Note: Book Cover -- Half-Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- 1 The nuclear envelope: a comparative -- 2 The nuclear envelope proteome -- 3 Nuclear envelope proteins and human -- 4 Protein interactions, right or wrong, in -- 5 Plant nuclear envelope proteins -- 6 Structure, function and assembly of the -- 7 Import and export at the nuclear envelope -- 8 Regulating gene expression in mammalian -- 9 Nuclear shuttling in plant cells -- 10 Dynamics of nuclear lamina assembly and -- 11 Spatial and temporal control of nuclear -- 12 Nuclear envelope dynamics during mitosis -- 13 Nuclear dynamics in higher plants -- 14 The nuclear envelope in the plant cell cycle -- 15 Signalling to the nucleus via A-kinase -- 16 Spectraplakins and nesprins, giant spectrin -- 17 Arabidopsis U1 snRNP 70K protein and its -- 18 Calcium/calmodulin-binding transcription -- 19 CAAX-dependent modifications of the -- 20 All in the family -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- The Physiology of Fishes: Fifth Edition -- Preface for the Fifth Edition of The Physiology of Fishes -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Evolution and Phylogeny -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Jawless Vertebrates (Agnathans) -- 1.2.1 Order Myxiniformes (Hagfishes) -- 1.2.2 Order Petromyzontiformes (Lampreys) -- 1.3 Superclass Gnathostomata -- 1.4 Class Chondrichthyes (Ratfishes, Sharks, and Rays) -- 1.4.1 Subclass Holocephali (Chimaeras) -- 1.4.2 Subclass Euselachii, Infraclass Elasmobranchii (Neoselachii) -- 1.4.2.1 Division Selachii (Sharks) -- 1.4.2.2 Division Batomorphi (Rays) -- 1.5 Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes Including Tetrapods) -- 1.5.1 Subclass Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned Fishes and Tetrapods) -- 1.5.2 Subclass Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes) -- 1.5.2.1 Early-Branching Actinopterygii -- 1.5.2.2 Division Teleostei -- 1.5.2.3 Cohort Elopomorpha (Tarpons, Tenpounders, Bonefishes, Eels) -- 1.5.2.4 Cohort Osteoglossomorpha (Bony-Tongues) -- 1.5.2.5 Cohort Otocephala -- 1.5.2.6 Cohort Euteleostei -- 1.5.2.7 Unranked Clade Neoteleostei -- 1.5.2.8 Unranked Clade Acanthomorpha (Spiny-Rayed Fishes) -- 1.5.2.9 Series Percomorpha -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 2 Locomotion and Biomechanics -- 2.1 History of Fish Locomotion -- 2.1.1 Classification of Swimming -- 2.1.2 Body Caudal Fin Locomotion -- 2.1.3 Median and Paired Fin Locomotion -- 2.1.4 Gait Changes -- 2.2 Complexity of Fish Forces -- 2.2.1 General Biomechanics: Force, Power and Thrust -- 2.2.2 A Little about Muscle: Motor, Spring or Break? -- 2.2.3 Muscle Anatomy -- 2.2.4 Diversity of Fin Anatomy and Structure -- 2.3 Muscle Activity and Neurocontrol -- 2.3.1 Muscle Activity -- 2.3.2 BCF Swimming -- 2.3.3 Labriform Locomotion -- 2.3.4 Unsteady Swimming. , 2.3.5 Escape Response -- 2.3.6 Swimming in Unsteady Flow -- 2.3.7 Neuro Control -- 2.4 Amphibious Locomotion in Fishes -- 2.4.1 Diversity of Terrestrial Locomotion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Gas Exchange -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 From Environment to Gill Branchial Gas Transfer -- 3.2.1 Ventilation -- 3.2.2 Morphology -- 3.2.3 Diffusion across Membranes -- 3.2.4 The Osmorespiratory Compromise -- 3.3 Circulatory Transport of Respiratory Gases -- 3.3.1 Blood -- 3.3.1.1 Oxygen -- 3.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3.2 Blood Flow and Perfusion -- 3.4 Diffusion at the Tissue Level -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 The Cardiovascular System -- 4.1 General Introduction -- 4.2 General Features of the Fish Cardiovascular System -- 4.2.1 Blood -- 4.2.2 Heart Morphology and Blood Flow Patterns -- 4.2.3 Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Cardiovascular Parameters -- 4.2.4 Vasculature -- 4.2.5 Control Systems -- 4.3 Integrative Cardiovascular Function -- 4.3.1 Exercise -- 4.3.2 Digestion -- 4.3.3 High Temperature -- 4.3.4 Low Temperature -- 4.3.5 Limiting Oxygen Levels -- 4.4 Conclusion and Future Cardiovascular Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Iono- and Osmoregulation -- 5.1 General Introduction -- 5.2 Evolutionary Strategies -- 5.2.1 Hagfish -- 5.2.2 Lamprey -- 5.2.3 Elasmobranchs -- 5.2.4 Teleosts -- 5.3 Physiology of Iono- and Osmoregulatory Tissues -- 5.3.1 Skin -- 5.3.2 Gills -- 5.3.2.1 Freshwater Fishes -- 5.3.2.2 Marine Fishes -- 5.3.3 Kidney -- 5.3.3.1 Freshwater Fishes -- 5.3.3.2 Marine Fishes -- 5.3.4 Gastrointestinal Tract -- 5.3.4.1 Marine Fishes -- 5.4 Euryhalinity -- 5.4.1 When Does Natural Selection Favour Euryhalinity? -- 5.4.