Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to Volume 15 -- Contributors -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1 Categories of Zinc Metalloenzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Catalytic Role of Zinc: Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3. Structural Role of Zinc: Aspartate Transcarbamylase -- 4. Regulatory and Catalytic Roles of Zinc: Leucine Aminopeptidase -- 5. Noncatalytic and Catalytic Roles of Zinc: Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 6. General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Models for Zn(II) Binding Sites in Enzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3. Peptidases: Carboxypeptidase and Thermolysin -- 4. Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 5. Alkaline Phosphatase -- 6. Superoxide Dismutase -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 An Insight on the Active Site of Zinc Enzymes Through Metal Substitution -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zinc(II) in Metalloenzymes -- 3. Zinc Substitution and General Remarks on the Metal Derivatives -- 4. Cobalt(II) Derivatives -- 5. Copper(II) Derivatives -- 6. Manganese(II) Derivatives -- 7. Cadmium(II) Derivatives -- 8. Other Metal Derivatives -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4 The Role of Zinc in DNA and RNA Polymerases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Universal Presence of Zinc in DNA and RNA Polymerases -- 3. DNA Polymerase -- 4. RNA Polymerase -- 5. Possible Role of Intrinsic Zinc -- 6. Conclusions and Perspective -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5 The Role of Zinc in Snake Toxins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metals in Snake Venoms -- 3. Effect of Chelating Agents -- 4. Zinc in Purified Hemorrhagic Toxins and Proteolytic Enzymes -- References -- Chapter 6 Spectroscopic Properties of Metallothionein -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Covalent Structure -- 3. Metal Composition, Removal, and Reconstitution: Preparation of Transition Metal Derivatives. , 4. Spectroscopic Features of Native and Reconstituted Metallothionein -- 5. Conformation of the Polypeptide Chain in Metallothionein -- 6. Coordination Geometry of Metal-Binding Sites in Metallothionein -- 7. Metal-Thiolate Clusters in Metallothionein -- 8. Stability of Metal-Protein Complexes in Metallothionein -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Interaction of Zinc with Erythrocytes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Interaction of Zinc with Erythrocyte Membranes -- 3. Interaction of Zinc with Hemoglobin -- 4. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8 Zinc Absorption and Excretion in Relation to Nutrition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absorption -- 3. Excretion -- 4. Significance for Zinc Nutrition -- References -- Chapter 9 Nutritional Influence of Zinc on the Activity of Enzymes and Hormones -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of Zinc on Metalloenzyme Activity -- 3. Effects of Zinc on Hormones -- References -- Chapter 10 Zinc Deficiency Syndrome During Parenteral Nutrition in Humans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metabolic Aspects of Zinc in Human Nutrition -- 3. Zinc Deficiency During Parenteral Nutrition -- 4. Case Reports -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Prefaces -- In Memoriam -- Contents -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- Chapter 1. The Biogeochemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten -- Chapter 2. Transport, Homeostasis, Regulation, and Binding of Molybdate and Tungstate to Proteins -- Chapter 3. Molybdenum Nitrogenases: A Crystallographic and Mechanistic View -- Chapter 4. Chemical Dinitrogen Fixation by Molybdenum and Tungsten Complexes: Insights from Coordination Chemistry -- Chapter 5. Biosynthesis of the Nitrogenase Iron-Molybdenum-Cofactor from Azotobacter vinelandii -- Chapter 6. Molybdenum Enzymes Containing the Pyranopterin Cofactor: An Overview -- Chapter 7. The Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors: A Crystallographic View -- Chapter 8. Models for the Pyranopterin-Containing Molybdenum and Tungsten Cofactors -- Chapter 9. Biosynthesis and Molecular Biology of the Molybdenum Cofactor (Moco) -- Chapter 10. Molybdenum in Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Oxidoreductase* -- Chapter 11. