Note: Cover -- Conjugated Polymers: Properties, Processing, and Applications -- Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface to Fourth Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- 1 Conjugated Polymer-Based OFET Devices -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 State of OFET Technology/Applications/Commercialization Efforts -- 1.3 Recent Developments in Polymer OFET Materials - From Crystalline Polythiophenes to Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 1.4 Charge Transport in Polymer OFETs -- 1.5 Role of Disorder -- 1.6 Charge Carrier Mobility and Artefacts -- 1.7 Stability of OFETs -- 1.8 Outlook -- References -- 2 Electrical Doping of Organic Semiconductors with Molecular Oxidants and Reductants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basics of Doping in Organic Materials -- Comparison to Doping of Inorganic Materials -- Effects of Doping -- 2.3 Criteria for Dopant Choice -- 2.4 Survey of Dopants -- p-Dopants -- n-Dopants -- 2.5 Device Examples -- OLEDs -- OFETs -- OPVs -- 2.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Electric Transport Properties in PEDOT Thin Films -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chemistry of PEDOT -- Chemical vs. Electrochemical Polymerization of PEDOT:X -- Chemical Water Dispersion: PEDOT:PSS -- PEDOT:Biopolymer Dispersion Polymerization -- Tuning the Oxidation/Doping Level Chemically vs. Electrochemically -- 3.3 Electronic Structure of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- Nature of Charge Carriers and Electronic Structure of PEDOT Chains -- Density of States of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- Band Gap and Optical Transitions in PEDOT -- 3.4 Morphology of PEDOT -- Brief Review of Experimental Data for PEDOT:X and PEDOT:PSS (GIWAXS, TEM, AFM) -- Morphology of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- 3.5 Electrical Conductivity -- Basic Thermodynamics of Thermoelectrical Processes -- Temperature Dependence. , Secondary Doping -- Acid-Base Effect -- 3.6 Optical Conductivity -- Basic Definitions and Relations -- Methodologies for Measuring the Dielectric Function -- Optical Conductivity and Permittivity of PEDOT -- Concluding Remarks on PEDOT Optical Conductivity -- 3.7 Transport Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- Basics of the Hopping Transport: Semi-Analytical Approach and Kinetic Monte Carlo -- Boltzmann Approach to Conductivity Based on the Model of an Ideal Crystal -- Multi-Scale Modelling Based on the Realistic Morphology -- 3.8 Mixed Electron-Ion Transport in PEDOT -- Devices Utilizing Mixed Electron and Ion Conductivity -- Experimental Results -- Modelling of Mixed Electron-Ion Transport in PEDOT -- Calculation of Ion Diffusion in PEDOT -- 3.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Thermoelectric Properties of Conjugated Polymers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Models of Thermoelectric Properties -- 4.3 Microstructure of Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.4 Thermoelectric Power Factor of Semiconducting Polymers -- Introduction -- Polyacetylene -- Polyaniline -- Poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) -- Poly(3-hexylthiophene) -- Poly( 2,5-bis(3- alkylthiophen-2 -yl) thieno [3,2- b]thiophene) -- Co-Polymers -- n-Type Polymers -- 4.5 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers -- Introduction -- Thermal Conductivity of Undoped Semiconducting Polymers -- Electronic Contribution to Thermal Conductivity -- 4.6 ZT for Polymers -- 4.7 Outlook -- References -- 5 Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers -- Introduction -- 5.1 Fundamentals -- Electropolymerization: Mechanism, Techniques, Synthesis Control -- Electrochemical Doping: Charge Carriers, Redox vs. Capacitive Behavior and Related Properties -- Relaxation Effects -- Electrochemical Characterization of an ECP in a Given Electrolytic Medium -- Determination of HOMO-LUMO Levels by Cyclic Voltammetry. , 5.2 New Trends in Electrosynthesis of Conducting Polymers -- New Monomers -- New Electrolytic Media -- 5.3 Nano-Objects and Nanocomposites -- Nano-Objects -- Nanocomposites -- 5.4 Applications -- Energy Storage -- Actuators and Drug Delivery -- Molecular Imprinting ECP -- Biosensors and Related Materials -- Anticorrosion -- Electrochromism and Electrofluorochromism -- Conclusion and Future -- References -- 6 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers - Strategies for Complete and Straightforward Color Control -- 6.1 Introduction to Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.2 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3 The Electrochromic Toolbox -- Electrochromic/Optical Contrast -- Colorimetric Analysis -- Switching Speed/Response Time -- Coloration Efficiency/Charge-to-Switch -- Optical Memory/Bistability -- Switching Stability -- 6.4 Synthesis of Soluble Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.5 Developing Structure- Property Relationships for Color Control in Cathodically Coloring ECPs -- Effect of the Choice of Heterocycle, the Building Block of ECPs -- Steric Effects of Introducing Functional Groups -- Expanding the Color Palette through Copolymerization -- Developing Broadly Absorbing Systems for Black and Brown Hues -- 6.6 Anodically Coloring Systems -- 6.7 Controlling Solubility, Contrast, and Redox Properties -- Tuning Solubility -- Tuning Contrast -- Tuning Redox and Switching Properties -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments and Notes -- References -- 7 Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.1 Introduction and Background -- Semiconducting Polymers as a Subset of All Solid Polymers -- 7.2 Deformation in Solid Polymers -- Mediation of Mechanical Energy -- Elasticity and Plasticity -- Fracture -- 7.3 Mechanical Properties and Measurement Techniques -- Overview of Mechanical Properties -- Common Measurement Techniques -- 7.4 Effects of Physical Parameters. , Effects of Elastic Mismatch and Adhesion -- Effects of Film Thickness -- Effects of Strain Rate -- 7.5 Effects of Molecular Structure and Microstructure -- Role of Molecular Weight -- Role of Alkyl Side Chains -- Role of Molecular Structure and Backbone Rigidity -- Role of Intermolecular Packing -- 7.6 Glass Transition Temperature and Measurement Techniques -- The Glass Transition in Semiconducting Polymers -- Techniques to Measure the T[sub(g)] of Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.7 Theoretical Modeling -- Molecular Structure and Atomistic Simulations -- Polymer-Chain Size and Phase Behavior -- Coarse-Grained Simulations and Continuum-Based Methods -- 7.8 Composite Systems -- Effects of Molecular Mixing -- Polymer-Fullerene Composites -- 7.9 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 8 Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Semiconductors -- Low and High Fields, Steady State and Time Resolved -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Review of Various Mechanisms -- The Hyperfine Mechanism -- Mechanisms Related to Triplet Excitons -- The Δg Mechanism -- Thermal Spin Polarization -- Magnetic Field Effect in Excited-State Spectroscopies of Films -- Steady State -- Time Resolved Magnetic Field Effects -- 8.3 Experimental Studies -- Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Devices at Low Fields -- Magneto-Photo-Induced