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  • MDPI AG  (56)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Populus euphratica Apyrases Increase Drought Tolerance by Modulating Stomatal Aperture in Arabidopsis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 18 ( 2021-09-13), p. 9892-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 18 ( 2021-09-13), p. 9892-
    Abstract: Stomatal regulation is crucial to reduce water consumption under drought conditions. Extracellular ATP (eATP) serves as a signaling agent in stomatal regulation; however, it is less known whether the eATP mediation of stomatal aperture is linked to apyrases (APYs), the principal enzymes that control the concentration of eATP. To clarify the role of APYs in stomatal control, PeAPY1 and PeAPY2 were isolated from Populus euphratica and transferred into Arabidopsis. Compared with the wild-type Arabidopsis and loss-of-function mutants (Atapy1 and Atapy2), PeAPY1- and PeAPY2-transgenic plants decreased stomatal aperture under mannitol treatment (200 mM, 2 h) and reduced water loss during air exposure (90 min). The role of apyrase in stomatal regulation resulted from its control in eATP-regulated stomatal movements and increased stomatal sensitivity to ABA. The bi-phasic dose-responses to applied nucleotides, i.e., the low ATP (0.3–1.0 mM)-promoted opening and high ATP ( 〉 2.0 mM)-promoted closure, were both restricted by P. euphratica apyrases. It is noteworthy that eATP at a low concentration (0.3 mM) counteracted ABA action in the regulation of stomatal aperture, while overexpression of PeAPY1 or PeAPY2 effectively diminished eATP promotion in opening, and consequently enhanced ABA action in closure. We postulate a speculative model of apyrase signaling in eATP- and ABA-regulated stomatal movements under drought.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189892
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 2
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    The Roles of Different Types of Trichomes in Tomato Resistance to Cold, Drought, Whiteflies, and Botrytis
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2020-03-19), p. 411-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2020-03-19), p. 411-
    Abstract: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most popular vegetables in the world. In tomato production, due to the effects of diseases, insect pests, drought, and cold damage, large-scale production reduction is often caused. Plant trichomes are protruding attachments distributed on the surface of different plants, providing protection for plants. When the plant is under external stress, the trichomes can play an important role in protecting the plant from damage through its physical structure. The density and type of different trichomes are closely related to the stress resistance of tomatoes. The tomato wo mutant LA3186 (referred to herein as “3186M”), LA3186 (referred to herein as “3186L”), the ln mutant LA3-071 (referred to herein as “3-071”), and the tomato cultivar Jia Ren (referred to herein as “JR”, used as the control), which possess different numbers of trichomes on the surface of the leaves, were used as materials; the glandular characteristics, types, and densities of the trichomes were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM); and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the subcellular structure in the leaves. The relationship between the different tomato trichomes and stress resistance was investigated with treatments of low temperature, drought, disease, and insects. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical basis for the further utilization and regulation of the trichome-related characteristics of tomatoes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030411
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 3
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    Effects of Carbon, Nitrogen, Ambient pH and Light on Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, Sorbicillinoid Biosynthesis and Related Gene Expression in Ustilaginoidea virens
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Fungi Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2023-03-23), p. 390-
    Details
    In: Journal of Fungi, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2023-03-23), p. 390-
    Abstract: Sorbicillinoids are a class of hexaketide metabolites produced by Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens), an important fungal pathogen that causes a devastating rice disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental factors, including carbon and nitrogen sources, ambient pH and light exposure, on mycelial growth, sporulation, as well as the accumulation of sorbicillinoids, and the expression of related genes involved in sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. It was found that the environmental factors had great influences on mycelial growth and sporulation of U. virens. Fructose and glucose, complex nitrogen sources, acidic conditions and light exposure were favorable for sorbicillinoid production. The relative transcript levels of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis genes were up-regulated when U. virens was separately treated with those environmental factors that favored sorbicillinoid production, indicating that sorbicillinoid biosynthesis was mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by different environmental factors. Two pathway-specific transcription factor genes, UvSorR1 and UvSorR2, were found to participate in the regulation of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. These results will provide useful information to better understand the regulation mechanisms of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis, and be conducive to develop effective means for controlling sorbicillinoid production in U. virens.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2309-608X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jof9040390
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2784229-0
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  • 4
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    Molecular Characterization, Gene Evolution and Expression Analysis of the F-Box Gene Family in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Genes Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2021-03-14), p. 417-
    Details
    In: Genes, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2021-03-14), p. 417-
