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  • 1
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    Energies, Vol. 6, Pages 2644-2662: Life Cycle GHG of NG-Based Fuel and Electric Vehicle in China (2013)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-23
    Description: This paper compares the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of natural gas (NG)- based fuels to the GHG emissions of electric vehicles (EVs) powered with NG-to-electricity in China. A life-cycle model is used to account for full fuel cycle and use-phase emissions, as well as vehicle cycle and battery manufacturing. The reduction of life-cycle GHG emissions of EVs charged by electricity generated from NG, without utilizing carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology can be 36%–47% when compared to gasoline vehicles. The large range change in emissions reduction potential is driven by the different generation technologies that could in the future be used to generate electricity in China. When CCS is employed in power plants, the GHG emission reductions increase to about 71%–73% compared to gasoline vehicles. It is found that compressed NG (CNG) and liquefied NG (LNG) fuels can save about 10% of carbon as compared to gasoline vehicles. However, gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel made through the Fischer-Tropsch method will likely lead to a life-cycle GHG emissions increase, potentially 3%–15% higher than gasoline, but roughly equal to petroleum-based diesel. When CCS is utilized, the GTL fueled vehicles emit roughly equal GHG emissions to petroleum-based diesel fuel high-efficient hybrid electric vehicle from the life-cycle perspective.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 2
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    The Topographical Arrangement of Cutoff Spatial Frequencies across Lower and Upper Visual Fields in Mouse V1 (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-14
    Description: The visual response to spatial frequency (SF), a characteristic of spatial structure across position in space, is of particular importance for animal survival. A natural challenge for rodents is to detect predators as early as possible while foraging. Whether neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) are functionally organized to meet this challenge remains unclear. Combining intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-unit recording, we found that the cutoff SF was much greater for neurons whose receptive fields were located above the mouse. Specifically, we discovered that the cutoff SF increased in a gradient that was positively correlated with the elevation in the visual field. This organization was present at eye opening and persisted through adulthood. Dark rearing delayed the maturation of the cutoff SF globally, but had little impact on the topographical organization of the cutoff SF, suggesting that this regional distribution is innately determined. This form of cortical organization of different SFs may benefit the mouse for detection of airborne threats in the natural environment. Scientific Reports 5 doi: 10.1038/srep07734
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    P38/MAPK contributes to endothelial barrier dysfunction via MAP4 phosphorylation-dependent microtubule disassembly in inflammation-induced acute lung injury (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-10
    Description: Excessive activation of inflammation and the accompanying lung vascular endothelial barrier disruption are primary pathogenic features of acute lung injury (ALI). Microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4), a tubulin assembly-promoting protein, is important for maintaining the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton and cell-cell junctional structures. However, both the involvement and exact mechanism of MAP4 in the development of endothelial barrier disruption in ALI remains unknown. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were applied to human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) to mimic the endothelial damage during inflammation in vitro. We demonstrated that the MAP4 (Ser696 and Ser787) phosphorylation increased concomitantly with the p38/MAPK pathway activation by the LPS and TNF-α stimulation of HPMECs, which induced MT disassembly followed by hyperpermeability. Moreover, the application of taxol, the overexpression of a MAP4 (Ala) mutant, or the application of the p38/MAPK inhibitor SB203580 inhibited the MT disruption and the intracellular junction dysfunction. In contrast, MKK6 (Glu), which constitutively activated p38/MAPK, resulted in microtubule depolymerisation and, subsequently, hyperpermeability. Our findings reveal a novel role of MAP4 in endothelial barrier dysfunction. Scientific Reports 5 doi: 10.1038/srep08895
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Remote Sensing, Vol. 7, Pages 14731-14756: Classification of Several Optically Complex Waters in China Using in Situ Remote Sensing Reflectance (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-06
    Description: Determining the dominant optically active substances in water bodies via classification can improve the accuracy of bio-optical and water quality parameters estimated by remote sensing. This study provides four robust centroid sets from in situ remote sensing reflectance (Rrs (λ)) data presenting typical optical types obtained by plugging different similarity measures into fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering. Four typical types of waters were studied: (1) highly mixed eutrophic waters, with the proportion of absorption of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), phytoplankton, and non-living particulate matter at approximately 20%, 20%, and 60% respectively; (2) CDOM-dominated relatively clear waters, with approximately 45% by proportion of CDOM absorption; (3) nonliving solids-dominated waters, with approximately 88% by proportion of absorption of nonliving particulate matter; and (4) cyanobacteria-composed scum. We also simulated spectra from seven ocean color satellite sensors to assess their classification ability. POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER), Sentinel-2A, and MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) were found to perform better than the rest. Further, a classification tree for MERIS, in which the characteristics of Rrs (709)/Rrs (681), Rrs (560)/Rrs (709), Rrs (560)/Rrs (620), and Rrs (709)/Rrs (761) are integrated, is also proposed in this paper. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of the proposed classification tree are 76.2% and 0.632, respectively.
