Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticle as an Environmental Remediating Agent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Crystal Structure of MnO2 -- Expression of Photocatalytic Activity by MnO2 -- Effect of pH on Organic Pollutant Removal Efficiency -- Removal of Organic Pollutants by MnO2 Nanostructures -- Benefits of MnO2 Nanocomposite over MnO2 Nanostructure -- Removal of Organic Pollutants by MnO2 Composite -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Applications of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds in Peptide Synthesis -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt as Coupling Reagent for Peptide Synthesis -- 2.1. Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Coupling Reagents and Their Chemical Structures -- 2.2. Preparation of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Coupling Reagents -- 2.2.1. Preparation of Aminium Coupling Reagents -- 2.2.2. Preparation of Phosphonium Coupling Reagents -- 2.3 Mechanism of Coupling Reaction Directed by Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 2.4. Reactivities of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1. Modification of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents on the Benzotriazole Moiety -- 2.4.1.1. 6-Cl-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.2. CF3/NO2-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.3. 7-Aza-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.4. HODhbt (HOOBt) Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.2. Modification of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents on the Bis(disubstituted amino)methylium or Tris(disubstituted amino)phosphonium Skeleton -- 3. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole as Coupling Additive for Peptide Synthesis -- 4. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole as pH Modifier for Peptide Synthesis -- 4.1. DKP Formation -- 4.2. Aspartimide Formation. , 4.3. C-terminal Cysteine Racemization and β-elimination in SPPS -- 5. Stability and Side Reactions of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.1. Degradation of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.2. Side Reactions Induced by Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.2.1. Guanidine Formation from the Function between Uronium/Aminium Coupling Reagents and Amino Group -- 5.2.2. Pyrrolidide Formation in PyBOP-Mediated Reaction -- 5.2.3. HODhbt-Induced Peptide Nα-Azidobenzoylation and 2-Amino-5-Hydroxybenzoylation -- 5.2.4. Endo/Des-XaaC-terminal Impurity Formation -- 5.2.5. Counterion Adulteration by Uronium/Aminium Coupling Reagents -- 5.2.6. Hazards of the Benzotriazol-1-oxyl Coupling Reagents/Additives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 -- A Mixture of Persulfate and Activated Charcoal is an Effective Reagent for the Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides from Thiols and Hydrazides in Aqueous Solution -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Section -- 2.1. General Experimental Information and Materials -- 2.1.1. Activation of Charcoal -- 2.1.2. General Procedure for Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides from Thiols and Aryl Hydrazine -- 2.1.3. 4-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3a) -- 2.1.4. N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3b) -- 2.1.5. N-(3-Fluorophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3c) -- 2.1.6. N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3d) -- 2.1.7. N-(2-Bromophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3e) -- 2.1.8. N-(Phenyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonohydrazide (3f) -- 2.1.9. N-(4-((2-Phenylhydrazineyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)acetamide (3g) -- 2.1.10. 4-Chloro-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3h) -- 2.1.11. 4-Bromo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3i) -- 2.1.12. 2-Bromo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3j) -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch. , Chapter 4 -- A Review on Recent Advancement in Synthetic Techniques and Applications of Metal-Organic Framework (MOFs) -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background -- 3. Structure of MOF -- 3.1. Metal Nodes -- 3.2. Organic Linkers -- 3.3. Porous Structure -- 3.4. Crystalline Order -- 3.5. Harmonious Properties -- 3.6. Dimensionality -- 3.7. Topology and Framework Geometry -- 3.8. Defects and Disorder -- 4. Synthesis Methodology of MOF -- 4.1. Solvothermal or Hydrothermal Method -- 4.2. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis -- 4.3. Ultrasound-assisted Method -- 4.4. Mechano-chemical Synthesis -- 4.5. Iono-Thermal Process -- 4.6. Sono-Chemical Synthesis -- 4.7. Electrochemical Synthesis -- 4.8. Microemulsion Method -- 4.9. Diffusion Methods -- 5. Applications of Metal-Organic Framework -- 5.1. Applications in Food Matrices -- 5.2. Applications in Adsorption -- 5.3. Applications of MOFs in Catalysis -- 5.4. Applications in Drug Delivery -- 5.5. Applications of MOFs in Biosensing -- Conclusion -- Declarations -- Funding -- Conflict of Interest -- Informed Consent Statement -- Availability of Data and Materials -- Authors Contributions -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Copper (II) Schiff Base Complexes with Chloro Groups as Antivirus Drug Candidates Against Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JaGAr strain) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Japanese Encephalitis the Deadly Virus -- Properties of Artificial Metalloproteins and Advantages of Computational Chemistry -- Types and Appropriateness of Calculation Software -- Protein Structure Preparation -- Ligand Structure Preparation -- Docking Simulation -- Protein Preparation Using AlphaFold 2 -- Preparation of the Ligand to be Used -- Docking Simulation Settings -- Drug Likeness -- ADMET -- Ligand Statur -- Gold Results -- Drug-Likeness -- ADMET Property Analysis. , Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Pyridine and Quinoline Bases from Coking Products -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pyridine Bases of Coal Coking Products -- Processing of Light Pyridine Bases -- Separation of Pyridine Bases from Coke Oven Gas -- Processing of Crude Light Pyridine Bases -- Further Processing of Fractions Obtained During Rectification of Crude Light Pyridine Bases -- Processing of β-Picoline Fraction -- Processing of the 2,4-Lutidine Fraction -- Processing of Heavy Pyridine Bases -- Pyridine Extraction of Coal Tar Fractions -- Processing of Quinoline Bases -- Purification of Crude Quinoline Bases. Traditional Methods -- Methods Under Development -- Development of Methods for Obtaining Pyridine Bases from Coke-Chemical Raw Materials -- Pyridine Bases of Coke-Chemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Valorisation of Glycerol by Acetalization Reactions Using Heterogeneous Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Acetalization of Glycerol with Ketones -- Acetalization of Glycerol with Aldeheydes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Glycerol Selective Oxidation into Value-Added Products. The Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Research and Professional Experience: -- Professional Appointments: -- Honors: -- Publications from the Last 3 Years: -- Chapter 9 -- Glycerin Mediated Synthesis of 7,10,11,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[c]Acridin-8(9H)-Ones Under Solvent and Transition Metal Free Conditions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- General Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of 7,10,11,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[C]Acridin-8(9H)-One Derivatives: General Procedure -- Physical and Spectra Data -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References. , Biographical Sketch -- Research and Professional Experience -- Professional Appointments -- Publications from the Last 3 Years -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Clean Limonene Transformations into Added-Value Compounds of Fine Chemistry Using Heterogeneous Catalysis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oxidation Transformations of Limonene -- Epoxidation of Limonene -- PW-Amberlite as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Limonene Epoxidation -- Allylic Oxidation of Limonene -- Phthalocyanines as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Limonene Allylic Oxidation -- Mechanism of Products Formation in Limonene Allylic Oxidation -- Isomerization/Rearrangement of Limonene -- Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation of Limonene -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Processes Induced by Electrical Breakdown Responsible for the Memory Effect in Low Pressure Noble Gases -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distribution of Electrical Breakdown Time Delay -- 3. Measurement of Gas-Filled Tubes Dynamic Voltage and Electrical Breakdown Time Delay -- 4. Earlier Memory Effect Investigations -- 5. New Analysis of Memory Curves -- 5.1. Memory Curves for Custom Made Gas-Filled Tubes -- 5.2. Memory Curves for Commercial Gas-Filled Tubes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Recent Advances in the Research of Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives as Bioactive Molecules: Anticancer and Sensing Agents -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioactive Molecules as Anticancer Agents -- 2.1. 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 2.2. 8-Substituted Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 2.3. Summary and Outlook -- 3. Fluorescent Molecules as Sensing Agents -- 3.1. 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 3.2. 