Absorption in Films -- High Field Magneto-Photocurrent in Organic Bulk Hetero-Junction Photo-Voltaic Cells -- Transient Magneto-Photoinduced Absorption in Donor-Acceptor Copolymers -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- 9 Organic Electro-Optic Materials -- 9.1 Historical Overview -- 9.2 Introduction to Electro-Optic (EO) Activity -- 9.3 Pre-2005 Polymeric OEO Materials and Devices -- 9.4 Post-2005 Macromolecular OEO Materials and Devices -- 9.5 Applications -- 9.6 Other Organic Materials for Optical Modulation -- 9.7 Future Prognosis -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 10 Establishing the Thermal Phase Behavior and its Influence on Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconducting Polymers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Single-Component Systems -- Crystallization and Melting -- Glass Transition -- Polymorphism -- Liquid Crystallinity -- 10.3 Multi-Component Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Solvent Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Small Molecule Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Polymer Systems -- 10.4 Time/Temperature/Transformation Phase Diagrams -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Poly(3-alkylthiophenes): Controlled Manipulation of Microstructure and its Impact on Charge Transport -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 P3AT Structural Characterization -- Small Angle Neutron Scattering -- UV-Vis Absorbance -- Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- X-Ray Scattering -- Atomic Force Microscopy -- Charge Carrier Mobility -- Concluding Remarks -- 11.3 Advances in Solution Processing Methods -- 11.4 Deposition Methods -- Spin-Coating -- Drop-Casting -- Inkjet Printing -- Dip-Coating -- Solution Shearing -- 11.5 Semiconductor Crystalline Structure in Flexible and Stretchable Devices -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Microstructural Characterization of Conjugated Organic Semiconductors by X-Ray Scattering -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Fundamentals of X-Ray Scattering -- Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) -- Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) -- 12.3 Applications in Conjugated Semiconductors (Selected Examples) -- Crystal Structure and Molecular Packing of Small-Molecules for Organic Thin-Film Transistor (OTFT) -- Estimation of Volume Fraction of Phases in Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Photovoltaics -- Probing the Surface and the Bulk of Small-Molecule Thin Films -- Microstructural Evolution for P3HT:PCBM During Spin-Coating from One Solvent -- In Situ GISAXS for Probing Phase-Separation Evolution using Multiphase Modeling Based onTSI. , Co-Solvent Processing for Reducing Domains Over-Coarsening by Influencing the Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword by Shri. Pinarayi Vijayan -- Foreword by Prof Chris Secombes -- Foreword by Dr. Tim Connelley -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I: Vaccines in Aquaculture: A Preface -- Chapter 1 Understanding Vaccine Development in Aquaculture -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Vaccine -- 1.2.1 Ideal Vaccine -- 1.2.2 History -- 1.2.3 Requirement of Vaccine in Aquaculture -- 1.2.4 Conventional and Modern Methods in Vaccine Development -- 1.2.4.1 Conventional Methods -- 1.2.4.2 Modern Methods -- 1.2.5 Development of Vaccine for Specific Disease -- 1.2.5.1 Bacterial Fish Vaccines -- 1.2.5.2 Viral Fish Vaccines -- 1.2.5.3 Fish Vaccines Against Parasite -- 1.2.6 Challenges in the Prevention and Control of Fish Diseases -- 1.2.7 Progress in Fish Vaccine Development -- 1.2.8 Challenges in Fish Vaccine Development -- 1.2.9 Opportunities in Fish Vaccine Development -- 1.2.10 Effects and Benefits of Vaccine in Aquaculture -- 1.3 Limitations -- 1.4 Future Prospects -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Antigens and Immune Responses in Fishes: An Overview -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Immune System in Fishes -- 2.2.1 Immunity of Agnathans -- 2.2.2 Immunity of Osteichthyes -- 2.2.3 Fish Innate Immunity -- 2.2.3.1 Surface Barrier -- 2.2.3.2 Humoral Factors -- 2.2.3.3 Cellular Factors -- 2.3 Immune Organs of Fish -- 2.3.1 Lymphoid Organs of Fish -- 2.3.1.1 Primary Lymphoid Organs -- 2.3.1.2 Secondary Lymphoid Organs -- 2.4 Antigens in Fish -- 2.5 Elements of Immune Responses -- 2.5.1 Innate Immunity -- 2.5.2 Nonspecific Cellular Immunity -- 2.5.2.1 Toll-Like Receptors -- 2.5.2.2 Macrophages -- 2.5.2.3 Granulocytes -- 2.5.3 Nonspecific Cytotoxic Cells -- 2.5.4 Lysozymes -- 2.5.5 Alkaline Phosphatase -- 2.5.6 Complements -- 2.5.7 Interferons -- 2.5.8 C-Reactive Protein. , 2.5.9 Transferrin -- 2.5.10 Lectins -- 2.5.11 Adaptive Immunity -- 2.6 What is Immunity Modulation? -- 2.6.1 How Does the Fish Immune System Work? -- 2.6.2 Why is Immune Regulation Important? -- 2.6.3 Immunomodulatory Effects of Hormones -- 2.6.3.1 Cortisol -- 2.6.3.2 Growth Hormone and Prolactin -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Aquaculture: Facing an Array of Pathogens -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Turning Intensive Shrimp Farming Into Land-Based IMTA -- 3.3 Bioeconomy of Land-Based IMTA with Shrimp and Fish as the Fed Species -- 3.4 Canvas-Pond Culture of Marine Shrimp -- 3.5 Feeding on Different Trophic Levels -- 3.6 The Health of Extractive Fish Species -- 3.7 A Possible Vaccination Program for Fish in Land-Based IMTA Systems -- 3.7.1 Vaccines for Seawater Nile Tilapia -- 3.7.2 Vaccines for the Asian Sea Bass -- 3.7.3 Vaccines for Groupers (Epinephelus Spp.) -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Section II: Vaccination in Fishes: Types and Methods -- Chapter 4 Concepts and Types of Vaccines -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vaccines -- 4.2.1 Fish Immune System -- 4.2.1.1 Fish Immunity -- 4.2.1.2 Vaccine Efficacy -- 4.2.1.3 Adverse Effects -- 4.2.2 History of Vaccines -- 4.3 Infectious Diseases of Fish -- 4.3.1 Bacterial Diseases -- 4.3.2 Viral Diseases -- 4.3.3 Protozoan Diseases -- 4.3.4 Types of Vaccines -- 4.3.4.1 Inactivated Vaccines -- 4.3.4.2 Live Attenuated Vaccines -- 4.3.4.3 Subunit Vaccines -- 4.3.4.4 Virus-Like Particle Vaccines -- 4.3.4.5 DNA Vaccines -- 4.3.4.6 RNA Vaccines -- 4.4 Adjuvants -- 4.4.1 Adjuvants Usage -- 4.4.2 Signal 1 Facilitators -- 4.4.2.1 Freund's Complete Adjuvant -- 4.4.2.2 Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant -- 4.4.2.3 Montanide -- 4.4.2.4 Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) (PLGA) Particles -- 4.4.3 Signal 2 Facilitators -- 4.4.3.1 Alum -- 4.4.3.2 β-Glucans -- 4.4.3.3 Cytokines. , 4.4.3.4 Polyinosinic Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C) -- 4.4.3.5 Synthetic CpG Oligonucleotides -- 4.4.3.6 Lipopeptides -- 4.5 New Technologies for Vaccine Development -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Chapter 5 Antigen Discovery -- 5.1 The Choice of Vaccine Method for Fish Disease Vaccine -- 5.1.1 The Current Situation of Fish Vaccine Development -- 5.1.2 A Proposed Workflow for Vaccine Development -- 5.2 Sequential Approach in Selecting Antigen -- 5.2.1 Reverse Vaccinology to Identify Antigens Through Sequence Similarity -- 5.2.1.1 Conventional Reverse Vaccinology -- 5.2.1.2 The Pan-Genome and Comparative Genome Analysis -- 5.2.2 Identify Antigens Through Subcellular Localization -- 5.3 Immunoinformatic Assistance in Antigen Discovery -- 5.3.1 Prediction of T-Cell and B-Cell Epitopes -- 5.3.2 Molecular Docking -- 5.3.2.1 Obtaining Molecular Structures -- 5.3.2.2 Molecular Docking Tools -- 5.4 Antigen Validation by Experimental Approaches -- 5.4.1 A Classic Pipeline of Antigen Discovery Validation -- 5.4.2 Different Methods for Antigenic Evaluation of Predicted Antigens -- 5.4.2.1 Antibody Analysis -- 5.4.2.2 Lymphocytes Analysis -- 5.4.2.3 Cytokine Profile -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 6 Novel Advancements in Vaccine Delivery and Methods of Vaccination: Experimental Strategies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Novel Advancements in Vaccine Delivery -- 6.2.1 A Brief Description on Adjuvants -- 6.2.2 Nanovaccine Delivery -- 6.2.