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Nicotinate, Isonicotinate, and Nicotine -- Chapter 12. The Molybdenum-Containing Xanthine Oxidoreductases and Picolinate Dehydrogenases -- Chapter 13. Enzymes of the Xanthine Oxidase Family: The Role of Molybdenum -- Chapter 14. The Molybdenum-Containing Hydroxylases of Quinoline, Isoquinoline, and Quinaldine -- Chapter 15. Molybdenum Enzymes in Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Acids -- Chapter 16. Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes in C1 Metabolism -- Chapter 17. Molybdenum Enzymes and Sulfur Metabolism -- Chapter 18. Comparison of Selenium-Containing Molybdoenzymes -- Chapter 19. Tungsten-Dependent Aldehyde Oxidoreductase: A New Family of Enzymes Containing the Pterin Cofactor -- Chapter 20. Tunsten-Substituted Molybdenum Enzymes -- Chapter 21. Molybdenum Metabolism and Requirements in Humans. , Chapter 22. Metabolism and Toxicity of Tungsten in Humans and Animals -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Front cover -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to Volume 43 -- Contents of Volume 43 -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- HANDBOOK ON METALLOPROTEINS -- 1 -- The Biogeochemical Cycles of the Elements and the Evolution of Life -- Peter M. H. Kroneck -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MODERN EARTH: CYCLING OF THE BIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS -- 3. EVOLUTION OF LIFE -- 4. OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2 -- Biogeochemistry of Dihydrogen (H2) -- Tori M. Hoehler -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Antiquity and Ubiquity of H2 in the Microbial World -- 1.2. The Evolving Role of H2 in Biogeochemistry -- 2. H2 FROM THE PLANETARY MATRIX 2.1. Abiotic Mechanisms of H2 Production -- 2.2. Atmospheric Chemistry Involving H2 -- 2.3. Abiotic H2 as an Energy Source for Photosynthesis-Independent Ecosystems -- 3. H2 CYCLING IN ANAEROBIC ECOSYSTEMS -- 3.1. Interspecies H2 Transfer -- Table 1 -- Table 2 -- 3.2. Factors Controlling H2 Concentrations -- 3.3. Implications for Biogeochemistry -- 4. H2 CYCLING IN PHOTOTROPHIC ECOSYSTEMS 4.1. H2 in the Metabolism of Phototrophic Microorganisms -- Table 3 -- 4.2. H2 Cycling in Photosynthetic Microbial Mats -- 4.3. Implications for Biogeochemistry -- 5. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 -- Dioxygen over Geological Time -- Norman H. Sleep -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LONG-TERM CRUSTAL RESERVOIRS AND CYCLES -- 3. MODERN AND ANCIENT BIOLOGICAL REDOX CYCLES -- 3.1. Thermodynamics of Life -- 3.2. The Geological Record of the Modern Cycle -- 3.3. Ancient Ecosystems -- 4. MANTLE CYCLE -- 4.1. Coupled Sulfur and Carbon Cycles and the Net Mantle Flux -- 4.2. Oxidation of Basaltic Crust at Midocean Ridges -- 4.3. Mantle Oxidation and Volcanic Gases -- 4.4. Subduction of Sediments -- 4.5. Serpentinite -- 4.6. Hydrogen Escape to Space. , 5. CARBON BURIAL -- 5.1. Coupled Organic Carbon and Carbonate Surface Cycles -- 5.2. Sites for Organic Carbon Burial -- 5.3. Phosphorus and Organic Carbon Burial -- 6. CONCLUSION: OXYGEN BUILD-UP OVER GEOLOGICAL TIME -- 6.1. Hydrogen Escape and the Crustal Oxygen Reservoir -- 6.2. Transition to Oxygen-Rich Atmosphere -- 6.3. Controls on Reservoir Sizes -- 6.4. Exportable Biological Implications -- NOTES ADDED IN PROOF -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 -- The Nitrogen Cycle: Its Biology -- Marc Rudolf and Peter M. H. Kroneck -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NITROGEN FIXATION 2.1. Chemical Aspects -- 2.2. Biological Aspects -- 2.3. Nitrogenase: Three-Dimensional Structure and Reaction Mechanism -- 3. RESPIRATORY PROCESSES: ENERGY CONSERVATION WITH INORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS -- 3.1. Denitrification: Reductive Transformation of Nitrate to Dinitrogen -- 3.2. Nitrite Ammonification: Reductive Transformation of Nitrite to Ammonia -- 3.3. Nitrification and Nitrite Oxidation: Oxidative Transformation of Ammonia -- 4. ASSIMILATORY PROCESSES: BUILDING THE ESSENTIAL MOLECULES OF LIFE -- 5. OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 -- The Biological Cycle of Sulfur -- Oliver Klimmek -- 1. SULFUR IN BIOLOGY -- Table 1 -- 2. CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR 2.1. Polysulfide Sulfur as Soluble Sulfur Compound -- 3. POLYSULFIDE SULFUR AS AN INTERMEDIATE IN SULFUR RESPIRATION -- 4. POLYSULFIDE SULFUR RESPIRATION OF BACTERIA 4.1. Bacterial Sulfur Reducers -- 4.2. Polysulfide Sulfur Respiration of W. succinogenes -- Table 2 -- Table 3 -- 5. SULFUR RESPIRATION OF ARCHAEA 5.1. Archaeal Sulfur Reducers -- 5.2. Sulfur Respiration of Acidianus ambivalens -- 5.3. Sulfur Respiration of Pyrodictium abyssi -- 6. POLYSULFIDE SULFUR TRANSFERASES -- 6.1. Polysulfide Sulfur Transferase of W. succinogenes -- 7. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT. , ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 -- Biological Cycling of Phosphorus -- Bernhard Schink -- 1. INTRODUCTION: CHEMISTRY OF PHOSPHORUS MINERALS -- Table 1 -- 2. PHOSPHATES IN BIOLOGY -- 2.1. Phosphate Uptake by Algae, Bacteria, and Higher Plants -- Table 2 -- 2.2. Polyphosphate Synthesis and Degradation -- 3. METABOLISM OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS WITH C-P LINKAGES -- 3.1. Synthesis of C-P and C- P- C Compounds -- 3.2. Degradation of C- P and C- P-C Compounds -- 4. METABOLISM OF REDUCED INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS 4.1. Assimilation of Phosphite and Hypophosphite -- 4.2. Dissimilation of Phosphite -- 5. FORMATION OF PHOSPHINE -- 6. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 -- Iron, Phytoplankton Growth, and the Carbon Cycle -- Joseph H. Street and Adina Paytan -- 1. IRON, AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT FOR MARINE ORGANISMS 1.1. Iron Function in Cells -- 1.2. Cellular Uptake Mechanisms -- 1.3. Chemical and Physical Limits on Uptake Rates -- 1.4. Expression of Stress -- 2. IRON CHEMISTRY IN SEAWATER -- 2.1. Chemical Forms -- 2.2. Speciation and Redox Chemistry -- 2.3. Interaction with Organic Compounds -- 3. IRON DISTRIBUTION AND CYCLING IN THE OCEAN -- 3.1. External Iron Sources -- 3.2. Iron Cycling in the Ocean -- 3.3. Patterns in the Distribution of Iron in the Ocean -- 4. IRON LIMITATION OF MARINE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND CONTROL ON ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE -- 4.1. Evidence for the Role of Iron in Regulating Productivity in High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll Regions -- 4.2. Interaction of Iron with Other Limiting Factors -- 4.3. Carbon Export and Iron Fertilization -- 5. THE ROLE OF IRON IN REGULATING ATMOSPHERIC CO2 5.1. The Iron Hypothesis -- 5.2. Changes in Dust Input and Productivity in Glacial Periods -- 5.3. Consequences for Atmospheric CO2 and Global Climate -- 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS. , REFERENCES -- 8 -- The Biogeochemistry of Cadmium -- Franc¸ois M. M. Morel and Elizabeth G. Malcolm -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONCENTRATIONS: SOURCES AND SINKS -- 2.1. Cadmium in the Atmosphere -- 2.2. Cadmium in Rivers and Soils -- 2.3. Cadmium in the Oceans -- 3. CHEMICAL SPECIATION -- 4. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 4.1. Toxicity -- 4.2. Detoxification -- 4.3. Cadmium Use in Phytoplankton -- 5. THE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF CADMIUM AS AN ALGAL NUTRIENT IN THE SEA 5.1. Mass Balance in Surface Seawater -- 5.2. Cellular Quotas -- 5.3. Uptake and Growth Rates -- 5.4. Remineralization -- 6. CADMIUM AS A PALEOTRACER -- 7. ENVOI -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 -- The Biogeochemistry and Fate of Mercury in the Environment -- Nelson J. O'Driscoll -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MERCURY SPECIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 3. PROCESSES AFFECTING ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND FATE 3.1. Atmospheric Emissions and Mercury Deposition -- 3.2. Atmospheric Reactions -- 4. PROCESSES AFFECTING AQUATIC TRANSPORT AND FATE 4.1. Mercury Oxidation and Reduction -- 4.2. Mercury Methylation and Demethylation -- 4.3. Binding and Sedimentation -- 5. EFFECTS OF A CHANGING LANDSCAPE ON MERCURY FATE 5.1. Wetlands -- 5.2. Deforestation -- 6. BIG DAM WEST LAKE MERCURY MASS BALANCE 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Experimental Findings -- 7. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 -- Biogeochemistry and Cycling of Lead -- William Shotyk and Gae¨l Le Roux -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHEMISTRY OF LEAD AND BEHAVIOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2.1. Summary of Basic Chemical Properties -- 2.2. Abundance and Occurrence -- 2.3. Measuring Lead Concentrations -- 3. LEAD ISOTOPES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT 3.1. Stable Isotopes -- 3.2. Measurements of Stable Lead Isotopes -- 3.3. Intermediate Decay Products of U-Th Decay Series. , 4. ANCIENT AND MODERN USES OF LEAD 4.1. Ancient and Medieval Uses -- 4.2. Modern Uses -- 5. EMISSIONS OF LEAD TO THE ENVIRONMENT -- Table 1 -- 5.1. Lead in Natural vs. Anthropogenic Atmospheric Particles -- 5.2. Atmospheric Lead from Alkyllead Fuel Additives -- 6. INPUTS AND FATE OF ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD IN THE BIOSPHERE 6.1. Lead Concentrations in Soils -- 6.2. Cumulative Impact of Anthropogenic, Atmospheric Lead -- Table 2 -- 6.3. The Fate of Anthropogenic Lead in Soils -- 6.4. Lead Concentrations in Solution -- 7. TEMPORAL TRENDS IN ATMOSPHERIC LEAD DEPOSITION 7.1. Lead in Sediments -- 7.2. Lead in Bryophytes -- 7.3. Lead in Tree Rings and Bark Pockets -- 7.4. Peat Bog Archives -- 7.5. Relative Importance of Gasoline Lead vs. Other Sources of Industrial Lead -- 7.6. The Cumulative Input of Anthropogenic Lead -- 7.7. Lead in Polar Snow and Ice -- 7.8. Lead in Atmospheric Aerosols Today -- 8. ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD EXPOSURE AND HUMAN HEALTH 8.1. Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) and Their Significance -- 8.2. Mechanism of Lead Poisoning -- 8.3. Predominant Sources of Lead Exposure -- 8.4. Other Sources of Lead Exposure -- 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Back cover.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE TO VOLUME 40 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES -- HANDBOOK ON TOXICITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- HANDBOOK ON METALS IN CLINICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -- HANDBOOK ON METALLOPROTEINS -- Chapter 1: DISTRIBUTION OF THE LANTHANIDES IN THE EARTH'S CRUST -- 1. Geochemical Behavior of the Lanthanides -- 2. Lanthanide Mineralogy -- 3. Samarium-Neodymium and Hafnium-Lutetium Isotope Geochemistry -- 4. The Oceanic Crust of the Earth -- 5. The Continental Crust -- 6. Lanthanides in the Continental Crust -- 7. Europium as a Geochemical Tracer -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 2: MOBILIZATION OF LANTHANIDES THROUGH THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE -- 1. Basic Lanthanide Chemistry -- 2. Sources of Lanthanides for Environmental Processes -- 3. Weathering of Rocks: Formation of Soil and Abundance of Lanthanides -- 4. Microbial Interactions with Lanthanides -- 5. Uptake of Lanthanides into Plants -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 3: COMPLEXES OF LANTHANIDE IONS WITH AMINO ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, AND OTHER LIGANDS OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST IN SOLUTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results from Complexes with Model Ligands -- 3. Complexes of Amino Acids with Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Lanthanide Phospholipid Complexes -- 5. Interactions of Nucleotides and Lanthanide Ions -- 6. Complexes of Lanthanides with Sugar-Type Ligands -- 7. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 4: BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT STRUCTURAL COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF SIMPLE LANTHANIDE ION COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. X-Ray Structural Studies of Simple Lanthanide Ion Complexes -- 3. Summary and Overview -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations. , References -- Chapter 5: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES IN STUDIES OF METAL ION-DEPENDENT ENZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modulation of Enzyme Activity by Lanthanide Ions and Suitability as Probes -- 3. Conclusions -- 4. Appendix: Methodologies -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: LANTHANIDE CHELATES AS FLUORESCENCE LABELS FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanide Fluorescent Complexes and Labels -- 3. Application to Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay -- 4. Application to DNA Hybridization Assay and Cell Activity Assay -- 5. Application to Chromatography -- 6. Application to Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging -- 7. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: RESPONSIVE LUMINESCENT LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanistic Basis for Mode of Action -- 3. pH Dependent Luminescence -- 4. Anion Dependent Luminescence -- 5. Oxygen Dependent Luminescence -- 6. Modulation by Metal Ions and Selected Molecules -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES OF ELECTRON TRANSFER IN PROTEINS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Parvalbumin/Lanthanide Model System -- 3. Proof of Electron Transfer in the Model System -- 4. Application of Markus Theory of Electron Transfer to the Model System -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 9: LANTHANIDE IONS AS LUMINESCENT PROBES OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Photophysical Properties of Lanthanides -- 3. Nucleic Acids -- 4. Proteins and Enzymes -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: LANTHANIDE-PROMOTED PEPTIDE BOND HYDROLYSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Peptide Hydrolysis by Ce(IV) -- 3. Activities of Other Lanthanide and Non-Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Mechanism of Peptide Hydrolysis. , 5. Homogeneous Hydrolysis of Peptides by Lanthanide-Cyclodextrin Complexes -- 6. Origin of the Remarkable Activity of Ce(IV) -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11: LANTHANIDE-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHATE ESTERS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 1. Introduction and Scope -- 2. Mechanisms of Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis -- 3. Formation of Lanthanide Complexes in Water and Their Catalytic Use -- 4. Kinetics of Catalytic Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis -- 5. Lanthanide Alkoxide and Hydroperoxide Complexes -- 6. Catalysis with Di- and Polynuclear Complexes -- 7. Analogs of Functional Amino Acids in Catalytic Centers -- 8. Other Lanthanide-Based Systems -- 9. A Final Performance Comparison of Lanthanides with Other Metal Ions -- 10. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: SEQUENCE-SELECTIVE SCISSION OF DNA AND RNA BY LANTHANIDE IONS AND THEIR COMPLEXES -- 1. Significance of Site-Selective Scission of DNA and RNA -- 2. Molecular Design for a Sequence-Selective Scission -- 3. Sequence-Selective DNA Cutters (Artificial Restriction Enzymes) -- 4. Sequence-Selective RNA Cutters (Ribozyme Mimics) -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: LANTHANIDE IONS AS PROBES FOR METAL IONS IN THE STRUCTURE AND CATALYTIC MECHANISM OF RIBOZYMES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Using Lanthanides to Study the Catalytic Mechanism of Ribozymes -- 3. Defining Metal Ion Binding Sites by Lanthanide-Induced Cleavage of the Phosphodiester Backbone -- 4. X-Ray Crystal Structures of Ribozymes and Lanthanides -- 5. Conclusions and Possible Future Applications of Lanthanides in Ribozyme Chemistry -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 14: LANTHANIDES AS SHIFT AND RELAXATION AGENTS IN ELUCIDATING THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanides as Structural Probes -- 3. Theory of Paramagnetic NMR Effects of Lanthanide Ions -- 4. Stable Lanthanide-Macromolecule Complexes -- 5. Structural Studies of Proteins in Solution -- 6. Probing Protein Surfaces and Protein Interactions with Lanthanide Chelates -- 7. Ln3+ as Probes of Nucleic Acids -- 8. Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 15: LANTHANIDE IONS AS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENTS. NUCLEAR AND ELECTRONIC RELAXATION PROPERTIES. APPLICATIONS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical Principles of Medical Imaging by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 3. Relaxation Enhancement Induced by Gd(III) Complexes -- 4. Application: Design of High Relaxivity Agents -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Structural Formulas of Ligands -- References -- Chapter 16: INTERACTIONS OF LANTHANIDES AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH PROTEINS. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- 1. Generalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gd(III)-Based Contrast Agents -- 2. Interactions of Lanthanide(III) Ions with Proteins -- 3. Interactions of Gadolinium(III) Complexes with Proteins -- 4. Responsive Systems Based on Protein Binding -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 17: METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF THE LANTHANIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemistry -- 3. Sites of Deposition in Animals -- 4. Routes of Uptake by Man -- 5. Aspects of Biochemical Behavior and Toxicity -- 6. General Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 18: CELL RESPONSES TO LANTHANIDES AND POTENTIAL PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF LANTHANIDES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biological Effects of Potential Medical Significance -- 3. Therapeutic Significances of the Biological Effects of Lanthanides -- 4. Problems to Be Solved. , Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents of Volume 44 -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to Volume 44 -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds -- Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry -- Handbook on Metalloproteins -- Chapter 1 Atmospheric Transport of Metals -- 1. Introduction: The Role of the Atmosphere in Metal Cycling -- 2. Factors Governing Atmospheric Transport -- 3. Sources of Metals in Air -- 4. Sampling and Determination of Metals -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2 The Marine Biogeochemistry of Iron -- 1. Background -- 2. Marine Bacterial Siderophores -- 3. Thoughts on Biological Significance -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 3 Speciation and Bioavailability of Trace Metals in Freshwater Environments -- 1. Introduction: Speciation and Bioavailability of Trace Metals -- 2. Speciation of Trace Metals in Freshwaters -- 3. Bioavailability of Trace Metals as a Function of Aqueous Speciation -- 4. Bioavailability of Metals from Sediments -- 5. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4 Bioavailability and Biogeochemistry of Metals in the Terrestrial Environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Concept of Bioavailability -- 3. Biogeochemistry and Bioavailability of Metals -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5 Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants and Cyanobacteria -- 1. Introduction: Heavy Metals and Plants-A Complex Relationship -- 2. Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals as Plant Micronutrients -- 3. Heavy Metals as Inhibitors of Plant Metabolism -- 4. Hyperaccumulation-Heavy Metal Uptake as a Defense Against Herbivores and Pathogens -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations. , References -- Chapter 6 Arsenic: Its Biogeochemistry and Transport in Groundwater -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Global Arsenic Abundance and Flux Estimates -- 3. Arsenic Minerals and the Geochemical Arsenic Cycle -- 4. Arsenic and Mining -- 5. Arsenic in the Ganges Delta -- 6. Conclusions and Outlook -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7 Anthropogenic Impacts on the Biogeochemistry and Cycling of Antimony -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemistry and Behavior in the Environment -- 3. Abundance and Occurrence in the Environment -- 4. Biological Chemistry and Toxicity -- 5. Total Antimony Determination -- 6. Ancient and Modern Uses of Antimony -- 7. Atmospheric Emissions to the Environment -- 8. Archives of Atmospheric Antimony Deposition -- 9. Antimony and Human Health -- 10. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8 Microbial Transformations of Radionuclides: Fundamental Mechanisms and Biogeochemical Implications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources and Nature of Radioactive Waste -- 3. A Brief Introduction To The Chemistry of Radionuclides -- 4. Radionuclide-Microbe Interactions: Fundamental Mechanisms -- 5. The Biogeochemistry of Key Radionuclides -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9 Biogeochemistry of Carbonates: Recorders of Past Oceans and Climate -- 1. Introduction to Biogenic Carbonate Proxies -- 2. Partition Coefficients -- 3. Recorders of Past Ocean Conditions -- 4. Biomineralization Processes of Different Organisms -- 5. Biological Discrimination Between Calcium and Trace Metals -- 6. Biological Ion Selectivity and the Environment -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface to the Series -- Preface to Volume 37 -- Contents -- Contributors -- Contents of Previous Volumes -- Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds -- Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry -- Chapter 1 Manganese in Natural Waters and Earth's Crust: Its Availability to Organisms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical Properties -- 3. Rates of Manganese Reactions in Water -- 4. Manganese Profiles in the Oceans -- 5. Freshwaters -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Manganese Transport in Microorganisms -- 1. Introduction and Overview -- 2. Biochemical Studies in Bacteria -- 3. Genes Controlling Manganese Accumulation in Bacteria -- 4. Genes Controlling Manganese Accumulation in Yeast -- 5. Genes Controlling the Intracellular Transport and Trafficking of Manganese Ions in Yeast -- 6. Conclusions and Directions for the Future -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3 Manganese Uptake and Transport in Plants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Availability of Manganese in the Rhizosphere -- 3. Uptake of Manganese by Plant Cells -- 4. Transport of Manganese in Xylem and Phloem -- 5. Loading of Manganese into Developing Grain -- 6. Genotypic Differences in Manganese Uptake and Utilization -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4 Manganese Metabolism in Animals and Humans Including the Toxicity of Manganese -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical and Physical Properties -- 3. Analysis -- 4. Physiological Role -- 5. Manganese Deficiency -- 6. Manganese Toxicity -- 7. Assessment of Manganese Status -- 8. Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5 Interrelations Between Manganese and Other Metal Ions in Health and Disease -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Interdependence Between Manganese and Other Metals in Absorption -- 3. Interrelations Between Manganese and Other Metals in Peripheral Organs -- 4. Interrelations Between Manganese and Other Metals in Brain -- 5. Interrelations Between Manganese and Other Metals in Brain in Human Health and Diseases -- 6. Conclusions and Prospects for Future Studies -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6 The Use of Manganese as a Probe for Elucidating the Role of Magnesium Ions in Ribozymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Use of Mn2+ in Biochemical Studies of Phosphorothioate-Containing Ribozymes -- 3. Use of Mn2+ in Crystallographic Experiments to Find Mg2+ Binding Sites -- 4. Use of Mn2+ in Magnetic Resonance Experiments to Study Metal Binding Sites -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7 Mn2+ as a Probe of Divalent Metal Ion Binding and Function in Enzymes and other Proteins -- 1. Introduction and Overview -- 2. Survey of Coordination Properties and Tendencies -- 3. CW EPR Properties -- 4. Ligand Superhyperfine Splittings and Structure Determinations -- 5. ENDOR and ESEEM Methods -- 6. Electron Spin-Spin Coupling and Multinuclear Metal Centers -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8 Enzymes and Proteins Containing Manganese: An Overview -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Oxidoreductases -- 3. Transferases -- 4. Hydrolases -- 5. Lyases -- 6. Isomerases -- 7. Ligases -- 8. Proteins Containing Bound Manganese -- 9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9 Manganese(II) in Concanavalin a and Other Lectin Proteins -- 1. Introduction: The Biology and Molecular Biology of Concanavalin A -- 2. Isolation and Characterization -- 3. Spectroscopic Studies -- 4. Crystals of Concanavalin A: Introduction and Early History. , 5. Ultrahigh-Resolution X-Ray Protein Crystallography -- 6. Manganese Multiwavelength Anomalous Dispersion Protein Crystallography -- 7. Neutron Laue Diffraction -- 8. Role of Manganese in Saccharide Binding in Concanavalin A and Other Legume Lectins -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Manganese-Activated Phosphatases -- 1. Introduction: Phosphate Esters in Biological Systems -- 2. Classification of Metal-Activated Phosphatases -- 3. Phosphatase Structure and Active Site Metal Ion Geometry -- 4. Mechanisms of Hydrolysis -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11 Manganese(II) as a Probe for the Mechanism and Specificity of Restriction Endonucleases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. DNA Recognition and Cleavage -- 3. Restriction Endonucleases with Manganese -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 12 Role of the Binuclear Manganese(II) Site in Xylose Isomerase -- 1. Introduction -- 2. X-Ray Crystal Structures of Xylose Isomerase -- 3. The Two Metal Binding Sites -- 4. EPR Studies on Manganese-Substituted Xylose Isomerase -- 5. The Catalytic Mechanism and the Role of the Binuclear Center -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13 Arginase: A Binuclear Manganese Metalloenzyme -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Enzymology and Bioinorganic Chemistry -- 3. Arginase Structure and Mechanism -- 4. Related Binuclear Manganese Metalloenzymes -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 14 The Use of Model Complexes to Elucidate the Structure and Function of Manganese Redox Enzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Manganese Catalases -- 3. The Oxygen Evolving Complex -- 4. The Energetics of Water Oxidation and the Role of Protons -- 5. Toward a Unified View of Biological Water Oxidation Chemistry -- 6. Conclusion. , Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 15 Manganese(II)-Dependent Extradiol-Cleaving Catechol Dioxygenases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Intradiol Cleavage Precedent -- 3. Fe(II)-Dependent Extradiol-Cleaving Dioxygenases -- 4. Mn(II)-Dependent Dioxygenases -- Acknowledgment -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 16 Manganese Catalases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reactivity -- 3. Spectroscopy -- 4. Structural Characterization -- 5. Mechanism -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Definitions -- References -- Chapter 17 Manganese Peroxidase -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Properties