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  • MDPI AG  (20)
  • 1
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    A Hybrid LSTM-CPS Approach for Long-Term Prediction of Train Delays in Multivariate Time Series
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Future Transportation Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 2021-12-03), p. 765-776
    Details
    In: Future Transportation, MDPI AG, Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 2021-12-03), p. 765-776
    Abstract: In many big cities, train delays are among the most complained-about events by the public. Although various models have been proposed for train delay prediction, prior studies on both primary and secondary train delay prediction are limited in number. Recent advances in deep learning approaches and increasing availability of various data sources has created new opportunities for more efficient and accurate train delay prediction. In this study, we propose a hybrid deep learning solution by integrating long short-term memory (LSTM) and Critical Point Search (CPS). LSTM deals with long-term prediction tasks of trains’ running time and dwell time, while CPS uses predicted values with a nominal timetable to identify primary and secondary delays based on the delay causes, run-time delay, and dwell time delay. To validate the model and analyse its performance, we compare the standard LSTM with the proposed hybrid model. The results demonstrate that new variants outperform the standard LSTM, based on predicting time steps of dwell time feature. The experiment results also showed many irregularities of historical trends, which draws attention for further research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2673-7590
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/futuretransp1030042
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3112260-7
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  • 2
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    Secret Image Sharing with Dealer-Participatory and Non-Dealer-Participatory Mutual Shadow Authentication Capabilities
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Mathematics Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2020-02-12), p. 234-
    Details
    In: Mathematics, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2020-02-12), p. 234-
    Abstract: A ( k , n ) threshold secret image sharing (SIS) method is proposed to divide a secret image into n shadows. The beauty of this scheme is that one can only reconstruct a secret image with k or more than k shadows, but one cannot obtain any information about the secret from fewer than k shadows. In the ( k , n ) threshold SIS, shadow authentication means the detection and location of manipulated shadows. Traditional shadow authentication schemes require additional bits for authentication; need much information to be public; or need to put each shadow into a host image, utilizing the information hiding technique, which makes the generation, recovery and authentication complexity higher. Besides, most existing schemes work when a dealer participates in recovery. Our contribution is that we propose a SIS method for a ( k , n ) threshold with dealer-participatory and non-dealer-participatory mutual shadow authentication capabilities which integrates polynomial-based SIS and visual secret sharing (VSS) through using the result of VSS to “guide” the polynomial-based SIS by a screening operation. In our scheme, when an authentication image is public, all involved actors (participants and dealer) can mutually authenticate each other by exchange the lowest level plane instead of the whole shadow. Our scheme is suitable for the case with and without a dealer participate recovery. In addition, the proposed scheme has characteristics of low generation and authentication complexity, no pixel expansion, 100% detection rate and lossless recovery.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-7390
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/math8020234
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704244-3
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  • 3
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    Spatially Modulated Fiber Speckle for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensing
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sensors Vol. 23, No. 15 ( 2023-07-31), p. 6814-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 15 ( 2023-07-31), p. 6814-
    Abstract: A fiber speckle sensor (FSS) based on a tapered multimode fiber (TMMF) has been developed to measure liquid analyte refractive index (RI) in this work. By the lateral and axial offset of input light into TMMF, several high-order modes are excited in TMMF, and the speckle pattern is spatially modulated, which affects an asymmetrical speckle pattern with a random intensity distribution at the output of TMMF. When the TMMF is immersed in the liquid analyte with RI variation, it influences the guided modes, as well as the mode interference, in TMMF. A digital image correlations method with zero-mean normalized cross-correlation coefficient is explored to digitize the speckle image differences, analyzing the RI variation. It is found that the lateral- and axial-offsets-induced speckle sensor can enhance the RI sensitivity from 6.41 to 19.52 RIU−1 compared to the one without offset. The developed TMMF speckle sensor shows an RI resolution of 5.84 × 10−5 over a linear response range of 1.3164 to 1.3588 at 1550 nm. The experimental results indicate the FSS provides a simple, efficient, and economic approach to RI sensing, which exhibits an enormous potential in the image-based ocean-sensing application.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s23156814
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