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 6.2.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 6.2.2.3 Nanoliposomes -- 6.2.2.4 ISCOMs -- 6.2.2.5 Virus-like Particles -- 6.2.2.6 Nano Emulsions -- 6.2.3 Nanovaccines Activate Innate Immunity -- 6.2.4 Nanovaccines Activate Adaptive Immunity -- 6.2.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity Activation -- 6.2.6 Antibody-Mediated Immunity Activation. , 6.2.7 Immunological Memory is Boosted by Nanovaccines -- 6.3 Methods of Vaccination -- 6.3.1 Oral Method -- 6.3.2 Immersion: Dip and Bath Methods -- 6.3.3 Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection -- 6.4 Advantages and Limitations in Aquaculture -- 6.4.1 Advantages -- 6.4.2 Limitations -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Section III: Adjuvants in Vaccination: An Underpinning -- Chapter 7 Role of Adjuvants in Vaccination Studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Origins and Functions of Adjuvants in Vaccine Production -- 7.2.1 History of the Discovery of Adjuvants -- 7.2.2 How Does Adjuvant Function in Vaccines? -- 7.3 Classifications of Different Types of Adjuvants -- 7.4 Requirements for Using Adjuvants -- 7.5 Mechanism of Immune Stimulation -- 7.6 Optimal Conditions in the Adjuvant Formulation -- 7.7 Characteristics of an Ideal Adjuvant -- 7.8 Adjuvanted Vaccine for Fish -- 7.9 Challenges in Fish Vaccine Adjuvant Development -- 7.10 Conclusion -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Chapter 8 Development of Mucosal Adjutants for Fish Vaccination -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Roles of Adjuvant in Vaccination -- 8.3 Classification of Adjuvant -- 8.4 The Use of Adjuvants in Fish Vaccination -- 8.5 Fish Adjuvant -- 8.6 Necessity of the Use of Adjuvant in Vaccination -- 8.7 Conclusion -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Section IV: Technological Advancements and Efficacy of Fish Vaccination -- Chapter 9 Biotechnological Approaches to Vaccines -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Vaccine Generation -- 9.2.1 First Generation of Vaccine -- 9.2.2 Second Generation of Vaccine -- 9.2.3 Third Generation of Vaccine -- 9.3 Conventional Vaccines and Their Drawbacks -- 9.4 Status of Non Expressed Vaccines -- 9.4.1 Subunit Vaccines -- 9.4.2 Biofilm Vaccines -- 9.4.3 Egg Yolk Edible Vaccine IgY -- 9.4.4 Genetically Altered Vaccine -- 9.5 Vector Expressed Vaccines -- 9.5.1 DNA Vaccine. , 9.5.2 RNA Vaccine -- 9.5.3 Recombinant Subunit Vaccine -- 9.5.4 Reverse Vaccine -- 9.6 Expression Methods for Vaccine Development -- 9.6.1 Bacterial Expression System -- 9.6.2 Yeast Expression System -- 9.6.3 Baculovirus Expression -- 9.6.4 Mammalian Cell Line Expression -- 9.6.5 Micro-Algal Expression -- 9.7 Role of Adjuvant in Vaccine Development -- 9.8 Safety Delivery Methods Using Nanomaterials -- 9.9 Conclusion and Future Direction -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Chapter 10 Safety and Efficacy of Vaccines in Aquaculture -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Vaccine Administration in Aquaculture -- 10.3 Types of Fish Vaccines and Their Efficacies -- 10.3.1 Inactivated Whole-Cell Vaccines -- 10.3.2 Live Attenuated Vaccines -- 10.3.3 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Vaccines -- 10.3.4 Subunit Vaccines -- 10.4 Adjuvants for Fish Vaccines and the Protective Efficacies -- 10.5 Side Effects of Fish Vaccination -- 10.6 The Potency and Safety Testing of Fish Vaccines -- 10.7 The Stability of Vaccine Preparation -- 10.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- Disclosure Statement -- References -- Chapter 11 Mass Vaccination in Aquaculture: Possibilities and Limitations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Aquatic Organisms' Immune System -- 11.3 History and Current Progress in Vaccine Development -- 11.3.1 Vaccines in Commercial-Scale Fish Farming -- 11.4 Vaccine-Types of Administration -- 11.4.1 Vaccine Administration-Intraperitoneal/Intramuscular Injection Method -- 11.4.2 Administration of Immersion Vaccines in Aquatic Organisms -- 11.4.3 Oral Administration of Vaccines in Large-Scale Aqua Farming -- 11.4.4 Vaccine Regimes -- 11.5 Vaccine Development and its Challenges -- 11.5.1 Types of Vaccination in Aquaculture -- 11.5.1.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines -- 11.5.1.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine Delivery -- 11.5.1.3 mRNA Vaccines. , 11.5.1.4 Prime Booster vs Prime Vaccination.

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Fundamentals of acoustics* -- Chapter 3: Fundamentals of vibration -- Chapter 4: Fundamentals of signal processing -- Chapter 5: Noise control -- Chapter 6: Human response to sound -- Chapter 7: Human responses to vibration -- Chapter 8: Measurement of audiofrequency sound in air -- Chapter 9: Vibration testing -- Back Cover.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to Fourth Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- 1: Conjugated Polymer- Based OFET Devices -- Mark Nikolka and Henning Sirringhaus -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 State of OFET Techn​ology​/Appl​icati​ons/ C​ommer​ciali​zatio​n Efforts -- 1.3 Recent Developments in Polymer OFET Materials - From Crystalline Polythiophenes to Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 1.4 Charge Transport in Polymer OFETs -- 1.5 Role of Disorder -- 1.6 Charge Carrier Mobility and Artefacts -- 1.7 Stability of OFETs -- 1.8 Outlook -- References -- 2: Electrical Doping of Organic Semiconductors with Molecular Oxidants and Reductants -- Stephen Barlow, Seth R. Marder, Xin Lin, Fengyu Zhang, and Antoine Kahn -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basics of Doping in Organic Materials -- 2.2.1 Comparison to Doping of Inorganic Materials -- 2.2.2 Effects of Doping -- 2.2.2.1 Enhancement of Conductivity -- 2.2.2.2 Lowering of Injection Barriers -- 2.3 Criteria for Dopant Choice -- 2.4 Survey of Dopants -- 2.4.1 p-Dopants -- 2.4.1.1 Inorganic p-Dopants -- 2.4.1.2 Organic and Metal-Organic p-Dopants -- 2.4.2 n-Dopants -- 2.4.2.1 One-Electron Reductants -- 2.4.2.2 Air-Stable n-Dopants -- 2.5 Device Examples -- 2.5.1 OLEDs -- 2.5.2 OFETs -- 2.5.3 OPVs -- 2.