sought to elucidate the PFC circuitry that favours effortful behavioural responses to challenging situations. Here we develop and use a quantitative method for the continuous assessment and control of active response to a behavioural challenge, synchronized with single-unit electrophysiology and optogenetics in freely moving rats. In recording from the medial PFC (mPFC), we observed that many neurons were not simply movement-related in their spike-firing patterns but instead were selectively modulated from moment to moment, according to the animal's decision to act in a challenging situation. Surprisingly, we next found that direct activation of principal neurons in the mPFC had no detectable causal effect on this behaviour. We tested whether this behaviour could be causally mediated by only a subclass of mPFC cells defined by specific downstream wiring. Indeed, by leveraging optogenetic projection-targeting to control cells with specific efferent wiring patterns, we found that selective activation of those mPFC cells projecting to the brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a serotonergic nucleus implicated in major depressive disorder, induced a profound, rapid and reversible effect on selection of the active behavioural state. These results may be of importance in understanding the neural circuitry underlying normal and pathological patterns of action selection and motivation in behaviour.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warden, Melissa R -- Selimbeyoglu, Aslihan -- Mirzabekov, Julie J -- Lo, Maisie -- Thompson, Kimberly R -- Kim, Sung-Yon -- Adhikari, Avishek -- Tye, Kay M -- Frank, Loren M -- Deisseroth, Karl -- 1F32MH088010-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F32 MH088010/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Dec 20;492(7429):428-32. doi: 10.1038/nature11617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. mwarden@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23160494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Depression/psychology ; Electrophysiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Motivation/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Optogenetics ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Raphe Nuclei/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Swimming/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    EZH2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for lymphoma with EZH2-activating mutations (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-12
    Description: In eukaryotes, post-translational modification of histones is critical for regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is involved in repressing gene expression through methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27). EZH2 overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis and correlates with poor prognosis in several tumour types. Additionally, somatic heterozygous mutations of Y641 and A677 residues within the catalytic SET domain of EZH2 occur in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma. The Y641 residue is the most frequently mutated residue, with up to 22% of germinal centre B-cell DLBCL and follicular lymphoma harbouring mutations at this site. These lymphomas have increased H3K27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) owing to altered substrate preferences of the mutant enzymes. However, it is unknown whether specific, direct inhibition of EZH2 methyltransferase activity will be effective in treating EZH2 mutant lymphomas. Here we demonstrate that GSK126, a potent, highly selective, S-adenosyl-methionine-competitive, small-molecule inhibitor of EZH2 methyltransferase activity, decreases global H3K27me3 levels and reactivates silenced PRC2 target genes. GSK126 effectively inhibits the proliferation of EZH2 mutant DLBCL cell lines and markedly inhibits the growth of EZH2 mutant DLBCL xenografts in mice. Together, these data demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 activity may provide a promising treatment for EZH2 mutant lymphoma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCabe, Michael T -- Ott, Heidi M -- Ganji, Gopinath -- Korenchuk, Susan -- Thompson, Christine -- Van Aller, Glenn S -- Liu, Yan -- Graves, Alan P -- Della Pietra, Anthony 3rd -- Diaz, Elsie -- LaFrance, Louis V -- Mellinger, Mark -- Duquenne, Celine -- Tian, Xinrong -- Kruger, Ryan G -- McHugh, Charles F -- Brandt, Martin -- Miller, William H -- Dhanak, Dashyant -- Verma, Sharad K -- Tummino, Peter J -- Creasy, Caretha L -- England -- Nature. 2012 Dec 6;492(7427):108-12. doi: 10.1038/nature11606. Epub 2012 Oct 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23051747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects ; Gene Silencing/drug effects ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Histones/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Indoles/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Lymphoma, Follicular/*drug therapy/enzymology/genetics/pathology ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/*drug therapy/enzymology/genetics/pathology ; Methylation/drug effects ; Mice ; Mutation/*genetics ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Pyridones/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation/drug effects ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The mystery of recent stratospheric temperature trends (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-11-30
