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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Word-Granular Adversarial Attacks Framework for Causal Event Extraction
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Entropy Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2022-01-24), p. 169-
    Details
    In: Entropy, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2022-01-24), p. 169-
    Abstract: As a data augmentation method, masking word is commonly used in many natural language processing tasks. However, most mask methods are based on rules and are not related to downstream tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel masking word generator, named Actor-Critic Mask Model (ACMM), which can adaptively adjust the mask strategy according to the performance of downstream tasks. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, we conducted experiments on two causal event extraction datasets. Experiment results show that, compared with various rule-based masking methods, the masked sentences generated by our proposed method can significantly enhance the generalization of the model and improve the model performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1099-4300
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/e24020169
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014734-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Association between Hantavirus Infection and Selenium Deficiency in Mainland China
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  Viruses Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2015-01-20), p. 333-351
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2015-01-20), p. 333-351
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v7010333
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 3
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    HIV Drug Resistance Mutations Detection by Next-Generation Sequencing during Antiretroviral Therapy Interruption in China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2021-02-25), p. 264-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2021-02-25), p. 264-
    Abstract: Patients with antiretroviral therapy interruption have a high risk of virological failure when re-initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART), especially those with HIV drug resistance. Next-generation sequencing may provide close scrutiny on their minority drug resistance variant. A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with ART interruption in five regions in China in 2016. Through Sanger and next-generation sequencing in parallel, HIV drug resistance was genotyped on their plasma samples. Rates of HIV drug resistance were compared by the McNemar tests. In total, 174 patients were included in this study, with a median 12 (interquartile range (IQR), 6–24) months of ART interruption. Most (86.2%) of them had received efavirenz (EFV)/nevirapine (NVP)-based first-line therapy for a median 16 (IQR, 7–26) months before ART interruption. Sixty-one (35.1%) patients had CRF07_BC HIV-1 strains, 58 (33.3%) CRF08_BC and 35 (20.1%) CRF01_AE. Thirty-four (19.5%) of the 174 patients were detected to harbor HIV drug-resistant variants on Sanger sequencing. Thirty-six (20.7%), 37 (21.3%), 42 (24.1%), 79 (45.4%) and 139 (79.9) patients were identified to have HIV drug resistance by next-generation sequencing at 20% (v.s. Sanger, p = 0.317), 10% (v.s. Sanger, p = 0.180), 5% (v.s. Sanger, p = 0.011), 2% (v.s. Sanger, p 〈 0.001) and 1% (v.s. Sanger, p 〈 0.001) of detection thresholds, respectively. K65R was the most common minority mutation, of 95.1% (58/61) and 93.1% (54/58) in CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC, respectively, when compared with 5.7% (2/35) in CRF01_AE (p 〈 0.001). In 49 patients that followed-up a median 10 months later, HIV drug resistance mutations at 〉 20% frequency such as K103N, M184VI and P225H still existed, but with decreased frequencies. The prevalence of HIV drug resistance in ART interruption was higher than 15% in the survey. Next-generation sequencing was able to detect more minority drug resistance variants than Sanger. There was a sharp increase in minority drug resistance variants when the detection threshold was below 5%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030264
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Antigenic Diversity of Human Norovirus Capsid Proteins Based on the Cross-Reactivities of Their Antisera
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 10, No. 8 ( 2021-08-05), p. 986-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 8 ( 2021-08-05), p. 986-
    Abstract: Human norovirus (HuNoV), which is the major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis, has broad antigenic diversity; thus, the development of a broad-spectrum vaccine is challenging. To establish the relationship between viral genetic diversity and antigenic diversity, capsid P proteins and antisera of seven GI and 16 GII HuNoV genotypes were analyzed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that HuNoV antisera strongly reacted with the homologous capsid P proteins (with titers 〉 5 × 104). However, 17 (73.9%) antisera had weak or no cross-reactivity with heterologous genotypes. Interestingly, the GII.5 antiserum cross-reacted with seven (30.4%) capsid P proteins (including pandemic genotypes GII.4 and GII.17), indicating its potential use for HuNoV vaccine development. Moreover, GI.2 and GI.6 antigens reacted widely with heterologous antisera (n ≥ 5). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses of the P proteins revealed conserved regions, which may be responsible for the immune crossover reactivity observed. These findings may be helpful in identifying broad-spectrum epitopes with clinical value for the development of a future vaccine.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080986