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3: Electric Transport Properties in PEDOT Thin Films -- Nara Kim, Ioannis Petsagkourakis, Shangzhi Chen, Magnus Berggren, Xavier Crispin, Magnus P. Jonsson, and Igor Zozoulenko -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chemistry of PEDOT -- 3.2.1 Chemical vs. Electrochemical Polymerization of PEDOT:X -- 3.2.2 Chemical Water Dispersion: PEDOT:PSS -- 3.2.3 PEDOT:Biopolymer Dispersion Polymerization -- 3.2.4 Tuning the Oxidation/Doping Level Chemically vs. Electrochemically. , 3.3 Electronic Structure of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- 3.3.1 Nature of Charge Carriers and Electronic Structure of PEDOT Chains -- 3.3.2 Density of States of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- 3.3.3 Band Gap and Optical Transitions in PEDOT -- 3.4 Morphology of PEDOT -- 3.4.1 Brief Review of Experimental Data for PEDOT:X and PEDOT:PSS (GIWAXS, TEM, AFM) -- 3.4.2 Morphology of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- 3.4.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Morphology -- 3.4.2.2 Effect of Counter-Ions at High Oxidation Levels -- 3.4.2.3 Effect of Substrates -- 3.5 Electrical Conductivity -- 3.5.1 Basic Thermodynamics of Thermoelectrical Processes -- 3.5.2 Temperature Dependence -- 3.5.3 Secondary Doping -- 3.5.4 Acid-Base Effect -- 3.6 Optical Conductivity -- 3.6.1 Basic Definitions and Relations -- 3.6.2 Methodologies for Measuring the Dielectric Function -- 3.6.2.1 Optical Parameters from Transmittance and Reflectance Measurements -- 3.6.2.2 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) -- 3.6.2.3 Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE) -- 3.6.3 Optical Conductivity and Permittivity of PEDOT -- 3.6.3.1 Anisotropy, Interfacial Layers, and Substrate Effects -- 3.6.3.2 Basic Permittivity Models for PEDOT: The Drude Model and Lorentzian-Broadened Harmonic Oscillators -- 3.6.3.3 The Drude-Smith Model -- 3.6.3.4 The Localization-Modified Drude Model -- 3.6.3.5 Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) and Its Applications -- 3.6.4 Concluding Remarks on PEDOT Optical Conductivity -- 3.7 Transport Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- 3.7.1 Basics of the Hopping Transport: Semi-Analytical Approach and Kinetic Monte Carlo -- 3.7.2 Boltzmann Approach to Conductivity Based on the Model of an Ideal Crystal -- 3.7.3 Multi-Scale Modelling Based on the Realistic Morphology -- 3.8 Mixed Electron-Ion Transport in PEDOT. , 3.8.1 Devices Utilizing Mixed Electron and Ion Conductivity -- 3.8.2 Experimental Results -- 3.8.3 Modelling of Mixed Electron-Ion transport in PEDOT -- 3.8.4 Calculation of Ion Diffusion in PEDOT -- 3.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4: Thermoelectric Properties of Conjugated Polymers -- Kelly A. Peterson, Eunhee Lim, and Michael L. Chabinyc -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Models of Thermoelectric Properties -- 4.3 Microstructure of Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.4 Thermoelectric Power Factor of Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Polyacetylene -- 4.4.3 Polyaniline -- 4.4.4 Poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) -- 4.4.5 Poly(3-hexylthiophene) -- 4.4.6 Poly(​2,5-b​is(3-​alkyl​thiop​hen-2​-yl)t​hieno​[3,2-​b]thiophene) -- 4.4.7 Co-Polymers -- 4.4.8 n-Type Polymers -- 4.5 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Thermal Conductivity of Undoped Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.5.3 Electronic Contribution to Thermal Conductivity -- 4.6 ZT for Polymers -- 4.7 Outlook -- References -- 5: Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers -- P. Audebert and F. Miomandre -- Introduction -- 5.1 Fundamentals -- 5.1.1 Electropolymerization: Mechanism, Techniques, Synthesis Control -- 5.1.2 Electrochemical Doping: Charge Carriers, Redox vs. Capacitive Behavior and Related Properties -- 5.1.3 Relaxation Effects -- 5.1.4 Electrochemical Characterization of an ECP in a Given Electrolytic Medium -- 5.1.5 Determination of HOMO-LUMO Levels by Cyclic Voltammetry -- 5.2 New Trends in Electrosynthesis of Conducting Polymers -- 5.2.1 New Monomers -- 5.2.2 New Electrolytic Media -- 5.3 Nano-Objects and Nanocomposites -- 5.3.1 Nano-Objects -- 5.3.2 Nanocomposites -- a. Metallic Nanoparticles -- b. Carbonaceous Materials -- 5.4 Applications -- 5.4.1 Energy Storage -- 5.4.2 Actuators and Drug Delivery -- 5.4.3 Molecular Imprinting ECP. , 5.4.4 Biosensors and Related Materials -- 5.4.5 Anticorrosion -- 5.4.6 Electrochromism and Electrofluorochromism -- Conclusion and Future -- References -- 6: Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers -  Strategies for Complete and Straightforward Color Control -- Anna M. Ö sterholm, D. Eric Shen, and John R. Reynolds -- 6.1 Introduction to Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.2 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3 The Electrochromic Toolbox -- 6.3.1 Electrochromic/Optical Contrast -- 6.3.2 Colorimetric Analysis -- 6.3.3 Switching Speed/Response Time -- 6.3.4 Coloration Efficiency/Charge-to-Switch -- 6.3.5 Optical Memory/Bistability -- 6.3.6 Switching Stability -- 6.4 Synthesis of Soluble Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.5 Developing Structure- Property Relationships for Color Control in Cathodically Coloring ECPs -- 6.5.1 Effect of the Choice of Heterocycle, the Building Block of ECPs -- 6.5.2 Steric Effects of Introducing Functional Groups -- 6.5.2.1 Fine-Tuning Coloration Through 3,4-Alkyl Substitutions of Five-Membered Heterocycles -- 6.5.2.2 Alkylenedioxy-Substitution -  a Route to Colored-to-Clear Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.5.2.3 Effect of Using Fused Systems -- 6.5.3 Expanding the Color Palette through Copolymerization -- 6.5.3.1 Modulating Torsional Strain and Tuning Absorption Throughout the Visible Using All-Donor Copolymers -- 6.5.3.2 Donor- Acceptor Polymers and Routes for Achieving Green and Cyan ECPs -- 6.5.4 Developing Broadly Absorbing Systems for Black and Brown Hues -- 6.6 Anodically Coloring Systems -- 6.7 Controlling Solubility, Contrast, and Redox Properties -- 6.7.1 Tuning Solubility -- 6.7.2 Tuning Contrast -- 6.7.3 Tuning Redox and Switching Properties -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments and Notes -- References -- 7: Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers. , Mohammad A. Alkhadra, Andrew T. Kleinschmidt, Samuel E. Root, Daniel Rodriquez, Adam D. Printz, Suchol Savagatrup, and Darren J. Lipomi -- 7.1 Introduction and Background -- 7.1.1 Semiconducting Polymers as a Subset of All Solid Polymers -- 7.2 Deformation in Solid Polymers -- 7.2.1 Mediation of Mechanical Energy -- 7.2.2 Elasticity and Plasticity -- 7.2.3 Fracture -- 7.3 Mechanical Properties and Measurement Techniques -- 7.3.1 Overview of Mechanical Properties -- 7.3.2 Common Measurement Techniques -- 7.4 Effects of Physical Parameters -- 7.4.1 Effects of Elastic Mismatch and Adhesion -- 7.4.2 Effects of Film Thickness -- 7.4.3 Effects of Strain Rate -- 7.5 Effects of Molecular Structure and Microstructure -- 7.5.1 Role of Molecular Weight -- 7.5.2 Role of Alkyl Side Chains -- 7.5.3 Role of Molecular Structure and Backbone Rigidity -- 7.5.4 Role of Intermolecular Packing -- 7.6 Glass Transition Temperature and Measurement Techniques -- 7.6.1 The Glass Transition in Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.6.2 Techniques to Measure the Tg of Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.7 Theoretical Modeling -- 7.7.1 Molecular Structure and Atomistic Simulations -- 7.7.2 Polymer-Chain Size and Phase Behavior -- 7.7.3 Coarse-Grained Simulations and Continuum-Based Methods -- 7.8 Composite Systems -- 7.8.1 Effects of Molecular Mixing -- 7.8.2 Polymer-Fullerene Composites -- 7.9 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 8: Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Semiconductors -- Low and High Fields, Steady State and Time Resolved -- Eitan Ehrenfreund and Z. Valy Vardeny -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Review of Various Mechanisms -- 8.2.1 The Hyperfine Mechanism -- 8.2.2 Mechanisms Related to Triplet Excitons -- 8.2.3 The ∆g Mechanism -- 8.2.4 Thermal Spin Polarization -- 8.2.5 Magnetic Field Effect in Excited-State Spectroscopies of Films -- Steady State. , 8.2.6 Time Resolved Magnetic Field Effects.