8-Substituted Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 3.3. Summary and Outlook -- Conclusion -- References -- Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes-Catalyzed Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Sulfonyl Chlorides for Organic Synthesis -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Reactions of Fluoroalkyl Radicals of Fluoroalkylsulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Reactions of Sulfonyl Radicals of Sulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Reactions of Aryl Radicals of Arylsulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Miscellaneous Reactions -- Conclusion -- References -- Dynamics of the Hydrophilic to Hydrophobic Proteins and Enzymes Turnover in A. Bennun's Biochemical-Physics Neurotransmission Model for the Glycerol Assay of the Hydration Shell Dynamics on the Hydrophilic Structure of the Active Site of CF1-ATPase -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods Purification of CF1 -- Preparation of Heat-Activated ATPase -- Assay -- Results Hydration Shell Dynamics on the Active Center of ATPase -- The Effect of the Same Concentration of Glycerol at Different pH -- Glycerol Induced near Disappearance of the pH-Dependent Change -- Discussion -- Mechanisms for cAMP Unzipping of the DNA Structure and Drive Synthesis of Proteins to Integrate Plasticity -- The Transcription Mechanism -- Conclusions -- References -- Decarboxylative Protonation through Cooperative Palladocatalysis and Chiral Organocatalysis: Pathways to Enantioenriched Ketones -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tsuji-Trost Reaction-Initiated Domino Process -- 2.1. Allyl Enol Carbonates -- 2.2. Allyl -Ketoesters -- 3. Hydrogenolysis-Initiated Domino Process -- 3.1. Benzyl Enol Carbonates -- 3.2. Benzyl -Ketoesters -- 3.2.1. Leading to Cyclic Benzylic Ketones -- 3.2.2. Leading to Monocyclic Ketones -- 3.2.3. Leading to Linear Ketones -- 4. Key Intermediate -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Selected Aspects of the Analytical Chemistry of Amlodipine, a Widely Used Long Acting Calcium Antagonist -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis and Characterization. The Drug and Its Impurities -- Synthesis of Amlodipine -- Amlodipine and Its Salts -- Amlodipine in the Pharmacopeias. Official Status -- Chemical Sources of the Official Impurities of the EP7 -- Synthesis of Some Official Impurities of the EP7 -- Impurity Profiling of Amlodipine Besylate -- Mass Spectrometric Analyses: Impurities and Metabolites -- Genotoxic Impurities -- Stability of Amlodipine -- Thermal Stability -- Acid-Base Degradation -- Photostability -- Stability in Solid and Liquid Formulations -- Compatibility with Other Drugs and Excipients. Incompatibilities -- Stability Indicating Assays -- Amlodipine as a Chiral Drug. Preparation, Separation, Quantitation, Metabolism -- Phase Transformations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Numerical Simulations of the Effect of Flow Path Geometric Features on Chemical Reactions in Compressible Flow -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. Scope of the Work -- 2. Theory -- 2.1. Equation of State and Gas Properties -- 2.1.1. Pure Gas Species Properties -- 2.1.2. Gas Mixture Properties -- 2.1.3. Chemical Reactions -- 2.1.4. Governing Differential Equations -- 2.2. Computational Methods -- 2.3. Problem Statement -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Configuration A - Straight -- 3.2. Configuration B - Constrict -- 3.3. Configuration C - Straight-Rough -- 3.4. Configuration D - Straight-Bleed -- 3.5. Configuration E - Expansion -- 3.6. Configuration F - Expansion with Filter -- 3.7. Configuration G - Expansion with Baffles -- 3.8. Configuration H - Expansion with Roughness -- 3.9. Configuration I - Expansion with Obstruction -- 4. Discussion -- Conclusion -- Appendix. , References -- Chapter 3 -- Carbonylation Reactions: Impacts of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts and Carbon Monoxide Surrogates -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Homogeneous Carbonylation Reactions -- Carbonylation of Methanol to Produce Acetic Acid -- Industrial Processes -- The Cobalt-Based BASF Process -- The Rhodium-Based Monsanto Process -- The Iridium-Based Cativa Process of BP Chemicals -- Laboratory Processes -- Different Processes for Carbonylation of Methanol to Produce Acetic Acid -- Nickel-Complex Catalyst -- Ligand Based Metal-Complexes -- Phosphine-Based Ligands Promoters -- Rhodium-Nitrogen and Nitrogen-Oxygen Based Ligands Complexes as Promotors -- Iridium Carbonyl Complexes of Nitrogen and Nitrogen-Oxygen Donor Ligands as Promoters -- Heterogeneous Catalysts for Carbonylation of Methanol -- Other Carbonylation Reactions -- Carbonylation of Diazo Group -- Ortho-Acylation of Pyridine through Carbonylation -- Carbonylation of 2-Nitro-N-(Phenyhnethylene) Benzeneamine -- Carbonylation of Alkynes -- Pauson-Khand Reaction (PKR) -- Carbonylation of Epoxides -- CO Surrogates -- Mo(CO)6 Promoted Carbonylations -- Formic Acid (HCOOH) Promoted Carbonylations -- Formic Acid Esters (Formates) Promoted Carbonylations -- Formaldehyde (HCHO) as CO Surrogate -- Dimethylformamide(DMF) (CH3)2NC(O)H as the CO