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    The Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Punica granatum and a Comparison with Other Species in Lythraceae
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 20, No. 12 ( 2019-06-13), p. 2886-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 12 ( 2019-06-13), p. 2886-
    Abstract: Pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) are one of the most popular fruit trees cultivated in arid and semi-arid tropics and subtropics. In this study, we determined and characterized three complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of P. granatum cultivars with different phenotypes using the genome skimming approach. The complete cp genomes of three pomegranate cultivars displayed the typical quadripartite structure of angiosperms, and their length ranged from 156,638 to 156,639 bp. They encoded 113 unique genes and 17 are duplicated in the inverted regions. We analyzed the sequence diversity of pomegranate cp genomes coupled with two previous reports. The results showed that the sequence diversity is extremely low and no informative sites were detected, which suggests that cp genome sequences may be not be suitable for investigating the genetic diversity of pomegranate genotypes. Further, we analyzed the codon usage pattern and identified the potential RNA editing sites. A comparative cp genome analysis with other species within Lythraceae revealed that the gene content and organization are highly conserved. Based on a site-specific model, 11 genes with positively selected sites were detected, and most of them were photosynthesis-related genes and genetic system-related genes. Together with previously released cp genomes of the order Myrtales, we determined the taxonomic position of P. granatum based on the complete chloroplast genomes. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that P. granatum form a single clade with other species from Lythraceae with a high support value. The complete cp genomes provides valuable information for understanding the phylogenetic position of P. gramatum in the order Myrtales.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122886
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
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    Efficient Pause Extraction and Encode Strategy for Alzheimer’s Disease Detection Using Only Acoustic Features from Spontaneous Speech
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Brain Sciences Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-11), p. 477-
    Details
    In: Brain Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-11), p. 477-
    Abstract: Clinical studies have shown that speech pauses can reflect the cognitive function differences between Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and non-AD patients, while the value of pause information in AD detection has not been fully explored. Herein, we propose a speech pause feature extraction and encoding strategy for only acoustic-signal-based AD detection. First, a voice activity detection (VAD) method was constructed to detect pause/non-pause feature and encode it to binary pause sequences that are easier to calculate. Then, an ensemble machine-learning-based approach was proposed for the classification of AD from the participants’ spontaneous speech, based on the VAD Pause feature sequence and common acoustic feature sets (ComParE and eGeMAPS). The proposed pause feature sequence was verified in five machine-learning models. The validation data included two public challenge datasets (ADReSS and ADReSSo, English voice) and a local dataset (10 audio recordings containing five patients and five controls, Chinese voice). Results showed that the VAD Pause feature was more effective than common feature sets (ComParE: 6373 features and eGeMAPS: 88 features) for AD classification, and that the ensemble method improved the accuracy by more than 5% compared to several baseline methods (8% on the ADReSS dataset; 5.9% on the ADReSSo dataset). Moreover, the pause-sequence-based AD detection method could achieve 80% accuracy on the local dataset. Our study further demonstrated the potential of pause information in speech-based AD detection, and also contributed to a more accessible and general pause feature extraction and encoding method for AD detection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030477
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651993-8
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  • 6
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    In Situ U-Pb Geochronology of Calcite from the World’s Largest Antimony Deposit at Xikuangshan, Southern China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Minerals Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-07-18), p. 899-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2022-07-18), p. 899-
    Abstract: The Xikuangshan antimony (Sb) deposit is the world’s largest known Sb deposit. Due to the lack of suitable minerals for reliable high-precision radiometric dating, it remains difficult to determine the exact age of Sb mineralization in this deposit. Here, we report the first LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of syn-stibnite calcite from this deposit. The dating results indicate the presence of at least two stages of Sb mineralization in the Xikuangshan ore district. The calcite-stibnite veins in the Daocaowan ore block probably formed during the Paleocene (58.1 ± 0.9 Ma), representing an early stage of Sb mineralization, while the quartz-stibnite vein in the Feishuiyan ore block probably formed during the Eocene (50.4 ± 4.4 Ma, 50.4 ± 5.0 Ma, and 51.9 ± 1.6 Ma), representing a late stage of Sb mineralization. The new calcite U-Pb ages are significantly younger than the calcite Sm-Nd ages (124.1 ± 3.7 Ma, 155.5 ± 1.1 Ma) reported by previous researchers. We suggest that Sb mineralization of the South China antimony metallogenic belt may be related to tectono-thermal events during Paleogene, possibly linked to high heat flow during the subduction (ca. 60–40 Ma) of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate and/or the Indo–Asian Collision (began at ca. 61 Ma). The young in situ U-Pb ages of calcite challenge the idea of late Mesozoic Sb mineralization in the South China antimony metallogenic belt, suggesting the requirement for more high-precision dating studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min12070899