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM -- 1.1 System concepts -- 1.1.1 Steady state systems -- 1.2 Modeling hydrologic systems -- Summary -- Problem -- 2: DIMENSIONS, DATA AND GRAPHS -- 2.1 Dimensions -- 2.2 Data precision -- 2.3 Continuous and discrete data -- 2.4 Level of measurement -- 2.5 Hydrologic data series -- 2.6 Graphs and graphing -- Summary -- Problems -- Excel Exercise 1 -- 3: STATISTICS, PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS -- 3.1 Describing data -- 3.2 Measures of central tendency -- 3.3 Measures of dispersion -- 3.4 Probability functions -- 3.5 Probability and the normal curve -- 3.6 Probability distributions -- 3.7 Fitting probability distributions -- 3.8 Testing goodness-of-fit -- 3.9 Time variations in data -- Summary -- Problems -- 4: THE ATMOSPHERIC SUBSYSTEM -- 4.1 Atmospheric water vapor -- 4.1.1 Humidity -- 4.2 Precipitation processes -- 4.3 Weather modification -- 4.4 Adiabatic processes -- 4.5 Precipitation measurement -- 4.5.1 Errors in precipitation measurement -- 4.6 Establishing a precipitation gage -- 4.7 Missing precipitation data -- 4.8 Averaging precipitation over an area -- 4.9 Checking temporal consistency of a precipitation record -- 4.10 Frequency analysis of precipitation -- 4.10.1 The gamma distribution -- 4.11 Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) -- 4.12 Risk -- Summary -- Problems -- Excel exercise 2 -- Excel exercise 3 -- 5: EVAPORATION -- 5.1 The evaporation process -- 5.1.1 Solar energy -- 5.1.2 Estimating solar radiation -- 5.1.3 Vapor pressure deficit -- 5.1.4 Wind speed -- 5.2 Methods for estimating evaporation -- 5.2.1 Evaporation pans -- 5.2.2 Continuity equations -- 5.2.3 Evaporation equations -- Summary -- Problems -- 6: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 6.1 The évapotranspiration process -- 6.1.1 Soil factors. , 6.1.2 Vegetative factors -- 6.2 Methods for estimation évapotranspiration -- 6.2.1 Water balance -- 6.2.2 Lysimeters -- 6.2.3 Potential évapotranspiration equations -- 6.3 Modeling évapotranspiration under limited soil moisture conditions -- 6.3.1 Modeling the soil as one-layer store -- 6.3.2 Modeling the soil as a two-layer store -- 6.4 Vegetation modification -- Summary -- Problems -- 7: INFILTRATION AND SOIL MOISTURE -- 7.1 Factors controlling infiltration -- 7.2 Infiltration rate versus cumulative infiltration -- 7.3 Infiltration measurement and estimation -- 7.3.1 Infiltrometers -- 7.3.2 Rainfall simulators -- 7.3.3 Hydrograph analysis -- 7.4 Infiltration models -- 7.4.1 Horton's model -- 7.4.2 Philip's model -- 7.5 Other methods for estimating infiltration -- 7.5.1 The ϕ index -- 7.5.2 Soil classification -- 7.6 Ponding time and runoff -- 7.7 Soil water -- 7.7.1 Porosity -- 7.7.2 Soil water potential -- 7.7.3 Soil water characteristic -- 7.7.4 Water movement in the soil -- 7.7.5 Soil moisture measurement -- Summary -- Problems -- 8: GROUNDWATER -- 8.1 Groundwater defined -- 8.2 Aquifers -- 8.2.1 Unconfined aquifers -- 8.2.2 Confined aquifers -- 8.3 Properties of aquifer materials -- 8.3.1 Porosity and water storage -- 8.3.2 Hydraulic conductivity -- 8.4 Groundwater head -- 8.4.1 Hydraulic gradient -- 8.4.2 The three-point method -- 8.5 Groundwater flow -- 8.5.1 Darcy's Law -- 8.5.2 Groundwater discharge -- 8.6 Groundwater and wells -- 8.7 Groundwater flow to wells -- 8.7.1 Steady flow -- 8.7.2 Unsteady flow -- 8.8 Two and three dimensional flow -- 8.9 Groundwater models -- 8.10 Groundwater quality and contaminant transport -- 8.10.1 Multiphase flow -- 8.10.2 Dissolved contaminant transport -- 8.11 Wellhead protection -- 8.12 Groundwater regions in the United States -- Summary -- Problems -- 9: THE WATER BALANCE. , 9.1 Components of the water balance -- 9.2 The water balance procedure -- 9.2.1 Steps in calculating an average water balance -- 9.2.2 An example water balance calculation -- 9.2.3 Graphing the water balance -- 9.2.4 Sensitivity of the water balance to AWC -- 9.3 Applications of the water balance -- Summary -- Problems -- 10: BASIN MORPHOMETRY AND RUNOFF -- 10.1 Basin morphometry -- 10.1.1 Stream ordering -- 10.1.2 Stream length -- 10.1.3 Basin area -- 10.1.4 Basin relief and slope -- 10.2 Runoff kinematics -- 10.2.1 Continuity -- 10.2.2 Motion: Laminar versus turbulent flow -- 10.3 Timing of runoff -- 10.3.1 Time of concentration -- 10.3.2 Overland flow travel time -- 10.3.3 Channel travel time -- 10.4 Runoff processes -- 10.4.1 Hortonian overland flow -- 10.4.2 Saturation overland flow -- 10.4.3 Human activities affecting runoff -- Summary -- Problems -- 11: STREAMFLOW AND FLOODS -- 11.1 Flood waves -- 11.1.1 Hydrographs -- 11.1.2 Hydrograph separation -- 11.2 Runoff volume -- 11.2.1 Infiltration-based approach -- 11.2.2 SCS curve number method -- 11.3 Peak runoff -- 11.3.1 The rational method -- 11.4 Flood frequency analysis -- 11.4.1 The normal distribution -- 11.4.2 The lognormal distribution -- 11.4.3 The Extreme Value I distribution -- 11.4.4 The Pearson Type III distribution -- 11.4.5 The log-Pearson Type III distribution -- 11.4.6 Confidence limits -- 11.4.7 Mixed distributions -- 11.5 Regional analysis -- 11.6 The unit hydrograph -- 11.6.1 Alternate duration unit hydrographs -- 11.6.2 Unit hydrograph convolution -- 11.7 Synthetic unit hydrographs -- 11.7.1 SCS triangular synthetic unit hydrograph -- 11.7.2 Snyder's synthetic unit hydrograph -- 11.7.3 Variations on Snyder's method -- 11.8 Flow routing -- 11.8.1 Reservoir routing -- 11.8.2 Muskingum channel routing -- 11.8.3 Determining K and x -- 11.9 Streamflow measurement. , 11.9.1 Stage-discharge relations -- Summary -- Problems -- 12: DROUGHT AND WATER SUPPLY -- 12.1 Defining drought -- 12.2 Runs analysis of drought -- 12.2.1 Analysis of Oklahoma climate division 4 -- 12.3 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) -- 12.3.1 Analysis of Oklahoma climate division 4 -- 12.4 Markov chain model of drought -- 12.4.1 Interrelating the Markov chain and runs theory -- 12.5 Water supply -- 12.5.1 Streamflow characteristics -- 12.5.2 Estimating water storage requirements -- Summary -- Problems -- 13: HYDROLOGIC MODELS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS -- 13.1 Hydrologic models -- 13.1.1 Types of models -- 13.1.2 Deterministic versus stochastic simulation models -- 13.1.3 Classifying deterministic models -- 13.1.4 Steps in using a computer model -- 13.1.5 The HEC-1 simulation model -- 13.1.6 Model components -- 13.1.7 Kinematic wave -- 13.1.8 Input data file and schematic model structure -- 13.1.9 Example