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Osmosensing and Signal Transduction -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 The Digestive System. , 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Primary Function of the Digestive System -- 6.3 Digestive System Morphology -- 6.3.1 Buccal Cavity, Pharynx, and Associated Structures -- 6.3.2 Oesophagus -- 6.3.3 Stomach -- 6.3.4 Intestine -- 6.3.5 Colon and Rectum -- 6.3.6 Associated Organs -- 6.3.7 Microbiome -- 6.4 Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Thermal Biology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Thermal Strategies -- 7.1.2 Mechanisms of Endothermy in Fishes -- 7.2 Characterizing the Thermal Niche of a Fish -- 7.2.1 Thermal Tolerance -- 7.2.2 Thermal Performance -- 7.2.3 Thermal Compensation -- 7.3 Cellular and Molecular Effects of Temperature -- 7.3.1 Cellular Stress Response -- 7.3.2 Effects on Cellular Metabolism -- 7.3.3 Effects on Membranes -- 7.3.4 Temperature and Oxidative Stress -- 7.4 Effects on Whole-Organism Performance -- 7.4.1 Effects on Metabolism -- 7.4.2 Effects on the Cardiorespiratory System -- 7.4.3 Effects on Swimming Performance and Behaviour -- 7.5 Developmental Plasticity -- 7.5.1 Epigenetic Effects of Temperature -- 7.6 Thermal Adaptation -- 7.6.1 Adaptations to Constant Cold in Antarctic Fishes -- 7.7 Thermal Biology in a Changing World -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Endocrinology: An Evolutionary Perspective on Neuroendocrine Axes in Teleosts -- 8.1 Neuroendocrine Axes in Vertebrates and Special Features in Teleosts -- 8.1.1 Control of Physiological Functions and Life Cycles -- 8.1.2 The Innovation of the Pituitary Gland in Vertebrates -- 8.1.3 Specific Aspects of Pituitary Functional Anatomy in Teleosts -- 8.2 Diversification of Neuroendocrine Actors via Gene Duplications -- 8.2.1 Ancient Origin of the Molecular Families of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.2.2 Gene Duplications of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.2.3 Vertebrate- and Teleost-Specific Whole-Genome Duplications and Impact on Neuroendocrine Actors. , 8.2.4 Conservation or Loss of Duplicated Paralogs and Species-Specific Diversity of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.3 The Thyrotropic Axis and the Control of Development, Metabolism, and Metamorphosis in Teleosts -- 8.3.1 Introduction to the Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.3.2 Specific Features of the Thyrotropic Axis in Teleosts -- 8.3.2.1 Teleost Metamorphosis and Role of the Thyroid Hormones (TH) -- 8.3.2.2 Knowledge Gaps in the Teleost Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.3.2.3 Impact of Gene Duplication, Conservation, or Loss on Teleost Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.4 The Somatotropic Axis and the Control of Growth and Pleiotropic Functions in Teleosts -- 8.4.1 Introduction to the Somatotropic Axis -- 8.4.2 Specific Features of the Somatotropic Axis in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.1 Various Roles in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.2 Multiple Hypophysiotropic Controls Integrated at the Pituitary Somatotroph Level in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.3 Impact of Gene Duplication, Conservation, or Loss on Teleost Somatotropic Axis -- References -- Chapter 9 Reproduction -- 9.1 General Introduction -- 9.2 Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction -- 9.2.1 GnRH -- 9.2.2 Other Neural Factors -- 9.2.2.1 Dopamine -- 9.2.2.2 KiSS -- 9.2.2.3 Additional Factors -- 9.3 Pituitary-Gonadal Axis -- 9.3.1 Steroids and Steroid Receptors -- 9.3.2 Oocyte Development and Maturation -- 9.3.3 Spermatogenesis -- 9.3.4 Sexual Determination and Sexual Differentiation -- 9.4 Environmental Effects on Fish Reproduction -- 9.4.1 Environmental Cues -- 9.4.1.1 Photoperiod -- 9.4.1.2 Temperature -- 9.4.2 Environmental Endocrine Disruption -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10 Metabolism -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Levels of Metabolic Rate -- 10.3 Modulators of