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655947-X
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  • 7
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    Dynamically Tunable and Multifunctional Polarization Beam Splitters Based on Graphene Metasurfaces
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 12, No. 17 ( 2022-08-31), p. 3022-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 17 ( 2022-08-31), p. 3022-
    Abstract: Based on coupled-mode theory (CMT) and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach, we propose a graphene metasurface-based and multifunctional polarization beam splitter that is dynamically tunable. The structure, comprising two graphene strips at the top and bottom and four triangular graphene blocks in the center layer, can achieve triple plasma-induced transparency (PIT). In a single polarization state, the computational results reveal that synchronous or asynchronous six-mode electro-optical switching modulation may be performed by modifying the Fermi levels of graphene, with a maximum modulation degree of amplitude (MDA) of 97.6% at 5.148 THz. In addition, by varying the polarization angle, a polarization-sensitive, tunable polarization beam splitter (PBS) with an extinction ratio and insertion loss of 19.6 dB and 0.35 dB at 6.143 THz, respectively, and a frequency modulation degree of 25.2% was realized. Combining PIT with polarization sensitivity provides a viable platform and concept for developing graphene metasurface-based multifunctional and tunable polarization devices.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano12173022
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 8
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    An Edge Based Multi-Agent Auto Communication Method for Traffic Light Control
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sensors Vol. 20, No. 15 ( 2020-07-31), p. 4291-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 15 ( 2020-07-31), p. 4291-
    Abstract: With smart city infrastructures growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely used in the intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The traditional adaptive traffic signal control method based on reinforcement learning (RL) has expanded from one intersection to multiple intersections. In this paper, we propose a multi-agent auto communication (MAAC) algorithm, which is an innovative adaptive global traffic light control method based on multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and an auto communication protocol in edge computing architecture. The MAAC algorithm combines multi-agent auto communication protocol with MARL, allowing an agent to communicate the learned strategies with others for achieving global optimization in traffic signal control. In addition, we present a practicable edge computing architecture for industrial deployment on IoT, considering the limitations of the capabilities of network transmission bandwidth. We demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms other methods over 17% in experiments in a real traffic simulation environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s20154291
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 9
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    Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine, Serotonin and Ascorbic Acid at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Carbon-Spheres
    MDPI AG ; 2013
    In:  Sensors Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2013-10-16), p. 14029-14040
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2013-10-16), p. 14029-14040
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s131014029
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 10
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    Review of Intelligent Road Defects Detection Technology
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-05-22), p. 6306-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-05-22), p. 6306-
    Abstract: Road defects are important factors affecting traffic safety. In order to improve the identification efficiency of road diseases and the pertinence of maintenance and management, intelligent detection technologies of road diseases have been developed. The problems of high cost and low efficiency of artificial inspection of road diseases are solved efficiently, and the quality of road construction is improved availably. This is not only the guarantee of highway quality but also the guarantee of people’s lives and safety. This study focuses on the intelligent detection of road disease and summarizes the commonly used detection equipment in the intelligent detection technology of road diseases, which include cameras, GPR, LiDAR, and IMU. It systematically describes the evolution and development of road disease detection technology. This study analyzes the common problems existing in road disease detection technology and proposes corresponding improvement suggestions. Finally, the development trend of road detection technology is discussed, which has practical significance for the future development of road detection technology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14106306
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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