simulation using HEC-1 -- 13.1.10 Agricultural nonpoint source pollution model (AGNPS) -- 13.2 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -- 13.2.1 Types of GIS -- 13.2.2 GIS applications to hydrology -- Summary -- Appendices -- References -- Subject index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Editors' Preface -- PART l: SHORT-TERM OIL MARKETS AND PRICES -- 1 The Political Economy of World Petroleum -- 2 Prospects for World Oil Markets -- 3 Short-Term Petroleum Outlook: Refiner and OPEC Behavior -- 4 The Impact of a Dollar Decline on the U.S. Economy and Energy Industries -- 4 The Impact of a Dollar Decline on the U.S. Economy and Energy Industries -- 4 The Impact of a Dollar Decline on the U.S. Economy and Energy Industries -- 7 The Costs and Benefits of a Gasoline Tariff -- 8 Economic and Legal Considerations for Oil and Gas Producers in Declining Markets -- PART 2: LONG-TERM OIL MARKETS AND PRICES -- 9 Worldwide Oil and Gas: Permanent Instability -- 10 The Long-Term Implications of Oil as a Commodity -- 11 The World Energy Outlook -- 12 The World Oil Market to the Year 2000 -- 13 Precursors for High and Low Future World Oil Prices -- 14 Economic Theory and World Energy Markets in the 1990s -- 15 On the Pricing of Oil: The Effects of Market Fragmentation -- 16 Crude Oil Trading and Price Stability -- PART 3: NATURAL GAS MARKETS AND PRICES -- 17 The Evolution of Natural Gas Markets -- 18 How Will Natural Gas Be Priced? -- 19 The North American Gas Market: Key Developments and Observations -- 20 Natural Gas in Western Europe: Major Expansion in Prospect -- 21 The Interplay of State and Federal Issues in Natural Gas -- 22 can the Gas Industry Weather FERC's New Rules? -- 23 Comment on Notice of Proposed Rule-Making Regulation of Natural Gas AfterPartial Wellhead Decontrol -- 24 Natural Gas: An Expanded Role for the Future -- PART 4: COAL AND ELECTRICITY -- 25 Coal and Electric Utilities Market Assessment Outlook -- 26 The Role of U.S. Coal in the International Coal Market -- 27 Prospects for the French Power Sector Through the Year 2000. , 28 Exporting Blue Gold: Who Will Absorb the Forecast Risk? -- 29 Deregulate the Electric Industry -- 30 Planning to Meet Future Electricity Demand: A Look at the Economics of the Nuclear and Coal Option -- 31 The Current Economics of Coal and Nuclear Power in the United States -- 32 Avoided Cost Pricing: New Ideas for a New Era -- 33 Impact of Lower and Falling Oil Prices on Emerging Power Generation Technologies -- PART 5 : ENERGY AND THE ECONOMY -- 34 world Economic outlook -- 35 1985 GRI Baseline Projection of U.S. Energy Supply and Demand: 1984-2010 -- 36 Long-Run Forecasts of Regional Energy Prices with the Argonne Regional Energy Price Simulator (AREPS) -- 37 Long-Run Projections of State-Level Conanercial and Residential Energy Use -- 38 Choice of Technology and Long-Run Technical Change in Energy Intensive Industries -- 39 A Weather Index for International Heating Oil Consumption -- 40 Decision Making Under Uncertainty in Thailand's Energy Sector -- 41 An Energy-Economy Model for Pakistan -- 42 Urban Energy Use in the Developing Countries.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to Fourth Edition -- Acknowledgment -- Editors -- Contributors -- 1: Early History of Conjugated Polymers: From Their Origins to the Handbook of Conducting Polymers -- Seth C. Rasmussen -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Basic Synthesis and Doping Processes of Conjugated Polymers -- 1.3 Polyaniline -- 1.3.1 Early Reports of the Oxidation of Aniline -- 1.3.2 Determination of the Structure of Aniline Oxidation Products -- 1.3.3 Buvet, Jozefowicz, and Conducting Polyaniline -- 1.4 Polypyrrole -- 1.4.1 Angeli and Pyrrole Black -- 1.4.2 Ciusa and 'Graphite' from Pyrrole -- 1.4.3 Weiss and Conducting Polypyrrole -- 1.4.4 Pyrrole Black at the University of Parma -- 1.4.5 Diaz and Electropolymerized Polypyrrole Films -- 1.5 Polyacetylene -- 1.5.1 Natta and the Polymerization of Acetylene -- 1.5.2 Tokyo Institute of Technology and Continued Studies of Polyacetylene -- 1.5.3 Shirakawa and Polyacetylene Films -- 1.5.4 Smith, Berets, and Doped Polyacetylene -- 1.5.5 MacDiarmid, Heeger, and Poly(sulfur nitride) -- 1.5.6 Doped Polyacetylene Films -- 1.6 Polythiophene -- 1.6.1 Yamamoto and Polythiophene via Catalytic Cross-Coupling -- 1.6.2 Lin and Related Catalytic Cross-Coupling Methods -- 1.6.3 Polythiophene via Electropolymerization -- 1.6.4 Polythiophenes via Chemical Oxidation -- 1.7 The Rise of Synthetic Metals and a Developing Field of Conductive Polymers -- 1.7.1 Synthetic Metals -- 1.7.2 Dedicated Literature -- References -- 2: Recent Advances in the Computational Characterization of π-Conjugated Organic Semiconductors -- Jean-Luc Brédas, Xiankai Chen, Thomas Körzdörfer, Hong Li, Chad Risko, Sean M. Ryno, and Tonghui Wang -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Density Functional Theory for Organic Electronics. , 2.2.1 The Electronic-Structure Method of Choice for Organic Electronic Materials -- 2.2.2 A Brief Introduction to DFT and TD-DFT -- 2.2.3 Challenges in DFT Applications and Recent Advances in Functional Development -- 2.2.3.1 Condensed Phases and the Problem of Dispersion Corrections in DFT -- 2.2.3.2 Self-Interaction Errors and Tuned Long-Range Corrected Hybrid Functionals -- 2.2.3.3 Charged Excitation Energies and the Physical Interpretation of Gaps in DFT -- 2.2.3.4 Optical Excitation Energies, Charge-Transfer Excitations, and Triplet States -- 2.3 Noncovalent Interactions and Polarization in the Condensed Phase -- 2.3.1 Noncovalent Interactions: Solid-State Packing, Miscibility, and Processing -- 2.3.2 Polarization and Site Energies in the Bulk and at Interfaces: Impact on Charged-State Characteristics -- 2.4 A Theoretical Description of Organic Emitters for Light-Emitting Diodes Exploiting Thermally Assisted Delayed Fluorescence -- 2.4.1 Theoretical Description of Reverse Intersystem Crossing -- 2.4.2 Relationships of the Spin-Orbit Couplings with the Excitation Characteristics -- 2.4.3 Role of Non-Adiabatic Coupling in the Reverse Intersystem Crossing Process -- 2.4.4 Novel Molecular-Design Strategies for TADF Emitters -- 2.5 Molecular Dynamics Description of Organic-Organic Interfaces and Polymer Pure Phases -- 2.5.1 Interfaces Between Layers of Small Molecules: Interfacial Mixing -- 2.5.2 π-Conjugated Polymer Pure Phases: Main-Chain Conformation and Inter-Chain Packing -- 2.5.3 Polymer-Fullerene Packing and Interfaces in the Mixed Regions -- 2.6 Characterization of the Interfaces between an Organic Layer and a Metal or Conducting Oxide Surface -- 2.6.1 Description of the Change in Surface Workfunction upon Deposition of an Organic Layer -- 2.6.2 Brief Description of the Computational Methodology -- 2.6.3 Surface Defects. , 2.6.4 Charge-Transfer Characteristics for Donor/Acceptor Molecules Physisorbed on Metal-Oxide Surfaces -- 2.6.5 Characterization of the Binding Modes of the Surface Modifiers -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3: Perspective on the Advancements in Conjugated Polymer Synthesis, Design, and Functionality over the Past Ten Years -- 3.1 Introduction to this Perspective -- 3.1.1 Polymer Structures -- 3.1.1.1 Polythiophene and Derivatives -- 3.1.1.2 Poly(arylene vinylenes) -- 3.1.1.3 Poly(arylene ethynylenes) -- 