Metabolic Rate -- 10.3.1 Body Mass -- 10.3.2 Temperature -- 10.3.3 Hypoxia -- 10.4 Variation in Metabolic Rate Among and within Species. , 10.5 Ecological and Evolutionary Relevance of (Varation in) Metabolic Rate -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Hearing -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 How and Why Hearing? -- 11.3 The Importance of Sound to Fishes Today -- 11.4 Primer on Underwater Sound -- 11.4.1 Underwater Sound and Fishes -- 11.5 How Do Fishes Hear? -- 11.5.1 The Inner Ear -- 11.5.2 Response of the Ear to Sound Stimulation -- 11.5.3 Ancillary Structures -- 11.6 Diversity of Fish Ears -- 11.7 What Do Fishses Hear? -- 11.7.1 Other Aspects of Hearing by Fishes -- 11.8 What Don't we Know about Fish Hearing (Future Directions)? -- 11.9 Anthropogenic Sound and Fishes -- References -- Chapter 12 Active Electroreception and Electrocommunication -- 12.1 Introduction to Electroreception and Electrogenesis -- 12.2 Classification of Electric Fishes Based on Electric Signal Type -- 12.3 Electrocommunication -- 12.4 Generalized Anatomy of the Electro-Sensory-Motor Pathways in Gymnotiform Weakly Electric Fishes -- 12.5 Structural Organization and Premotor Neural Regulation of the Pacemaker Nucleus -- 12.6 Endocrine Regulation and Neuromodulation of the Premotor and Motor Brain Centers -- 12.7 Endocrine Regulation of the Peripheral Electric Organ -- 12.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Vision -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Eye -- 13.2.1 Adnexa -- 13.2.2 Sclera/Cornea -- 13.2.3 Uvea -- 13.2.4 Lens -- 13.2.5 Aqueous and Vitreous Humour -- 13.2.6 Retina -- 13.2.6.1 Rods and Cones -- 13.2.6.2 Light/Dark Adaptation -- 13.2.6.3 Regional Variation in Retinal Structure -- 13.2.6.4 Visual Pigments -- 13.3 Visual Optics -- 13.3.1 Eye Shape -- 13.3.2 Image Formation -- 13.3.2.1 Resting Refractive State and Accommodation -- 13.3.2.2 Amphibious Vision -- 13.3.3 Pupil -- 13.3.4 Tapeta -- 13.3.5 Intraocular Filters -- 13.4 Visual Abilities -- 13.4.1 Absolute Sensitivity. , 13.4.2 Contrast.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Chapter 1: An introduction to plant cell and tissue culture -- 1: Plant cell and tissue culture -- 2: Industrial-scale plant cell culture -- 3: Plant tissue culture, plant breeding and crop improvement -- 4: Plant tissue culture and plant genetic engineering -- Chapter 2: Basic plant biology for cell culture -- 1: Tissues and organs -- 2: Plant tissues -- 3: Meristems -- 4: Plant reproductive tissues -- 5: The embryo and embryogenesis -- 6: Development of tissues -- 7: Protoplasts -- 8: Media, nutrients and requirements for growth -- Chapter 3: Tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture and forestry -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Micropropagation -- 3: Plant breeding -- 4: Biodiversity and conservation of germplasm -- Chapter 4: Tissue culture in genetic engineering and biotechnology -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Genetic engineering -- 3: Applications of plant genetic engineering -- Chapter 5: Culture facilities, sterile technique and media preparation -- 1: Introduction -- 2.: The basic laboratory layout and equipment -- 3: Sterilization -- 4: Media preparation -- 5: Contamination -- 6: Disposing of contaminated waste -- 7: Safety in the laboratory -- Protocol 5.1: Hygiene in the tissue culture laboratory -- Protocol 5.2: Preparing basal medium from commercial formulations or from individual components -- Protocol 5.3: Preparation of hormone additions to basal media -- Protocol 5.4: Preparation of coconut water supplement for basal media -- Chapter 6: Callus cultures -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Origin of callus -- 3: Types of callus -- 4: Role of callus in embryogenesis, organogenesis and cell culture -- 5: Initiation and establishment of callus cultures -- 6: Monitoring the growth of callus -- 7. Genetic transformation of callus. , Protocol 6.1: Preparation of plant material and explants -- Protocol 6.2: Callus from a dicot root: Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum -- Protocol 6.3: Callus from dicot shoot/leaf - Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum -- Protocol 6.4: Callus from a monocot (e.g. maize, rice) -- Protocol 6.5: Callus from gymnosperms (Norway spruce) -- Protocol 6.6: Transforming