Source -- CO2 as CO Surrogate -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Ion-Association Complexes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Association Equilibrium and Association Equilibrium Constant -- Liquid-Liquid Extraction of IACs: Extraction Equilibria -- Ion-Association Reagents -- Organic Solvents in Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- Side Processes in Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Ion-Association Complexes -- Side Processes Involving the Central Atom. , Side Processes Involving the Ion-Association Reagent -- Other Side Processes -- Determination of the Composition of Ion-Association Complex -- Applicability in Stable/Unstable Bonds -- Applicability in Stepwise Complex Formation -- Applicability for Structural Units of the Type KmAn (m > -- 1, n > -- 1) -- Design of the Experiment -- Determination of Equilibrium Constants -- Likussar-Boltz Method -- Dilution Method -- Chemical Model -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 16 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 16 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- QUANTUM CHEMISTRY OF NITRIC ACID: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF ITS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of Known Isomers of HNO3 -- 1.2. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of New Isomers of HNO3 -- 2. THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF N2O5 IN THE GAS AND SOLID PHASES -- 3. THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE HIGH-ENERGY STATES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE NO2 -- 4.1. Photochemical Water Decomposition in the Presence of Nitrogen Dioxide in Troposphere -- 4.2. Hydrolysis of NO2* -- 5.1. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of an NO3 Molecule in Different Electronic States -- 5.2. The Reactivity of High-Energy Nitrogen Trioxide NO3 (2A1) in the Oxidation of N2 and N2O -- 6.1. The Molecular Structures of Dinitrogen Tetraoxide N2O4 Isomers and Quantum-Chemical Evidence for a New Isomer - Nitrosonium Nitrate NO+NO3- -- 6.2. The NO2 Dimerization, Isomerization and Hydrolysis of N2O4 in the Acid-Formation Process -- 7.1. Molecular Mechanism of the NO Oxidation by Oxygen in the Gas Phase -- 7.2. Experimental Data for the Trimolecular Reaction of O2 with Two NO Molecules -- 7.3. Quantum-Chemical Data for the Trimolecular Reaction of O2 with Two NO Molecules -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- FURAN RESINS: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FURAN DERIVATIVES AS SOLVENTS -- 2.1. Furfural -- 2.2. Furan -- 2.3. Furfuryl Alcohol -- 2.4. Hydroxymethyl Furfural -- 2.5. Dimethylfuran -- 3. FURAN DERIVATIVES AS INHIBITORS -- 3.1. Inhibition of Free Radical Polymerization -- 3.2. Corrosion Inhibitors -- 3.3. Biological Inhibition -- 4. DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS APPLIED TO FURAN DERIVATIVES -- 4.1. Conditions and Versatility. , 4.2. Furan Rings as Functional Group Modifiers: Synthetic Applications -- 4.2.1. Natural Products -- 4.2.2. Polymers -- 4.2.3. Strategies for Structure Modification -- 4.3. Exploitation of the Thermal Reversibility -- 4.3.1. Recyclable Materials -- 4.3.2. Self-Healing Materials -- 4.3.3. Biomedical Applications: Hydrogels and Drug Delivery -- 5. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL RESISTANT MATERIALS BASED ON FURAN DERIVATIVES -- 6. HIGH CARBON YIELDS: CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS -- 7. REPLACEMENT OF CLASSICAL MATERIALS -- 8. HIGHLY REGULAR STRUCTURES: GRAFTING AND POLYMER MODIFICATION -- 9. HIGHLY CONJUGATED STRUCTURES -- 10. NANOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF FURAN BASED STRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- A NEW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOND DISTANCES AND BOND STRETCHING WAVENUMBERS OF NO IN COMPLEXES, CLUSTERS, AND ADSORBED ON SINGLE CRYSTAL METAL SURFACES: A VIBRATIONAL SPECTRODIFFRACTOMETRIC ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- LIGAND ABBREVIATIONS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 2.1. The Data -- 2.2. Structure and Bonding -- 2.3. Is the Νno Vibration a Good Group-Frequency Mode? -- 3. THE BADGER'S PLOTS -- 4. SOME COMMENTS ON THE IJ AND CIJ* PARAMETER OF THE BADGER RULE -- 5. TWO EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MODIFIED BADGER'S EQUATIONS -- 5.1. The Case of [Fe (NO)(CN)5]2- Anion -- 5.2. The Case of NO/Ni (111) -- an Example of NO Adorbed on Single Cyrstal Metal Surfaces -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) IN METAL-MEDIATED CATALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. CROSS-COUPLING REACTION IN POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) -- 1.1. Suzuki Reaction -- 1.2. Heck Reaction -- 1.3. Sonogashira Reaction -- 2. POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) STABILIZED TRANSITION-METAL NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1. Palladium Nanoparticles -- 2.2. Platinum Nanoparticles -- 2.3. Silver Nanoparticles -- 2.4. Cobalt Nanoparticles. , 3. POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL)-BOUND LIGANDS IN CATALYTIC REACTION -- 3.1. Hydrogenation -- 3.2. Hydroformylation -- 3.3. Suzuki Reaction -- 3.4. Heck Reaction -- 3.5. Sonogashira Reaction -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- WATER CHEMISTRY, A MYSTERY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY AND WATER CONTAMINATION -- 3. GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY AND DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATIONS -- 4. STANDARDIZING THE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS -- 5. WATER, A NUTRIENT -- 6. WATER, A MEDICINE -- 7. MYTH OF MINERAL (BOTTLED) WATER -- 8. WATER FILTERS/ RO UNITS -- 9. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF DRINKING WATER -- 9. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF DRINKING WATER -- 11. SAFEGUARDING THE WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSION -- MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR COX PURIFICATION OF GASEOUS STREAMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PRODUCT GAS CLEANING -- 3. COX PURIFICATION VIA MR TECHNOLOGY -- 4. MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE REACTOR OUTLINES -- 5. INORGANIC MEMBRANE REACTORS -- 1) Carbon Membranes -- 2) Ceramic Membranes -- 3) Zeolite Membranes -- 6. POLYMERIC MEMBRANES FOR COX SEPARATION -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE TRENDS -- LIST OF SYMBOLS -- REFERENCES -- DOCKING OF ANTISCHISTOSOMAL NATURAL PRODUCTS WITH RELEVANT PROTEIN TARGETS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPUTATIONAL METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Molecular Docking -- Glutathione S-Transferase -- Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase -- Superoxide Dismutase -- Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase -- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E -- Cyclophilin A -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROPIONIC ACID BY ANAEROBIC PROCESSES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. FUNDAMENTALS -- 2. PROPIONIC ACID ANAEROBIC BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 3. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- ANALYSIS OF BAMBOO-CARBONIZED LIQUID AND DETERMINATION OF ITS CONSTITUENTS BY GC-MS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIAL AND METHODS. , Procedure for Carbonization of Bamboo and Collection of Bamboo Carbonized Liquid -- Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 27 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 27 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: VALORISATION OF FATTY ACIDS AND TERPENES IN THE PRESENCE OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS -- Chapter 2: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES FROM SEAWEEDS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO WHEAT FLOUR NOODLE -- Chapter 3: THE STUDY OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL INFLUENCE OF ETHANOL ON CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES OF THE LIMBIC AND MOTOR SYSTEMS IN THE OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOLIZED FEMALE ALBINO RATS, AS WELL AS THE POSSIBILITY OF CORRECTING OF DISORDERS CAUSED BY ETHANOL WITH ANTIOXIDANTS -- Chapter 4: APPLICATION OF OZONE FOR PULSED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION AND ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION OF THIN FILMS USED IN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY -- Chapter 5: A NONTRADITIONAL METHOD OF OBTAINING WATER-SOLUBLE DERIVATIVES OF HIGH MOLECULAR-WEIGHT CHITOSAN -- Chapter 6: ADVANCES IN SYNTHETIC APPROACHES, FUNCTIONNALIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF QUINOXALINE DERIVATIVES -- Chapter 7: YLIDES: SYNTHESIS, REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS -- Chapter 8: LUMINESCENT HYDROPHOBIC CARBON QUANTUM DOTS: EFFICIENT ACCEPTOR IN ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Advances in Asymmetric Addition Reaction to α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Asymmetric Addition Reaction to α, β -Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds via -- 2.1. 1,4-Addition -- 2.2. 1,2-Addition -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Electronic and Optical Properties of Zinc Porphyrins on TiO2 in Dye-Sensitized Solar-Cells (DSSCs): The Quantum Chemistry Point of View -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Models and Computational Details -- 2.1. Models -- 2.2. Computational Details -- 2.3. Theoretical Analysis of Photophysical Properties -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Molecular Structure -- 3.2. Excitation Energy Calculations -- 3.2.1. YD2 and YD2-o-C8 -- 3.2.2. LD13 and LD14 -- 3.2.3. ZnPBAT -- 3.2.4. WW3n-WW8n -- 3.2.5. ZnPcR3-COOH -- 3.3. Absorption Properties -- 4. Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Detonation Wave of Condensation in Acetylene -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental Observation and Investigation of a Detonation Wave of Carbon Condensation -- Experiments on the Detonation Wave of Condensation in Acetylene -- Kinetics of Chemical Condensation of Carbon During Pyrolysis of C2H2 -- Thermodynamics of the Condensation Process in the Pyrolysis of Acetylene -- Properties of the Obtained Carbon Particles -- The Possibility of Using The Energy of the Detonation Pyrolysis of Acetylene -- Schematic Diagram of the Energy Cycle Using the Energy of Acetylene Condensation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Aromatic Amines: Properties, Toxicity Profiles and Bacterial Degradation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Aromatic Amines and Structure -- Aromatic Amines in the Environment -- Carcinogenicity and Toxicity of Aromatic Amines -- Biodegradation of Aromatic Amines -- Conclusion -- References. , Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 5 -- GC-MS-MS Detection of Pesticide Residues in Chili Using the QuEChERS Extraction Method -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental Details -- Apparatus -- Reagents -- Preparation of Reference Standard Solutions -- Preparation of Sample -- GC- MS/MS Analysis -- Validation Study -- Results and Discussion -- Method Validation -- Recovery Experiments of Spiked Samples -- Applicability of the Developed Method -- Sampling -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Core-Modified Porphyrins and Their Derivatives as Important and Promising Class of Ligands: Review of Research and Perspectives -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metal Complexes of Chalcogen Core-Modified Porphyrins and Their Derivatives -- 2.1. General Considerations -- 2.2. Metal Complexes of 21-Oxaporphyrin (N3O Core) and 21-Thiaporphyrin (N3S Core) -- 2.3. Metal Complexes of 21-Selenaporphyrin (N3Se Core) -- 2.4. Metal Complexes of 21,23-Dioxaporphyrin (N2O2 Core) -- 2.5. Metal Complexes of 21,23-Dithiaporphyrin (N2S2 Core) -- 2.6. Metal Complexes of 21,23-Diselenoporphyrin (N2Se2 Core) -- 2.7. Metal Complexes of 21-Oxacorrole (N3O Core) and 21,23-Dioxacorrole (N2O2 Core) -- 3. Metal Complexes of Phosphoheteroporphyrins (N2PS and P4 Cores) -- 4. Metal Complexes of Carba- and Heterocarbaporphyrinoids -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Solvation and Preferential Solvation in Solvent Mixtures -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Solvation in Mixtures and Preferential Solvation -- 2.1. Preferential Solvation Models -- 2.2. Empirical Models -- 2.2.1. Langhals's Model -- 2.2.2. Dawber's Model -- 2.3. Spectroscopic Models -- 2.3.1. Competitive Preferential Solvation Model (COPS) -- 2.3.2. Suppan's Model of Dielectric Enrichment -- 2.4. Thermodynamic Models -- 2.4.1. Marcus's Model -- 2.4.2. Ben-Naim Model -- 2.4.3. Covington's Model -- 2.4.4. Bagchi's Model -- 2.4.4.1. Bagchi's Ternary Model -- 2.4.5. Skwierczynski and Connors's Model -- 2.4.6. Bosch and Rosés's Model -- 2.4.7. El Seoud's Model -- 2.4.8. Expanded m Model -- References -- Chapter 3 -- N-Terminus of Subunit III of Cytochrome c Oxidase Provides a Critical Pathway for Protons for Its Biological Activities -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods. , Expression and Purification of Cytochrome c Oxidase -- Removal of SIII -- Steady-State Electron Transfer Activities -- Heme a Reduction Level -- Proton-Pumping -- Results -- Steady-State Electron Transfer Activities and pH Dependencies -- The Conserved Histidine Residues Are Involved in Proton Uptake for Activity -- Assessment of the Role of Protons in Internal Electron Transfer in COX and TM -- TM Exhibits Lower Proton Pumping Efficiency -- Catalase Activity in Control COX and TM -- Conclusion -- Proton Reservoir and Buffering Capacity on the Internal Face of COX -- Alternative COX Activities Support the Role of the Conserved Histidines of SIII in D-Channel Functioning -- Proton-Pumping in TM Is Inhibited and is Caused by a Build up of Catalytic Intermediates -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Organometallic Mo(VI)-Complex Grafted on TiO2 as Photocatalyst in Oxidation of Chlorophenyl Substituted Alkanes with Dioxygen -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Some Problems of the Oxidation of the Halogenated Phenyl Substituted Alkanes with Dioxygen -- Mo(VI)-Organometallic Complexes as Oxidation Catalysts -- Experimental -- Reactants and Experimental Installation -- Chemicals -- Materials -- Experimental Installation -- Syntheses, Procedures and Analyses -- Reaction Mixture and Experimental Procedures -- Analyses of Products -- Experimental Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Plant Biomass-Based Production of the Biopolymer Pullulan -- Abstract -- 1. Pullulan Structure and Applications -- 2. Processing Coproducts Used for Pullulan Production -- 3. Plant Biomass Used for Pullulan Production -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 