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Unraveling the Phase Stability and Physical Property of Modulated Martensite in Ni2Mn1.5In0.5 Alloys by First-Principles Calculations
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 11 ( 2022-06-06), p. 4032-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 11 ( 2022-06-06), p. 4032-
    Abstract: Large magnetic field-induced strains can be achieved in modulated martensite for Ni-Mn-In alloys; however, the metastability of the modulated martensite imposes serious constraints on the ability of these alloys to serve as promising sensor and actuator materials. The phase stability, magnetic properties, and electronic structure of the modulated martensite in the Ni2Mn1.5In0.5 alloy are systematically investigated. Results show that the 6M and 5M martensites are metastable and will eventually transform to the NM martensite with the lowest total energy in the Ni2Mn1.5In0.5 alloy. The physical properties of the incommensurate 7M modulated martensite (7M–IC) and nanotwinned 7M martensite (7M−(52¯)2) are also calculated. The austenite (A) and 7M−(52¯)2 phases are ferromagnetic (FM), whereas the 5M, 6M, and NM martensites are ferrimagnetic (FIM), and the FM coexists with the FIM state in the 7M–IC martensite. The calculated electronic structure demonstrates that the splitting of Jahn–Teller effect and the strong Ni–Mn bonding interaction lead to the enhancement of structural stability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15114032
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 6
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    A Single Organic Fluorescent Probe for the Discrimination of Dual Spontaneous ROS in Living Organisms: Theoretical Approach
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Molecules Vol. 28, No. 19 ( 2023-10-09), p. 6983-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 28, No. 19 ( 2023-10-09), p. 6983-
    Abstract: Single-organic-molecule fluorescent probes with double-lock or even multi-lock response modes have attracted the attention of a wide range of researchers. The number of corresponding reports has rapidly increased in recent years. The effective application of the multi-lock response mode single-molecule fluorescent probe has improved the comprehensive understanding of the related targets’ functions or influences in pathologic processes. Building a highly efficient functional single-molecule fluorescent probe would benefit the diagnosis and treatment of corresponding diseases. Here, we conducted a theoretical analysis of the synthesizing and sensing mechanism of this kind of functional single-molecule fluorescent probe, thereby guiding the design and building of new efficient probes. In this work, we discuss in detail the electronic structure, electron excitation, and fluorescent character of a recently developed single-molecule fluorescent probe, which could achieve the discrimination and profiling of spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS, •OH, and HClO) simultaneously. The theoretical results provide insights that will help develop new tools for fluorescent diagnosis in biological and medical fields.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196983
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 7
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    Light Manipulation in Inhomogeneous Liquid Flow and Its Application in Biochemical Sensing
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2018-04-02), p. 163-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2018-04-02), p. 163-
    Abstract: Light manipulation has always been the fundamental subject in the field of optics since centuries ago. Traditional optical devices are usually designed using glasses and other materials, such as semiconductors and metals. Optofluidics is the combination of microfluidics and optics, which brings a host of new advantages to conventional solid systems. The capabilities of light manipulation and biochemical sensing are inherent alongside the emergence of optofluidics. This new research area promotes advancements in optics, biology, and chemistry. The development of fast, accurate, low-cost, and small-sized biochemical micro-sensors is an urgent demand for real-time monitoring. However, the fluid flow in the on-chip sensor is usually non-uniformed, which is a new and emerging challenge for the accuracy of optical detection. It is significant to reveal the principle of light propagation in an inhomogeneous liquid flow and the interaction between biochemical samples and light in flowing liquids. In this review, we summarize the current state of optofluidic lab-on-a-chip techniques from the perspective of light modulation by the unique dynamic properties of fluid in heterogeneous media, such as diffusion, heat transfer, and centrifugation etc. Furthermore, this review introduces several novel photonic phenomena in an inhomogeneous liquid flow and demonstrates their application in biochemical sensing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi9040163