3.1.1.4 Narrow Bandgap Polymers -- 3.1.2 Polymer Synthesis -- 3.1.2.1 Transition Metal Catalyzed Polymerizations -- 3.1.2.2 Electrochemical Oxidative Polymerization -- 3.1.2.3 McMurry Polymerization -- 3.1.2.4 Knoevenagel Polycondensation -- 3.1.2.5 Gilch Polymerization -- 3.1.2.6 Wittig Type Polycondensations -- 3.2 Advancements in Conjugated Polymer Syntheses -- 3.2.1 Emerging Repeat Units -- 3.2.1.1 Amide and Imide Functionalized Repeat Units -- 3.2.1.2 Benzothiadiazole, Quinoxaline, and Analogs -- 3.2.1.3 Fused Donors -- 3.2.1.4 Heteroatom Modification -- 3.2.2 New Synthetic Strategies in Conjugated Polymer Chemistry -- 3.2.2.1 Polymerizations via C-H Activation -- 3.2.2.2 GRIM/Chain Transfer Polymerization (CTP) Synthetic Strategies -- 3.2.2.3 Continuous Flow Synthesis -- 3.2.2.4 Click-Chemistry and Multi-Component Reactions -- 3.2.2.5 Molecular Weight and Dispersity Effects -- 3.2.3 Structure Property Modification of Conjugated Polymers -- 3.2.3.1 Random and Block Copolymers -- 3.2.3.2 Side Chain Engineering -- 3.2.3.3 n-Type Conjugated Polymers -- 3.2.3.4 Metallopolymers -- 3.2.3.5 Conjugated Porous Polymers -- 3.3 Future Direction and Outlook -- 3.3.1 Efficient Monomer and Polymer Synthesis -- 3.3.2 Polymer Properties and Applications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4: Advances in Discrete Length and Fused Conjugated Oligomers. , Shanshan Chen, So-Huei Kang, Sang Myeon Lee, Tanya Kumari, and Changduk Yang -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Oligothiophenes -- 4.2.1 End-group Modification -- 4.2.2 Conjugation Length Extension -- 4.3 Cyclopentadithiophene Derivatives -- 4.3.1 Heteroatom Modification -- 4.3.2 Regiochemistry Studies -- 4.3.3 Conjugation Length Extension -- 4.3.4 End-group Modification -- 4.4 Benzodithiophene Derivatives -- 4.4.1 Conjugated Length Extension -- 4.4.2 Core Unit Modification -- 4.4.3 End-Group Modification -- 4.5 Indacenodithiophene Derivatives -- 4.5.1 Core Unit or π-Bridge Modification -- 4.5.2 Conjugation Length Extension -- 4.5.3 End-Group Modification -- 4.6 Rylene Diimide Derivatives -- 4.6.1 Conjugation Length Extension -- 4.7 Others -- 4.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5: Direct (Hetero)Arylation Polymerization for the Preparation of Conjugated Polymers -- J. Terence Blaskovits and Mario Leclerc -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Direct C-H Activation and Arylation of Small Molecules -- 5.2.1 History and Development -- 5.2.2 Proposed Mechanisms and Implications -- 5.3 Direct Arylation Applied to Polymers -- 5.3.1 Early Examples -- 5.3.2 Synthetic Considerations of DHAP -- 5.4 Defects in DHAP-Prepared Polymers -- 5.4.1 Regioregularity -- 5.4.2 Homocoupling -- 5.4.3 β-Defects -- 5.5 Considerations for a Successful Polymerization -- 5.5.1 Optimizing Reaction Conditions -- 5.5.2 Solvent -- 5.5.3 Ligand -- 5.5.4 Catalyst -- 5.5.5 Base, Acid, and Other Additives -- 5.5.6 Heating Source -- 5.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 6: Living Polymerizations of π-Conjugated Semiconductors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Poly(3-hexylthiophene) -- 6.3 Kumada Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) -- 6.3.1 Mechanistic Details of KCTP -- 6.3.2 External Initiation of KCTP -- 6.3.3 Termination and Endcapping in KCTP. , 6.3.4 Modulation of Electronic and Steric Effects in KCTP -- 6.4 Synthesis of Semiconducting π-Conjugated Polymers -- 6.4.1 Other Semiconducting Scaffolds -- 6.4.2 Block Copolymers -- 6.4.3 Alternating Copolymers -- 6.4.4 Synthesis of Advanced Topologies -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Controlled Synthesis of Polyfurans, Polyselenophenes, and Polytellurophenes -- Shuyang Ye, Emily L. Kynaston, and Dwight S. Seferos -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthesis of Furan, Selenophene, and Tellurophene Monomers -- 7.3 Furan, Selenophene, and Tellurophene Homopolymers -- 7.3.1 Preparation of Polyfurans -- 7.3.2 Preparation of Polyselenophenes -- 7.3.3 Preparation of Polytellurophenes -- 7.4 Properties and Applications of O, Se-, and Te- Polymers -- 7.4.1 Structure and Rigidity -- 7.4.2 Optoelectronic Properties -- 7.5 Furan, Selenophene, and Tellurophene Copolymers and Self-Assembly Behavior -- 7.6 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 8: Donor-Acceptor Polymers for Organic Photovoltaics -- Desta Gedefaw and Mats R. Andersson -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers -- 8.2.1 Fluorene, Silafluorene, Carbazole, and Cyclopentadithiophene-Containing Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 8.2.2 Thiophene and Derivatives as a Donor Unit in Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 8.2.2.1 Thiophene​/Thie​nothi​ophen​e/Sel​enoph​ene-Q​uinox​aline​ -- 8.2.2.2 Thiophene-Isoindigo Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 8.2.3 Benzodithiophene as a Donor Unit for the Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 8.2.3.1 Benzodithiophene-Thienothiophene-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 8.2.3.2 Benzodithiophene-TPD-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 8.2.3.3 BDT-Quinoxaline-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 8.2.3.4 BDT with Benzodithiophene-dione -- 8.2.3.6 BDT-triazole Polymers -- 8.2.4 Indacenodithiophene and its Derivatives as a Donor Unit in the Construction of Donor-Acceptor Polymers. , 8.2.4.1 Functionalization of the Bridging Atom.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Editors -- Contributors -- Reviewers -- Section I: Introduction/Historical Overview -- Chapter 1: Evolution of Laboratory Animal Program Management -- Conclusion -- Section II: Developing a Collaborative Culture of Caring -- Chapter 2: Culture of Care: Organizational Responsibilities -- Introduction -- Organizational Commitment -- Designing a Culture of Care -- Key Characteristics of a Culture of Care -- Structure -- Human-Animal Bond and Staff Empowerment -- Communication -- Training -- Recognition -- Auditing and Continuous Improvement -- Internal Audits and AAALAC Accreditation -- Reinforcement -- The 3Rs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Fostering Collaborative Roles and Responsibilities for Members of an IACUC or Oversight Body -- Introduction -- The Program -- Establishing a Culture of Compliance, Conscience, and Respect -- The IACUC -- The Institutional Official -- The IACUC Chair -- The IACUC Administrator -- The Attending Veterinarian -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Bioethics and Animal Use in Programs of Research, Teaching, and Testing -- Introduction -- Relevant Historical Philosophical Approaches Regarding Animal Use -- Philosophical Concepts -- Utilitarianism -- Morally Relevant Difference between Humans and Animals -- Guidelines and Principles -- The 3Rs -- U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training -- NASA Sundowner Principles -- Religion -- Contemporary Issues -- Biomedical Activities Are Not Monolithic -- Changing the Legal Status of Animals -- Other Contemporary Issues -- Public Perceptions about the Use of Animals in Biomedical Activities -- Media Portrayal of Animal Use in Biomedical Activities. , Value of Biomedical Activities Involving Animals -- Some Specific Examples of the Value of Animal-Based Medical Research -- Is History Prologue? -- Impact of