6 -- Zubow's Method of Utilization of Carbon Dioxide: New Chemistry of Shock Waves, Our Gift to Humanity -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Material and Method -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Understanding the Efficiency of Electrochemical Oxidation in Toxicity Removal -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Anode Material -- Metal Oxides Anodes - Lead Dioxide Anodes -- Biocides -- Dyes -- Pharmaceuticals -- Real Petrochemical Wastewaters -- Metal Oxides Anodes - Dimensionally Stable Anodes -- Amines -- Biocides -- Dyes -- Pharmaceuticals -- Phenolic Compounds -- Simulated Tannery Wastewater -- Other Synthetic Effluents -- Real Effluents -- Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes -- Biocides -- Dyes -- Pharmaceuticals -- Phenolic Compounds -- Other Synthetic Effluents -- Real Effluents -- Platinum Anode -- Pharmaceuticals -- Phenolic Compounds -- Real Wastewaters -- Carbonaceous Anodes -- Biocides -- Dyes -- Pharmaceuticals -- Phenolic Compounds -- Other -- Other Anode Materials -- Dyes -- Pharmaceuticals -- Real Effluents -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Technologies for the Remediation of Refractory Organic Compounds in Water and Wastewater -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Electro-Fenton and Anodic Oxidation Technologies -- 1.2. Selection of Electrode Materials -- 1.3. Electrolysers Used for the Treatments -- 2. Electro-Fenton Process -- 2.1. Difference between Conventional Fenton and Electro-Fenton Processes -- 2.2. Limitations Overcome in the Electro-Fenton Process -- 2.3. Reactor Set Up Used for Remediation of Diazo Dye, Trypan Blue (TB) in Water -- 2.4. Choice of Electrode Material for Better Efficiency -- 2.5. Effect of Experimental Parameters on Degradation of Synthetic Dye -- 2.5.1. Effect of Current Density (J) -- 2.5.2. Effect of Varying Oxidant Concentration -- 2.5.3. Effect of the Inter-Electrode Distance on Decolorization Efficiency -- 2.5.4. Effect of Supporting Electrolytes. , 2.6. Kinetic Modeling Involved in Oxidation Process -- 2.7. Degradation Pathway for TB Dye -- 3. Anodic Oxidation Process -- 3.1. Difference between Electro-Fenton and Anodic Oxidation Processes -- 3.2. Selection of Anodic Material -- 3.3. Material Used for Cathode -- 3.4. Effect of Working Parameters for Remediation of Water Pollutants -- 3.5. Reaction Mechanism Involved in Decontamination -- 3.6. Role of Supporting Electrolytes Used in the Solution -- 3.7. Major Applications -- 4. Integrating Electrochemical Oxidation Processes -- Conclusion -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Humic Acids of Siberian Soils, Peats, and Coals: Composition and Structural Features -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Some Metrological Aspects of Humic Acid Analysis -- Estimation of Uncertainty during Analysis -- Estimating Composition Reproducibility of 5 Copies of Sample -- 1 Obtained in Parallel Under the Same Isolation Conditions -- Dependence of Composition and Structural Features of Lowland Peat HAs on Extraction Method -- Dependence of Elemental and Fragment Composition of Siberian Soil Has on Bioclimatic Conditions of Their Formation -- Dependence of HAs Composition and Structural Features on Peat Botanical Composition and Degree of Decomposition -- Comparative Analysis of HAs of Different Genesis -- Diagnostic Analysis of HAs from Industrial Humate of Unknown Origin -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Humic Acids-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as Highly Effective Paramagnetic Adsorbent for p-Chlorophenol -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Materials -- Instrumentation -- Extraction and Purification of HAs -- Preparation of HAs/Fe3O4 NPs -- Determination of pHPZC -- Effect of Medium pH -- Effect of Adsorption Time -- Effect of Initial Concentration of p-Chlorophenol -- Results and Discussion. , Characterization of HAs, Fe3O4 NPs, and HAs/Fe3O4 NPs -- FT-IR Spectroscopy Analysis -- XRD Analysis -- Magnetism Analysis -- pHPZC of HAs/Fe3O4 NPs -- Adsorption of p-Chlorophenol -- Effect of Medium Acidity -- Adsorption Kinetics -- Adsorption Isotherms -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of Humic Acids of Different Genesis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Spectroscopy of Humic Acids -- Electronic Absorption Spectra -- Fluorescence of Humic Acids -- The Influence of Radiation on the Properties of Humic Acids -- The Uses of Humic Substances -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Investigation of Thermal Shock Resistance in Alumina-Based Refractory Castables -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Methodology of Experimental Work -- 2.2. Materials -- 2.3. Preparation of Alumina- Based Refractory Castables Samples -- 2.3.1. Manufacturing Process -- 2.3.2. Curing and Drying -- 2.3.3. Sintering -- 2.4. Methods -- 2.4.1. Water Quench Test -- 2.4.2. Morphology Analysis- Macrostructure