    Description: A new data set of middle- and upper-stratospheric temperatures based on reprocessing of satellite radiances provides a view of stratospheric climate change during the period 1979-2005 that is strikingly different from that provided by earlier data sets. The new data call into question our understanding of observed stratospheric temperature trends and our ability to test simulations of the stratospheric response to emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. Here we highlight the important issues raised by the new data and suggest how the climate science community can resolve them.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, David W J -- Seidel, Dian J -- Randel, William J -- Zou, Cheng-Zhi -- Butler, Amy H -- Mears, Carl -- Osso, Albert -- Long, Craig -- Lin, Roger -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 29;491(7426):692-7. doi: 10.1038/nature11579.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. davet@atmos.colostate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; *Atmosphere/analysis ; Climate ; Global Warming/history/statistics & numerical data ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Activities ; Models, Theoretical ; Spacecraft ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Cancer: The to and fro of tumour spread (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Denderen, Bryce J W -- Thompson, Erik W -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 24;493(7433):487-8. doi: 10.1038/493487a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23344357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Movement ; *Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy/*pathology ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Twist Transcription Factor/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Mechanism of farnesylated CAAX protein processing by the intramembrane protease Rce1 (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-03
    Description: CAAX proteins have essential roles in multiple signalling pathways, controlling processes such as proliferation, differentiation and carcinogenesis. The approximately 120 mammalian CAAX proteins function at cellular membranes and include the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, nuclear lamins, the gamma-subunit of heterotrimeric GTPases, and several protein kinases and phosphatases. The proper localization of CAAX proteins to cell membranes is orchestrated by a series of post-translational modifications of the carboxy-terminal CAAX motifs (where C is cysteine, A is an aliphatic amino acid and X is any amino acid). These reactions involve prenylation of the cysteine residue, cleavage at the AAX tripeptide and methylation of the carboxyl-prenylated cysteine residue. The major CAAX protease activity is mediated by Rce1 (Ras and a-factor converting enzyme 1), an intramembrane protease (IMP) of the endoplasmic reticulum. Information on the architecture and proteolytic mechanism of Rce1 has been lacking. Here we report the crystal structure of a Methanococcus maripaludis homologue of Rce1, whose endopeptidase specificity for farnesylated peptides mimics that of eukaryotic Rce1. Its structure, comprising eight transmembrane alpha-helices, and catalytic site are distinct from those of other IMPs. The catalytic residues are located approximately 10 A into the membrane and are exposed to the cytoplasm and membrane through a conical cavity that accommodates the prenylated CAAX substrate. We propose that the farnesyl lipid binds to a site at the opening of two transmembrane alpha-helices, which results in the scissile bond being positioned adjacent to a glutamate-activated nucleophilic water molecule. This study suggests that Rce1 is the founding member of a novel IMP family, the glutamate IMPs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864837/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864837/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Manolaridis, Ioannis -- Kulkarni, Kiran -- Dodd, Roger B -- Ogasawara, Satoshi -- Zhang, Ziguo -- Bineva, Ganka -- O'Reilly, Nicola -- Hanrahan, Sarah J -- Thompson, Andrew J -- Cronin, Nora -- Iwata, So -- Barford, David -- 100140/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- A2560/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A7403/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A8022/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- BB/G023425/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2013 Dec 12;504(7479):301-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12754. Epub 2013 Dec 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [2]. ; 1] Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [2] [3] Division of Biological Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India (K.K.); Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK (R.B.D.). ; 1] Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [2] Division of Biological Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India (K.K.); Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK (R.B.D.). ; 1] Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [2] JST, Research Acceleration Program, Membrane Protein Crystallography Project, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. ; Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK. ; Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK. ; 1] Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [2] JST, Research Acceleration Program, Membrane Protein Crystallography Project, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [3] Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Archaeal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Biocatalysis ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cysteine/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Endopeptidases/chemistry/metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/enzymology ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Metalloendopeptidases/chemistry/metabolism ; Methanococcus/*enzymology ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Hydrolases/*chemistry/classification/*metabolism ; *Prenylation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Substrate Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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