    Electronic ISSN: 2072-4292
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 5
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    IJERPH, Vol. 14, Pages 1556: Investigating Lushan Earthquake Victims’ Individual Behavior Response and Rescue Organization (2017)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-12
    Description: IJERPH, Vol. 14, Pages 1556: Investigating Lushan Earthquake Victims’ Individual Behavior Response and Rescue Organization International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health doi: 10.3390/ijerph14121556 Authors: Peng Kang Yipeng Lv Qiangyu Deng Yuan Liu Yi Zhang Xu Liu Lulu Zhang Research concerning the impact of earthquake victims’ individual behavior and its association with earthquake-related injuries is lacking. This study examined this relationship along with effectiveness of earthquake rescue measures. The six most severely destroyed townships during the Lushan earthquake were examined; 28 villages and three earthquake victims’ settlement camp areas were selected as research areas. Inclusion criteria comprised living in Lushan county for a longtime, living in Lushan county during the 2013 Lushan earthquake, and having one’s home destroyed. Earthquake victims with an intellectual disability or communication problems were excluded. The earthquake victims (N (number) = 5165, male = 2396) completed a questionnaire (response rate: 94.7%). Among them, 209 were injured (5.61%). Teachers (p < 0.0001, OR (odds ratios) = 3.33) and medical staff (p = 0.001, OR = 4.35) were more vulnerable to the earthquake than were farmers. Individual behavior was directly related to injuries, such as the first reaction after earthquake and fear. There is an obvious connection between earthquake-related injury and individual behavior characteristics. It is strongly suggested that victims receive mental health support from medical practitioners and the government to minimize negative effects. The initial reaction after an earthquake also played a vital role in victims’ trauma; therefore, earthquake-related experience and education may prevent injuries. Self-aid and mutual help played key roles in emergency, medical rescue efforts.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 6
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    An ALOX12–12-HETE–GPR31 signaling axis is a key mediator of hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-12
    Description: An ALOX12–12-HETE–GPR31 signaling axis is a key mediator of hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury An ALOX12–12-HETE–GPR31 signaling axis is a key mediator of hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury, Published online: 11 December 2017; doi:10.1038/nm.4451 ALOX12-mediated generation of 12-HETE leads to GPR31 activation and liver injury in ischemia–reperfusion, which can be targeted in a nonhuman primate model to improve outcome.
    Print ISSN: 1078-8956
    Electronic ISSN: 1546-170X
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Ultrathin two-dimensional porous organic nanosheets with molecular rotors for chemical sensing (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-26
    Description: Ultrathin two-dimensional porous organic nanosheets with molecular rotors for chemical sensing Nature Communications, Published online: 26 October 2017; doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01293-x Molecular rotors that fluoresce upon restriction are useful components in functional materials. Here, the authors incorporate molecular rotors into 2D porous organic nanosheets, creating sensitive and selective fluorescent sensors for volatile organic compounds and metal ions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    NPAS2 promotes cell survival of hepatocellular carcinoma by transactivating CDC25A (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-25
    Description: NPAS2 promotes cell survival of hepatocellular carcinoma by transactivating CDC25A Cell Death and Disease 8, e2704 (March 2017). doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.131 Authors: Peng Yuan, Jibin Li, Feng Zhou, Qichao Huang, Jiansheng Zhang, Xu Guo, Zhuomin Lyu, Hongxin Zhang & Jinliang Xing
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Sensors, Vol. 17, Pages 335: Wind Tunnel Measurements for Flutter of a Long-Afterbody Bridge Deck (2017)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-10
    Description: Bridges are an important component of transportation. Flutter is a self-excited, large amplitude vibration, which may lead to collapse of bridges. It must be understood and avoided. This paper takes the Jianghai Channel Bridge, which is a significant part of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, as an example to investigate the flutter of the bridge deck. Firstly, aerodynamic force models for flutter of bridges were introduced. Then, wind tunnel tests of the bridge deck during the construction and the operation stages, under different wind attack angles and wind velocities, were carried out using a high frequency base balance (HFBB) system and laser displacement sensors. From the tests, the static aerodynamic forces and flutter derivatives of the bridge deck were observed. Correspondingly, the critical flutter wind speeds of the bridge deck were determined based on the derivatives, and they are compared with the directly measured flutter speeds. Results show that the observed derivatives are reasonable and applicable. Furthermore, the critical wind speeds in the operation stage is smaller than those in the construction stage. Besides, the flutter instabilities of the bridge in the construction and the operation stages are good. This study helps guarantee the design and the construction of the Jianghai Channel Bridge, and advances the understanding of flutter of long afterbody bridge decks.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 10
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    Energies, Vol. 10, Pages 786: Analysis and Prevention of Geo-Environmental Hazards with High-Intensive Coal Mining: A Case Study in China’s Western Eco-Environment Frangible Area (2017)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-08
    Description: This study seeks to address the problems of major geo-environmental hazards caused by high-intensive coal mining in China’s western eco-environment frangible area including strong mining pressure, surface subsidence, soil and water loss, and land desertification. Using the high-intensive mining at the Xiao-jihan Coal Mine, this paper investigates the compaction characteristics of aeolian sand-based backfilling materials, and then the evolution of water-conducting fractures and surface deformation laws with different backfill material’s compression ratios (BMCRs) by using physical simulation and numerical simulation analysis methods. This study presents the technical system of water-preserved and environmental protection with rapid-backfilling methods in China’s western eco-environment frangible area. The backfill coal mining technique and application prospects are assessed and discussed. The results will be helpful for coordinated development of coal resources exploitation and environmental protection in China’s western eco-environment frangible area.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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