    Abstract: F-box genes play an important role in the growth and development of plants, but there are few studies on its role in a plant’s response to abiotic stresses. In order to further study the functions of F-box genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Sl), a total of 139 F-box genes were identified in the whole genome of tomato using bioinformatics methods, and the basic information, transcript structure, conserved motif, cis-elements, chromosomal location, gene evolution, phylogenetic relationship, expression patterns and the expression under cold stress, drought stress, jasmonic acid (JA) treatment and salicylic acid (SA) treatment were analyzed. The results showed that SlFBX genes were distributed on 12 chromosomes of tomato and were prone to TD (tandem duplication) at the ends of chromosomes. WGD (whole genome duplication), TD, PD (proximal duplication) and TRD (transposed duplication) modes seem play an important role in the expansion and evolution of tomato SlFBX genes. The most recent divergence occurred 1.3042 million years ago, between SlFBX89 and SlFBX103. The cis-elements in SlFBX genes’ promoter regions were mainly responded to phytohormone and abiotic stress. Expression analysis based on transcriptome data and qRT-PCR (Real-time quantitative PCR) analysis of SlFBX genes showed that most SlFBX genes were differentially expressed under abiotic stress. SlFBX24 was significantly up-regulated at 12 h under cold stress. This study reported the SlFBX gene family of tomato for the first time, providing a theoretical basis for the detailed study of SlFBX genes in the future, especially the function of SlFBX genes under abiotic stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/genes12030417
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527218-4
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  • 5
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    Bacillus velezensis WZ-37, a New Broad-Spectrum Biocontrol Strain, Promotes the Growth of Tomato Seedlings
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2021-06-24), p. 581-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2021-06-24), p. 581-
    Abstract: A biological control agent is arguably an ideal alternative to chemical fungicide for the prevention and control of gray mold disease. During this process, a biological control produces low levels of pollution, generates few residues that pose no risk to the environment, and pathogens cannot gain resistance to it easily. A new antifungal strain isolated from plant rhizosphere exhibited high antifungal activity against the phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, F. moniliforme, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Alternaria nees, F. equiseti, and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. It was identified as Bacillus velezensis WZ-37 by morphological and physiological indices and comparisons of 16S rRNA and gyrB genes. WZ-37 can significantly inhibit the mycelia growth of B. cinerea by 96.97%. It can reduce a tomato fruit’s decay rate after 21 days of storage by 33.33% (13.34% less for the control) without significantly affecting its firmness and soluble solids. Plant height, stem diameter, and the fresh and dry weight of tomato seedlings were significantly increased when their seeds were soaked in a WZ-37 suspension (106 cfu/mL) for 3 h and grown for 21 days in soil. WZ-37 has broad-spectrum biocontrol and can prolong a tomato’s storage period and enhance its seedlings’ growth, making it a promising candidate strain for broad-spectrum biocontrol applications in agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11070581
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 6
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    Identification of CDPK Gene Family in Solanum habrochaites and Its Function Analysis under Stress
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 8 ( 2022-04-11), p. 4227-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 8 ( 2022-04-11), p. 4227-
    Abstract: Tomato is an important vegetable crop. In the process of tomato production, it will encounter abiotic stress, such as low temperature, drought, and high salt, and biotic stress, such as pathogen infection, which will seriously affect the yield of tomato. Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) is a class of major calcium signal receptor which has an important regulatory effect on the perception and decoding of calcium signals. CDPK plays a key role in many aspects of plant growth, such as the elongation of pollen tubes, plant growth, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. While some studies have concentrated on Arabidopsis and pepper, Solanum habrochaites is a wild species relative of cultivated tomato and there is no report on CDPK in Solanum habrochaites to date. Using tomato genomic data, this study identified 33 members of the CDPK gene family. Evolutionary analysis divides family members into four Asian groups, of which the CDPK family members have 11 gene replication pairs. Subcellular location analysis showed that most proteins were predicted to be located in the cytoplasm, and less protein existed on the cell membrane. Not all CDPK family members have a transmembrane domain. Cis regulatory elements relating to light, hormones, and drought stress are overrepresented in the promoter region of the CDPK genes in Solanum habrochaites. The expression levels of each gene under biotic stress and abiotic stress were quantified by qRT-PCR. The results showed that members of the CDPK family in Solanum habrochaites respond to different biotic and abiotic stresses. Among them, the expression of ShCDPK6 and ShCDPK26 genes change significantly. ShCDPK6 and ShCDPK26 genes were silenced using VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing), and the silenced plants illustrated reduced stress resistance to Botrytis cinerea, cold, and drought stress. The results of this study will provide a basis for the in-depth study of the CDPK gene family in Solanum habrochaites, laying the foundation for further analysis of the function of the gene family.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084227
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 7
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    Influence of Electrodes Configuration on Hydraulic Characteristics of Constructed Wetland–Microbial Fuel Cell Systems Using Graphite Rods and Plates as Electrodes
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-04-08), p. 6397-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-04-08), p. 6397-
