Note: Front Cover -- Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Safety -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Antimicrobial-Resistant Foodborne Pathogens -- How Antimicrobial Resistance Is Defined? -- How Does Resistance Spread Between Ecosystems? -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli -- Introduction -- Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli -- Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use During Food Production and Processing -- Resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to Antibiotics -- Antibiotic Resistance and Mobile DNA Elements -- Antibiotic Resistance Gene Dissemination -- Resistance to Antibiotics as Affected by Biocide Use and Bile Exposure -- Resistance of E. coli O157:H7 and Other STEC to Antimicrobial Interventions -- Resistance to Oxidative Stress -- Resistance to Osmotic Stress -- Resistance to Acidic Stress -- Effect of Repeated Exposure and Pro-Adaptation on Resistance -- Heat Susceptibility as Affected by Adaptive Treatment -- Resistance of E. coli O157:H7 as Affected by Its Physiological State -- Influence of Extracellular Polysaccharide Production and Biofilm Formation on Resistance -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Salmonella -- Introduction -- Salmonella spp. as a Pathogen -- Salmonella Characteristics -- Salmonella Classification -- Pathogenesis of Salmonella -- Salmonellosis -- Pathogenic Mechanisms -- Salmonella and Antibiotics -- General Concepts -- Salmonellosis and Clinical Antibiotic Treatment -- Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action -- Salmonella MDR Strains -- Factors that Influence Salmonella Antibiotic Resistance -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Antimicrobial Resistance and Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli -- Introduction -- Resistance Mechanisms -- Fluoroquinolones -- Macrolides -- Tetracyclines. , Aminoglycosides -- β-Lactam Group of Antimicrobials -- Development of Resistance -- Genetic Adaptive Mechanisms in Resistant Bacteria -- Consequences of Resistance on Bacterial Fitness -- Resistance Detection -- Genetic Methods in the Detection of Resistance Determining Targets -- Genomic Analysis of Resistance -- Clinical Breakpoints and Epidemiological Cut-Off Values -- Resistance Levels in Different Countries and Sources -- References -- 5 Antimicrobial Resistance in Yersinia enterocolitica -- Introduction -- Human Infections -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Epidemiology -- Virulence Factors -- Antimicrobial SUSCEPTIBILITY -- Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance -- Mechanisms of Resistance to β-lactams -- Mechanisms of Resistance to Aminoglycosides -- Mechanisms of Resistance to Quinolones -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Antimicrobial Resistance in Vibrio Species -- Introduction -- Epidemiology and Underreporting -- Vibrio vulnificus -- Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Data Limitations and Emerging Methods for Assessing Antibiotic Resistance -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Antimicrobial Resistance in Shigella Species -- Introduction -- Antibiotic Resistance -- North America -- South America -- Europe -- Africa -- Asia -- Final Thoughts -- References -- 8 Antimicrobial Resistance in Listeria spp. -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance -- Innate Resistance -- Transferable and Acquired Antimicrobial Resistance -- Relationship of Antimicrobial Resistance to Virulence -- Virulence Genes' Effects on Antimicrobial Susceptibility -- Selection for Resistant Phenotypes -- Relevance to Food Safety and Public Health -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci: A Food Safety Perspective -- General Introduction -- Taxonomy and Characteristics -- Status as Probiotics -- Clinical Status. , Human Infections -- Animal Infections -- Food Animals as a Reservoir of Antibiotic-Resistant Strains -- Farm Environment and Antibiotic-Resistant Strains -- Status as Food Contaminants -- Sharing of Enterococcal Strains Among Food Animals, Food, and Humans -- Other Important Links -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Clostridium difficile: A Food Safety Concern? -- Introduction -- Pathogenesis -- Toxins -- The Spore -- Risk Factors -- The Microbiome -- Therapy -- Epidemiology -- Molecular Genotyping -- Emergence of a Drug-Resistant Epidemic Clone -- Asymptomatic Carriage -- Community-Associated Disease -- Food Animals and Food -- PCR Ribotype 078 -- Swine -- Cattle -- Poultry -- Meat Processing Facilities -- Retail Foods -- Farm Environment and Waste Management Practices -- Antibiotic Resistance -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 Methods for the Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance and the Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates ... -- Introduction -- Detection and Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in S. aureus -- AST of S. aureus -- Diffusion Methods -- Dilution Methods -- Specific Phenotypic Tests for S. aureus -- Genotypic Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance -- PCR Assays for Resistance Genes -- DNA Microarray for the Detection of Resistance Genes -- Typing of S. aureus -- Genotypic Typing Methods -- Sequence-Based Typing Methods -- PCR-Based Typing Methods -- Pattern-Based Typing Methods -- Phenotypic Typing Methods -- Typing by DNA Microarray -- Detection of Virulence Genes in S. AUREUS -- PCR Assays for Virulence Genes -- Detection of Virulence Genes by DNA Microarray -- Examples for the Complex Characterization of S. AUREUS from Food-Producing Animals and Food of Animal Sources -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 12 Non-Phenotypic Tests to Detect and Characterize Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae -- Endpoint PCRs -- Commercially Available Multiplex PCRs -- Advantage and Disadvantages of PCRs -- Real-Time PCRs -- Commercially Available Real-Time PCRs -- Implementation of Real-Time PCRs -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Real-Time PCR -- Microarray -- Commercially Available Microarrays -- Clinical Implementation of the Microarrays -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Microarrays -- Next-Generation DNA-Sequencing Methodologies -- Mass Spectrometry-Based Methodologies -- MALDI-TOF MS -- Advantages and Disadvantages of MALDI-TOF MS -- PCR/ESI MS -- Advantages and Disadvantages of PCR/ESI MS -- Conclusions -- References -- 13 Monitoring and Surveillance: The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System -- Introduction -- NARMS Overview -- Drug Selection and Breakpoints Used -- Current Testing Methods -- The Evolution of NARMS -- Sampling -- Human Sampling -- Animal Sampling -- Retail Meat Sampling -- Laboratory Methods -- Data Acquisition and Reporting -- International Harmonization -- NARMS in Action-Public Health Impact -- Risk Assessment -- NARMS Data and the Development of Regulatory Policy -- NARMS Data and Outbreak Detection and Response -- Strengths and Limitations -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Risk Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance -- Introduction -- Risk Assessment -- The Initiation of a Risk Assessment -- Antimicrobial Resistance Risk Assessment -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- Mathematical and Other Risk Analytical Approaches -- Fitting Antimicrobial Resistance Risk Assessment into Public Health Risk Management -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 15 Food Microbial Safety and Animal Antibiotics -- Introduction -- Methods of QRA. , Farm-to-Fork Risk Simulation Model -- Dose-Response Models for Foodborne Pathogens -- Quantitative Risk Characterization for QMRA and Risk Management -- Attribution-Based Risk Assessment and Controversies -- Empirical Upper-Bounding -- Case Study: AREF Bacteria -- Summary of Results from Applying Empirical Upper-Bounding Risk Assessment to Other Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria -- Managing Uncertain Food Risks via Quality Principles: HACCP -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 16 Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes in the Water-Food Nexus of the Agricultural Environment -- Introduction -- Methods to Determine Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes -- Standardized Method to Assess Antimicrobial Resistance or Susceptibility -- Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction -- Past Monitoring Surveys-Detailing the Knowledge Gaps -- Impact on Soils, Crops, and Health -- Impact on Agricultural Soils -- Impact on Agricultural Crops -- Impact on Occupational and Public Health -- Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment -- Hazard Identification -- Exposure Assessment -- Dose-Response -- Risk Characterization -- Technological Solutions -- Chlorine and UV Disinfection -- Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor as a Decentralized Treatment Technology -- Conclusions -- References -- 17 Development and Application of Novel Antimicrobials in Food and Food Processing -- Introduction-Why Novel Antimicrobials Are Needed -- Essential Oils -- Chitosan -- Antimicrobial Peptides -- Bacteriophage -- Natural Antimicrobial Combinations -- Synergistic Activity of Novel Antimicrobials and Novel Technology -- Considerations When Selecting Novel Antimicrobials -- Conclusion and Future Trends -- References -- 18 Database Resources Dedicated to Antimicrobial Peptides -- Introduction -- General Databases for AMPs -- Antimicrobial Sequence Database. , Antimicrobial Peptide Database.