maize callus by particle bombardment -- Protocol 6.7: Preparation of a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana callus using Agrobacterium -- Chapter 7: Cell suspension cultures -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Initiation of cell suspension cultures -- 3: Maintenance of cell suspension cultures -- 4: Growth characteristics of cell suspension cultures -- 5: Uses of cell suspension cultures -- Protocol 7.1: A generic protocol for initiating a suspension culture -- Protocol 7.2: Monitoring the growth of suspension cultures -- Protocol 7.3: Measurement of cell viability -- Protocol 7.4: Genetic transformation of suspension cultured cells -- Chapter 8: Protoplast culture -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Isolation of protoplasts -- 3: Protoplast culture -- 4: Uses of protoplasts -- Protocol 8.1: Preparation of protoplasts from suspension cultures (e.g. maize) using a long incubation -- Protocol 8.2: Isolation of protoplasts from carrot suspension cultures using a rapid incubation -- Protocol 8.3: Rapid preparation of mesophyll protoplasts from maize leaves -- Protocol 8.4: Preparation of mesophyll protoplasts from tobacco leaves and purification of protoplasts on a density gradient -- Protocol 8.5: Rapid preparation of protoplasts from maize roots -- Protocol 8.6: Preparation of protoplasts from roots (arabidopsis) with partial purification of protoplasts by flotation -- Protocol 8.7: The culture of protoplasts using nurse culture -- Protocol 8.8: The culture of protoplasts using the hanging drop method. , Protocol 8.9: Detecting regeneration of cell wall in isolated protoplasts -- Protocol 8.10: Protoplast fusion induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) -- Protocol 8.11: Electrical fusion of protoplasts -- Protocol 8.12: Protoplast transformation by electroporation -- Protocol 8.13: Transformation of protoplasts mediated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) -- Chapter 9: Haploid cultures -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Anther culture -- 3: Microspore culture -- 4: Anther culture versus microspore culture -- 5: Intergeneric crosses and embryo rescue -- 6: Procedures for the induction of androgenesis -- Protocol 9.1: Anther culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) -- Protocol 9.2: Wheat microspore culture -- Chapter 10: Organ and embryo culture -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Hairy roots -- 3: Embryo culture -- 4: Minitubers and microtubers -- Protocol 10.1: Isolation and culture of the primary seedling root of dicots -- Protocol 10.2: Isolation and culture of roots of monocots (e.g. maize) -- Protocol 10.3: Hairy root cultures (plant transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes) -- Protocol 10.4: Sterile culture of the ear of a cereal (e.g. maize) -- Protocol 10.5: Embryo rescue of a dicot - Phaseolus vulgaris -- Chapter 11: Regeneration of plants and micropropagation -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Regeneration via somatic embryogenesis -- 3: Control of embryogenesis -- 4: Regeneration via organogenesis -- 5: Protocols -- Protocol 11.1: Embryogenesis from callus in a dicot (e.g. carrot) or monocot (cereals, rice) -- Protocol 11.2: Plant regeneration by organogenesis -- Protocol 11.3: Somatic embryogenesis of Norway spruce using a suspension culture step -- Chapter 12: Somaclonal variation -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Origins and mechanisms of somaclonal variability -- 3: The importance of somaclonal variation -- 4: Methods of assessing somaclonal variation in regenerated plants. , 5: Somaclonal variation as a technique for crop improvement -- Chapter 13: Bacterial culture in the plant cell culture laboratory -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Facilities for bacterial culture -- Protocol 13.1: To culture E. coli in Luria broth (LB) -- Protocol 13.2: Calcium chloride-mediated transformation of E. coli -- Protocol 13.3: Calcium chloride-mediated transformation of Agrobacterium -- Protocol 13.4: Culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in culture medium, YEB -- Protocol 13.5: Culture of Agrobacterium rhizogenes in culture medium, YMA -- Chapter 14: Industrial uses of plant cell culture -- 1: Introduction -- 2: Plant cells in culture -- 3: Apparatus for large-scale plant cultures -- 4: Examples of industrial-scale production using cultured cells -- Chapter 15: Prospects and future challenges -- 1: Recent developments -- 2: The future -- Suppliers of chemicals, apparatus and cell culture products -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- Preface to Second Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Section A: Introduction -- A1 Introduction -- Section B: Understanding Plants - Methods in Plant Biology -- B1 Arabidopsis and Other Model Plants -- B2 Methods in Experimental Plant Science -- B3 Studying Plant Evolution and Ecology -- Section C: Plant Cells -- C1 The Plant Cell -- C2 The Cell Wall -- C3 Plastids and Mitochondria -- C4 Membranes -- C5 Nucleus and Genome -- C6 Cell Division -- Section D: Vegetative Anatomy -- D1 Meristems and Primary Tissue -- D2 Roots -- D3 Herbaceous Stems and Primary Growth -- D4 Woody Stems and Secondary Growth -- D5 Leaves -- Section E: Plants, Water and Mineral Nutrition -- E1 Plants and Water -- E2 Water Retention and Stomata -- E3 Movement of Nutrient Ions across Membranes -- E4 Uptake of Mineral Nutrients by Plants -- E5 Functions of Mineral Nutrients -- Section F: Metabolism -- F1 Photosynthetic Pigments and the Nature of Light -- F2 Major Reactions of Photosynthesis -- F3 C3 and C4 Plants and CAM -- F4 Respiration and Carbohydrate Metabolism -- F5 Amino Acid, Lipid, Polysaccharide and Secondary Product Metabolism -- Section G: Reproductive Biology -- G1 The Flower -- G2 Pollen and Ovules -- G3 Breeding Systems -- G4 Self Incompatibility -- G5 Ecology of Flowering and Pollination -- Section H: Seeds and Fruits -- H1 The Seed -- H2 Fruits -- H3 Fruit and Seed Dispersal -- H4 Seed Dormancy -- H5 Regeneration and Establishment -- Section I: Sensing and Responding to the Environment -- I1 Photoperiodism, Photomorphogenesis and Circadian Rhythms -- I2 Tropisms -- I3 Nastic Responses -- I4 Abscission -- I5 Stress Avoidance and Adaptation -- Section J: Growth and Development -- J1 Features of Growth and Development -- J2 Biochemistry of Growth Regulation. , J3 Molecular Action of Plant Hormones and Intracellular Messengers -- J4 Physiology of Floral Initiation and Development -- Section K: Plant Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology -- K1 Plant Breeding -- K2 Plant Cell and Tissue Culture -- K3 Plant Genetic Engineering -- Section L: Plant Ecology -- L1 Ecology of Different Growth Forms -- L2 Physical Factors and Plant Distribution -- L3 Plant Communities -- L4 Populations -- L5 Polymorphisms and Population Genetics -- L6 Contribution to Carbon Balance and Atmosphere -- Section M: Interactions between Plants and Other Organisms -- M1 Mycorrhiza -- M2 Nitrogen Fixation -- M3 Interactions between Plants and Animals -- M4 Fungal Pathogens and Endophytes -- M5 Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Viruses and Heterokonts -- M6 Parasites and Saprophytes -- M7 Carnivorous Plants -- Section N: Human Uses of Plants -- N1 Plants as Food -- N2 Plants for Construction -- N3 Plants in Medicine -- N4 Plants for Other Uses -- N5 Bioremediation -- Section O: Algae and Bryophytes -- O1 The Algae -- O2 The Bryophytes -- O3 Reproduction in Bryophytes -- Section P: Spore-Bearing Vascular Plants -- P1 Early Evolution of Vascular Plants -- P2 Clubmosses and Quillworts -- P3 Horsetails -- P4 Ferns -- Section Q: Seed Plants -- Q1 Early Seed Plants -- Q2 Conifers -- Q3 Cycads, Ginkgo and Gnetopsida -- Q4 Evolution of Flowering Plants -- Q5 General Features of Plant Evolution -- Further Reading -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- The Editor -- Contributors -- 1: Osmoregulation: Some Principles of Water and Solute Transport -- 2: Volume Regulation and Osmosensing in Animal Cells -- 3: The Contractile Vacuole Complex and Cell Volume Control in Protozoa -- 4: Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Molluscs -- 5: Osmoregulation in Annelids -- 6: Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Aquatic Arthropods -- 7: Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Insects -- 8: Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Fishes -- 9: Osmotic and Ion Regulation in Amphibians -- 10: Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Reptiles -- 11: Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Birds -- 12: Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Mammals -- Index.