and Microstructure -- 2.4.3. Image Analysis -- 2.4.4. Ultrasonic Measurements -- 2.4.5. Mechanical Strength Testing -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Alumina- Based Refractory Castables Samples -- 3.2. Thermal Shock Resistance Evaluation -- 3.2.1. Visual Inspection of the Thermal Shock Damage -- 3.2.2. Microscopic Observation of the Thermal Shock Damage -- 3.2.3. Image Analysis -- 3.2.4. Ultrasonic Measurements -- 3.2.5. Mechanical Strength Degradation and Critical Number of Thermal Shock Cycles -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- A Review on the Production of Light Olefins from Hydrocarbons Cracking and Methanol Conversion -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The U.S. Methanol Market -- 1.2. Global Marketing and Production -- 1.3. Methanol Manufacturing in Iran -- 2. Olefins Global Marketing -- 2.1. Global Propylene Production and Marketing -- 2.2. Ethylene Global Marketing and Production -- 2.3. OLEFINS Production Processes (Olefins Production Overview) -- 2.3.1. Steam Cracking -- 2.3.2. Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) -- 2.3.3. Oxidative Coupling of Methane -- 2.3.4. The Methanol to Olefins Process -- 2.4. Olefin Productions: Processes Detailed Review -- 2.4.1. Ethylene Production Licenses -- 2.4.1.1. China Petrochemical Technology Co -- 2.4.1.2. Lummus Technology -- 2.4.1.3. Linde Technology -- 2.4.1.4. The Shaw Group Technology -- 2.4.1.5. The Technip (I) Technology -- 2.4.1.6. The Technip (II) Technology -- 2.4.1.7. The UOP LLC- Honeywell Co. Technology -- 3. Propylene Production -- 3.1. Axens Technology (I) -- 3.2. The Axens Technology (II) -- 3.3. China Petrochemical Technology Co. -- 3.4. The Kellogg Brown & -- Root LLC Technology -- 3.5. The Lummus Technology -- 3.6. The UOP LLC, Honeywell Technlogy -- 3.7. The Lummus Technology (II) -- 4. Fundamental to Zeolits -- 4.1. Zeolite Materials: A Definition -- 4.2. Brønsted Acidity in Metallo Silicate Zeolites -- 4.3. Brønsted Acidity in Aluminophosphates -- 4.4. Zeolite Selection for Processes -- 4.5. Structures of Commercially Significant Zeolites -- 4.6. ZSM - 5 (MFI) -- Conclusion -- References -- Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Higher Plants: A Key Enzyme for Plant Development -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure, Localization and Kinetics -- 3. PAL Genes and Differential Regulation -- 4. PAL Assay -- 5. Phenylpropanoids -- 5.1. Flavonoids. , 5.2. Lignin -- 5.3. Coumarins -- 5.4. Tannins -- 5.5. Lignans -- 6. Factors Influencing PAL Activity -- 6.1. Intrinsic Factors -- 6.2. Infections Caused by Pathogens and Insect Attack -- 6.3. Wounding -- 6.4. Light -- 6.5. Ethylene -- 6.6. Carbohydrates -- 6.7. Methyl Jasmonate -- 6.8. Salinity -- 6.9. Temperature -- 6.10. Mineral Deficiency -- 6.11. UV Radiation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chalcogenated Ligands/ Nanoparticles and Transfer Hydrogenation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Chalcogen Ligated Metal Complexes -- Organochalcogen Ligands with Chalcogenoether Functionality -- Organochalcogen Ligands with Triazole Core -- Organochalcogen Ligands with Pyridine Framework -- Organochalcogen Ligands with Imine Functionality -- Comparison AMONG Catalytic Efficiency -- Nanocatalysts Stabilized with Organochalcogen Ligands -- Summary of Insights of Catalytic Processes of Transfer Hydrogenation -- Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theory in Electrochemistry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Electrochemical Similarity Criterion Characterizing the Uniformity of Current Distribution -- Dimensional Analysis of Electrochemical Mass Transfer Problems -- Dimensional Analysis of Charge Transfer Processes -- Dimensional Analysis of Electrochemical Processes Involving Consecutive Charge Transfer -- Dimensional Analysis in Applied Electrochemistry -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Micro Extraction: An Ecocompatible Extraction Technique -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Types of Sample Preparation Techniques -- Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)/Liquid Phase Micro-Extraction (LPME) -- Classification of LPME -- Single Drop Micro-Extraction (SDME) -- Head Space Hanging-Drop Micro-Extraction (HS-HDME) -- Direct Immersion SDME -- Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Micro-Extraction (HF-LPME). , Results and Discussion -- Hollow Fiber Drop to Drop Microextraction: (HF-DDME) -- Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Micro-Extraction (DLLME) -- Solid Phase Microextraction(SPME) -- Conclusion -- References -- Bis-Azides -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Functional Interconversion Employing -- Bis-Azides -- Bis-Azides and CuAAC Reaction -- Synthesis of Functionalized Macrocycles -- Use of Bis-Azides in Polymer Chemistry -- Preparation of Cross-Linked DNA -- Concluding Remarks -- Conflict of Interests -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.