Emerging Technologies -- Can Animal Use Be Prohibited? -- Application of Ethical Concerns of Oversight Bodies Such as Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees and Ethics Review Committees -- Risk (Harm) versus Benefit Assessment -- Role of Animal Care and Use Administrators, Directors, and Managers in Fostering Ethical and Compliant Programs -- Application of Ethical Concerns by Other Institutional Individuals -- Value of External Review of Animal Care and Use Programs -- Conclusion -- Attachment I -- Selected Examples of the Laws and Regulations That May Apply to Biomedical Activities Conducted in the United States and Canada -- Other Import and Export of Animals -- State and Local Regulations -- Guidelines -- References -- Chapter 5: Behavioral Management Programs to Promote Laboratory Animal Welfare -- Introduction to Behavioral Management -- Constructs to Achieve with Behavioral Management -- Personnel Involved in Behavioral Management -- Social Housing Program -- Environmental Enrichment Program -- Animal Training Program -- Behavioral Assessment Program -- Facility and Housing Design -- Coordination of Behavioral Management with Research -- Coordination of Behavioral Management with Veterinary and Animal Care Personnel -- Record Keeping and Documentation -- Selecting New Employees and Employee Training on Behavioral Management -- Structure of Behavioral Management Programs -- Characteristics of Successful Behavioral Management Programs -- Conclusions and Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Further readingS -- References -- Chapter 6: Education and Outreach Programs -- Animal Research: Why Is It Necessary? -- Recent Animal Research Achievements -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Cancer. , Cystic Fibrosis -- Ebola -- Epilepsy -- Heart Attack and Stroke -- Hepatitis -- HIV -- Influenza -- Joint Disorders -- Kidney Disease -- Organ Failure -- Malaria -- Paralysis -- Parkinson's Disease -- Vision Loss -- Animal Research for Animals -- Animal Models -- Oversight -- Public Support -- Communication Tips -- Domestic and International Advocacy Groups -- Disclaimer -- Appendix 6.1 -- Nobel Prizes Based on Animal Research (Foundation for Biomedical Research 2016b) -- Animals behind the Top 25 Prescribed Drugs in the United States (2014) -- References -- Section III: Compliance, Assessment, and Assurance -- Chapter 7: Compliance and Regulatory Programs -- Introduction -- Typical Compliance Programs -- Salient Features -- Hierarchy of Guidance -- Engineering, Performance, Practice, and Professional Standards -- Self-Regulation and Trust -- Constituents and Their Interaction -- Role of the Principal Investigator -- Role of the Institutional Official -- Role of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee or Ethical Oversight Body -- Role of the Attending Veterinarian -- Role of the Program Manager -- Team Approach to Compliance -- Program Assessment -- Special Considerations for the Program Manager -- Introduction to Regulations Impacting Animal-Based Research -- The Americas -- United States -- Canada -- Latin America -- Europe -- European Union -- Other European Countries -- Africa -- Asia -- People's Republic of China -- Taiwan, Republic of China -- Japan -- South Korea -- India -- Thailand -- Singapore -- Malaysia -- Indonesia -- Philippines -- Cambodia -- Australasia -- Australia -- New Zealand -- Multinational Guidance -- AAALAC International -- Terrestrial Animal Health Code -- International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals -- Summary -- References. , Chapter 8: Harmonizing International Animal Care and Use Programs -- Global Principles of Research Animal Welfare -- Introduction -- Principles in the Legislation -- Principles of Global Organizations -- Role of Professional Associations -- Why Harmonization Matters -- Globalization of Science and the Core Ethical Principles That Result from Harmonization -- Operational Efficiency, Teamwork and High Standards, and Scientific Quality -- Operational Efficiency -- Teamwork and High Standards -- Scientific Quality -- Strategies for Effective Harmonization -- Engineering and Performance Standards -- Management Structure and Commitment -- Challenges of Harmonization -- Implementation of an Institutionally Harmonized Program -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Assessment and Accreditation Programs for Research Animal Care and Use -- Introduction -- History and Governance Structures for the AAALAC International Accreditation and CCAC Certification Programs -- AAALAC International -- CCAC -- Demographics of Programs Participating in AAALAC International Accreditation and CCAC Certification -- Other Quality Assurance Programs -- Standards Used in the Assessment and Certification Process: Selection and Application -- AAALAC International's Standards and Guidance -- AAALAC International's Rules of Accreditation -- AAALAC International's Position Statements -- AAALAC International's FAQs -- CCAC's Standards and Guidance -- CCAC Guidelines -- CCAC Policies -- Other CCAC-Recognized Standards -- Three Rs -- Use of Local or National Laws in the Certification Process -- Professionals and Professionalism Involved in Conducting Assessment and Certification Visits -- AAALAC International's Professionals on the Site Visit Team -- CCAC's Professionals on the Assessment Site Visit Team -- Components of the Assessment, Accreditation, and Certification Processes. , Preparing for an AAALAC International Site Visit -- AAALAC International Site Visit Process -- COA Process for Evaluation and Conferral of Accreditation Status -- AAALAC International's Program Status Evaluation Program -- CCAC Assessment Process -- Preparing for the CCAC Visit -- CCAC Site Visit Process -- CCAC Process for Evaluation and Conferral of Certification Status -- CCAC's Requirements for Initial Certification -- Institutional Steps to Maintain or Restore Accreditation or Certification -- Developing and Communicating a Compelling Corrective Action Plan in Response to AAALAC International's Findings -- Drop-In Visits from AAALAC International -- Other Actions Required for AAALAC International Accreditation -- Measures to Ensure Success in Continuing CCAC Certification -- Implementation Report: Response of the Institution to the CCAC Recommendations -- Benefits of Accreditation and Certification -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Facilitating the Research Process: Limiting Regulatory Burden and Leveraging Performance Standards -- Introduction -- Impact of Regulatory Compliance Burden -- Regulatory Burden -- Self-Imposed Compliance Burden -- Minimizing Regulatory Compliance Burden -- Assessing Outcomes -- Engineering Standards -- Performance Standards -- Practice Standards -- Selection of Appropriate Standards -- Evaluation of Outcomes -- Application of Performance Standards to Oversight of the Animal Care and Use Program -- Animal Care Program -- Organizational Considerations -- Summary -- References -- Section IV: Program Management and Stewardship of Resources -- Chapter 11: Human Care -- Introduction -- What Is a Manager? -- Management Activities -- Training for Managers -- Employee Composition -- Recruitment -- Selection and Staff Onboarding -- Retention -- Development -- Workforce Diversity and Career Development. , Conclusion.