    Abstract: Constructed wetland–microbial fuel cell coupling systems (CW–MFCs) have received significant academic interest in the last decade mainly due to the promotion of MFCs in relation to pollutants’ degradation in CWs. Firstly, we investigated the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and electrode configuration on the flow field characteristics of CW–MFCs using graphite rods and plates as electrodes, as well as the optimization of electrode configuration using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation. The results showed that: (1) the apparent HRT was the most influential and decisive factor, with a contribution of over 90% for the average HRT of CW–MFCs; (2) anode spacing was the most influential factor for the hydraulic performance of CW–MFCs, with contributions of over 50% for water flow divergence and hydraulic efficiency (λ) and over 45% for effective volume ratio (e); (3) anode size was significant for e and λ, with a contribution of over 20%; (4) cathode position and cathode size had no statistically significant effect on the hydraulic performance of CW–MFCs. It was mainly through the blocking of water flows, flows around, compressing water flow channels and boundary layer separation that the MFC electrodes influenced the hydraulic characteristics of the flow field in CW–MFCs. Optimizing the flow field by optimizing the electrode configuration helped to facilitate electricity generation and pollutants’ removal in CW–MFCs. This study offers a scientific reference for improving the hydraulic performance of CW–MFCs, and it also provides a new research perspective for improving the wastewater treatment and electricity production performance of CW–MFCs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su15086397
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 8
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    Organic or Inorganic Amendments Influence Microbial Community in Rhizosphere and Decreases the Incidence of Tomato Bacterial Wilt
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-11-30), p. 3029-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-11-30), p. 3029-
    Abstract: There are many kinds of soil amendments that consist of different materials. The soil amendment is usually of benefit to plant health. However, the effects of the soil amendments on plant disease have rarely been compared and the involved mechanisms are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the influences of five contrasting soil amendments (i.e., potassium silicate (PS), calcium silicate (CS), biochar (BC), calcium silicate humic acid (SCHA), and bio-organic fertilizer (BOF)) on tomato bacterial wilt. In addition, we dissected the mechanism with high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that BC, SCHA, and BOF significantly reduced the incidence and delayed the disease, while BOF significantly reduced the incidence of bacterial wilt disease in the whole tomato growing period. In the early stage of the disease, BC, SCHA, and BOF significantly reduced the soil pH compared to CK. However, the contents of soil NH4+-N and NO3−-N were significantly increased. Some beneficial bacteria genera (Burkholderia, Mortierella, and Trichoderma) had a certain correlation with the incidence. Burkholderia and Mortierella were negatively associated with morbidity, but Trichoderma was positively associated with morbidity. Particularly, the Spearman correlation and the least partial squares path analysis indicated that Trichoderma was significantly positively correlated with the disease incidence, the soil physicochemical properties, and the numbers of soil pathogens (NSP) were significantly positively correlated with the number of root pathogens (NRP) and the physicochemical properties of plants were negatively correlated with the disease incidence. Moreover, BOF had better inhibitory effect on the occurrence of tomato bacterial wilt. Our results have implications for the better integrated management of tomato bacterial wilt.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12123029
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Ustekinumab Promotes Radiological Fistula Healing in Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease: A Retrospective Real-World Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-01-25), p. 939-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-01-25), p. 939-
    Abstract: There is insufficient evidence to confirm the efficacy of ustekinumab (UST) in promoting fistula closure in perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of UST in a real-world setting. The data were retrospectively analyzed. Intestinal clinical and endoscopic changes were evaluated. Fistula radiological outcomes were determined using the Van Assche score. A total of 108 patients were included, 43.5% of whom had complex perianal fistulas. Intestinal clinical and endoscopic remission was achieved in 65.7% and 31.5% of patients, respectively. The fistula clinical remission and response rates were 40.7% and 63.0%, respectively, with a significant reduction in Perianal Crohn’s disease Activity Index [5.0(3.0, 8.0) vs. 7.5(5.0, 10.0), p 〈 0.001] and Crohn’s Anal Fistula Quality of Life [23.5(9.3, 38.8) vs. 49.0(32.3, 60.0), p 〈 0.001]. Radiological healing, partial response, no change, and deterioration were observed in 44.8%, 31.4%, 13.4%, and 10.4% of patients, respectively. The cut-off UST trough concentration for predicting fistula clinical remission was 2.11 μg/mL with an area under the curve of 0.795, a sensitivity of 93.3%, and a specificity of 67.6%. UST is efficacious in promoting radiological fistula closure in patients with perianal fistulizing CD. A UST trough concentration over 2.11 μg/mL was correlated with a higher likelihood of perianal fistula clinical remission.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030939
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 10
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    The Endochitinase of Clonostachysrosea Expression in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Enhances the Botrytis cinerea Resistance of Tomato
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2018-07-30), p. 2221-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2018-07-30), p. 2221-
    Abstract: To investigate whether the ech42 gene in Clonostachysrosea can improve the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its molecular mechanism. Compared to the wild type, the B. amyloliquefaciens transformed with the ech42 gene exhibited higher chitinase activity. The B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42 also showed significantly higher biocontrol efficiency compared to Botrytiscinerea when tomato plants were pre-treated with B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42. No significant difference in biocontrol efficiency was observed between the wild type and B.amyloliquefaciens-ech42 when tomato plants were first infected by Botrytiscinerea. In addition, the activity of the defense-related enzyme polyphenol oxidase, but not superoxide dismutase, was significantly higher in B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42 than in the wild type. The ech42 enhances the biocontrol efficiency of B.amyloliquefaciens by increasing the capacity of preventative/curative effects in plants, rather than by killing the pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082221
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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