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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  • 8
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    Comparative Proteomics Combined with Morphophysiological Analysis Revealed Chilling Response Patterns in Two Contrasting Maize Genotypes
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2022-04-13), p. 1321-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2022-04-13), p. 1321-
    Abstract: Maize yield is significantly influenced by low temperature, particularly chilling stress at the maize seedling stage. Various physiological approaches have been established to resist chilling stress; however, the detailed proteins change patterns underlying the maize chilling stress response at the seedling stage remain unknown, preventing the development of breeding-based methods to resist chilling stress in maize. Thus, we performed comprehensive physiological, comparative proteomics and specific phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) assay on different maize inbred lines (tolerant-line KR701 and sensitive-line hei8834) at different seedling stages (the first leaf stage and third leaf stage) under chilling stress. The results revealed several signalling proteins and pathways in response to chilling stress at the maize seedling stage. Meanwhile, we found ABA pathway was important for chilling resistance of tolerant-line KR701 at the first leaf stage. Related chilling-responsive proteins were further catalogued and analysed, providing a resource for further investigation and maize breeding.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11081321
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    p-Type Polymers for Templated Crystallization of Perovskite Films and Interface Optimization for High Performance Solar Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Crystals Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-06-09), p. 654-
    Details
    In: Crystals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2021-06-09), p. 654-
    Abstract: The purity of the perovskite material is of paramount importance as it determines the optoelectronic properties and, hence, the device performance. However, the error during the experiment and incomplete crystallization is inevitable, leading to a low quality. Here, two p-type polymers were designed to template the crystallization of perovskite to obtain perovskite films with higher crystallinity and higher phase purity. The polymers at the perovskite/transport interface could also improve the charge transfer and, thus, the device performance. In this study, the highest efficiency device achieved an efficiency value of ~19% with improved open-circuit voltage and fill factor.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4352
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cryst11060654
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661516-2
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  • 10
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    Rapid Identification of a Genomic Region Conferring Dwarfism in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) YA2016-12
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 9, No. 3 ( 2019-03-09), p. 129-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 3 ( 2019-03-09), p. 129-
    Abstract: Plant height is a vital agronomic trait for crops, including oilseed crops such as rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). It affects the crop yield, oil content, and lodging resistance in rapeseed. In this study, we investigated a dwarf trait controlled by a semi-dominant allele in rapeseed. A dwarf line, YA2016-12, was crossed with a tall line, G184-189, and an F2 population was established. Forty of the tallest plants and 40 of the shortest plants from the F2 population were selected and two DNA pools (tall and dwarf) were constructed by the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) method. The two DNA pools and two parental DNAs were then re-sequenced. A sliding window analysis was used to calculate the Δ(SNP-index) and discover an association region on chromosome A03 with a length of 12.4 Mb. Within this region, we found 1225 genes, including 811 genes with non-synonymous or frameshift mutations between YA2016-12 and G184-189. Alignment to known plant height-related orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as KEGG pathway and gene ontology annotations, was used to identify nine candidate genes (BnaA03g31770D, BnaA03g37960D, BnaA03g24740D, BnaA03g40550D, BnaA03g26120D, BnaA03g35130D, BnaA03g42350D, BnaA03g25610D, and BnaA03g39850D) involved in gibberellin or cytokinin signaling. Identification of the causal gene for this trait, and of genetic markers linked to favorable alleles, has potential utility for marker-assisted selection to breed rapeseed varieties with improved height.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9030129
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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