of Mn Peroxidase -- 3. Reactions Catalyzed by Mn Peroxidase -- 4. Biophysical Studies of Mn Peroxidase -- 5. Mn Peroxidase cDNA and Genomic Sequences -- 6. Crystal Structure of Mn Peroxidase -- 7. Structure-Function Studies of Mn Peroxidase -- 8. Regulation of Mn Peroxidase Gene Expression -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 18 Manganese Superoxide Dismutase -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase -- 3. Molecular Structure -- 4. Ligand Interactions -- 5. Mutagenic Dissection of the Active Site -- 6. Metal Specificity: The Irony of Mn Superoxide Dismutase -- 7. Superoxide Dismutase as a One-Electron Redox Engine -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 19 Mechanistic Aspects of the Tyrosyl Radical-Manganese Complex in Photosynthetic Water Oxidation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure of the Catalytic Site -- 3. Water Binding and Exchange -- 4. Proton Release -- 5. Mechanisms for Oxygen Production -- 6. The Nature of S-State Cycle Intermediates -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 20 The Polypeptides of Photosystem II and Their Influence on Manganotyrosyl-Based Oxygen Evolution -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Polypeptides of Photosystem II. , 3. The Environments of the Redox-Active Tyrosine Residues -- 4. The Environment of the Manganese Cluster -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface to The Series -- Preface to Volume 14 -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Drug-Metal Ion Interaction in the Gut -- 1. Introduction -- 2. In Vitro Models of Drug Absorption Interactions -- 3. Interactions With Metal-Contatning Antacids or Metal Salts -- 4. Implications of Absorption Interactions on Drug Pharmacokinetic Profiles -- 5. Clinical Significance of Drug Absorption Interactions with Metal Ions and Metal-containing Antacids -- References -- Chapter 2. Zinc Deficiency and its Therapy -- 1. History -- 2. Causes of Human Zinc Deficiency -- 3. Clinical Manifestations of Zinc Deficiency -- 4. Laboratory Diagnosis of Zinc Deficiency -- 5. Treatment of Human Zinc Deficiency -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3. The Pharmacological use of Zinc -- 1. History -- 2. Zinc Absorption -- 3. Oral Regimens -- 4. Diseases Which May Respond to Zinc Therapy -- 5. Mechanism of Action -- 6. Toxicity -- 7. The Future -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4. The Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Copper Complexes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Normal Physiology of Copper Complexes -- 3. Altered Physiology of Copper Complexes in Disease with Inflammatory Components -- 4. Pharmacologic Activities of Copper Complexes -- 5. Clinical Effectiveness of Copper Complexes in the Treatment of Rheumatoid and other Degenerative Diseases -- 6. Biochemistry of the Anti-Inflammatory Copper Complexes: Possible Mechanisms of Action -- 7. Chemistry of Copper Complexes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5. Iron-Containing Drugs -- 1. Introduction to the Chemistry of Iron -- 2. Biochemistry of Iron -- 3. Diseases Basho on Iron -- 4. Iron Therapy -- Glossary of Medical Terms -- References -- Chapter 6. Gold Complexes as Metallo-Drugs -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Gold Drugs Against Arthritis -- 3. Gold Poisoning, Contraindications, and Treatment -- 4. Gold Metabolism (Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion) -- 5. Physical Methods for Determining Interaction of Gold Drugs in Biological Systems -- 6. Detection and Estimation of Gold in Biological Systems -- References -- Chapter 7. Metal Ions and Chelating Agents in Antiviral Chemotherapy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Viral Cycle and its Impact on Host Organisms -- 3. Interfering With the Viral Cycle -- 4. Chelation and Biological Activity -- 5. Chelatinc agents with Antiviral Activity -- 6. Delivery of Drugs to Targets -- 7. Metal Ions in Antiviral Chemotherapy -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8. Complexes of Hallucinogenic Drugs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Chemistry of Hallucinogenic Drugs -- 3. The Role of Metal Ions in the Actions of Drugs -- 4. Complexes of Hallucinogenic and Related Drugs -- 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9. Lithium in Psychiatry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lithium in Psychiatry -- 3. Chemical Aspects of Lithium -- 4. Pharmacological and Biochemical Aspects of Lithium -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.