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  • MDPI AG  (7)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ReS2 Nanoflowers-Assisted Confined Growth of Gold Nanoparticles for Ultrasensitive and Reliable SERS Sensing
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Molecules Vol. 28, No. 11 ( 2023-05-24), p. 4288-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 28, No. 11 ( 2023-05-24), p. 4288-
    Abstract: ReS2, as a new member of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), has emerged as a promising substrate for semiconductor surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) due to its unique optoelectronic properties. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the ReS2 SERS substrate poses a significant challenge to its widespread application in trace detection. In this work, we present a reliable approach for constructing a novel ReS2/AuNPs SERS composite substrate, enabling ultrasensitive detection of trace amounts of organic pesticides. We demonstrate that the porous structures of ReS2 nanoflowers can effectively confine the growth of AuNPs. By precisely controlling the size and distribution of AuNPs, numerous efficient and densely packed “hot spots” were created on the surface of ReS2 nanoflowers. As a result of the synergistic enhancement of the chemical and electromagnetic mechanisms, the ReS2/AuNPs SERS substrate demonstrates high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and superior stability in detecting typical organic dyes such as rhodamine 6G and crystalline violet. The ReS2/AuNPs SERS substrate shows an ultralow detection limit of 10−10 M and a linear detection of organic pesticide molecules within 10−6–10−10 M, which is significantly lower than the EU Environmental Protection Agency regulation standards. The strategy of constructing ReS2/AuNPs composites would contribute to the development of highly sensitive and reliable SERS sensing platforms for food safety monitoring.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114288
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bifunctional Nitrogen and Fluorine Co-Doped Carbon Dots for Selective Detection of Copper and Sulfide Ions in Real Water Samples
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 16 ( 2022-08-12), p. 5149-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 16 ( 2022-08-12), p. 5149-
    Abstract: Copper ions (Cu2+) and sulfur ions (S2−) are important elements widely used in industry. However, these ions have the risk of polluting the water environment. Therefore, rapid and quantitative detection methods for Cu2+ and S2− are urgently required. Using 2,4-difluorobenzoic acid and L-lysine as precursors, nitrogen and fluorine co-doped dots (N, F-CDs) were synthesized in this study via a hydrothermal method. The aqueous N, F-CDs showed excellent stability, exhibited satisfactory selectivity and excellent anti-interference ability for Cu2+ detection. The N, F-CDs, based on the redox reactions for selective and quantitative detection of Cu2+, showed a wide linear range (0–200 μM) with a detection limit (215 nM). By forming the N, F-CDs@Cu2+ sensing platform and based on the high affinity of S2− to Cu2+, the N, F-CDs@Cu2+ can specifically detect S2− over a linear range of 0–200 μM with a detection limit of 347 nM. In addition, these fluorescent probes achieved good results when used for Cu2+ and S2− detection in environmental water samples, implying the good potential for applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165149
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Detailed Evolution Characteristics of an Inclined Structure Hailstorm Observed by Polarimetric Radar over the South China Coast
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-09-25), p. 1564-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-09-25), p. 1564-
    Abstract: A hailstorm with an inclined structure occurred in the western part of the South China coast on 27 March 2020. This study investigates the detailed evolution characteristics of this inclined structure using the Doppler radar data assimilation system (VDRAS) and the improved fuzzy logic hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA). Obvious differential reflectivity (often referred to as ZDR) arc characteristics, ZDR column characteristics, and the specific differential phase (often referred to as KDP) of the column are observed using dual-polarization radar prior to hailfall. Both the ZDR column and KDP column reached their strongest intensities during the hailfall phase, with their heights exceeding the height of the −20 °C layer (7.997 km above ground level), displaying a cross-correlation coefficient (CC) valley during this phase. Meanwhile, two centers of strong reflectivity were found, with one (C1) being located at 2–4 km, and the other (C2) being located at 6–8 km. The maximum horizontal distance between the two centers is 8 km, suggesting a strongly inclined structure. This inclined structure was closely related to the interaction between upper-level divergent outflows and ambient horizontal winds. The updraft on the front edge of the hailstorm continued to increase, keeping C2 at the upper level. At the same time, large raindrops at the lower part of C2 are continuously lifted, leading to ice formation. These ice particles then fell obliquely from their high altitude, merging with C1.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos13101564
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantification of Precipitation Using Polarimetric Radar Measurements during Several Typhoon Events in Southern China
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2020-06-26), p. 2058-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2020-06-26), p. 2058-
    Abstract: Accurate quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) during typhoon events is critical for flood warning and emergency management. Dual-polarization radar has proven to have better performance for QPE, compared to traditional single-polarization radar. However, polarimetric radar applications have not been extensively investigated in China, especially during extreme events such as typhoons, since the operational dual-polarization system upgrade only happened recently. This paper extends a polarimetric radar rainfall system for local applications during typhoons in southern China and conducts comprehensive studies about QPE and precipitation microphysics. Observations from S-band dual-polarization radar in Guangdong Province during three typhoon events in 2017 are examined to demonstrate the enhanced radar rainfall performance. The microphysical properties of hydrometeors during typhoon events are analyzed through raindrop size distribution (DSD) data and polarimetric radar measurements. The stratiform precipitation in typhoons presents lower mean raindrop diameter and lower raindrop concentration than that of the convection precipitation. The rainfall estimates from the adapted radar rainfall algorithm agree well with rainfall measurements from rain gauges. Using the rain gauge data as references, the maximum normalized mean bias ( N M B ) of the adapted radar rainfall algorithm is 20.27%; the normalized standard error ( N S E ) is less than 40%; and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient ( C C ) is higher than 0.92. For the three typhoon events combined, the N S E and N M B are 36.66% and -15.78%, respectively. Compared with several conventional radar rainfall algorithms, the adapted algorithm based on local rainfall microphysics has the best performance in southern China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs12122058
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Design and Simulation of a Ratiometric SPR Sensor Based on a 2D van der Waals Heterojunction for Refractive Index Measurement
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-01-27), p. 515-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-01-27), p. 515-
    Abstract: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have been widely applied in many fields because of their advantages of working in real time and high sensitivity. However, because the spectrum of an SPR sensor is easily affected by the smoothness of the metal surface, this type of sensor has obvious disadvantages in the application of quantitative detection. We designed an SPR refractive index sensor for molecular detection that has the advantage of quantifiability. A ratio spectral quantitative analysis method was established based on the two coherent dips of the SPR spectrum formed by the strong coupling effect between the surface plasmon polaritons and the excitons of the J-aggregate molecule 5,6-dichloro-2–[3–[5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-3–(4-sulfobutyl)–2-benzimidazoline subunit] propenyl]–3-ethyl-1–(4-sulfobutyl) benzimidazole hydroxide inner salt (TDBC). The introduced MoS2/graphene van der Waals heterojunction produced an effective charge transfer to the Ag film, resulting in significant electric field enhancement at the sensing interface and further improving the detection sensitivity of the sensor. The simulation results showed that for 43 nm Ag film, for example, the ratiometric SPR sensor with the Ag film structure can obtain 16.12 RIU−1 sensing sensitivity, applied to the detection of gas molecules, while the SPR sensor with single-layer graphene and three layers of MoS2 heterostructures can obtain 50.68 RIU−1 sensing sensitivity. The addition of van der Waals heterostructures can significantly improve sensing performance by 215%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano13030515
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fluorine-Nitrogen-Codoped Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Switch Probes for Selective Fe(III) and Ascorbic Acid Sensing in Living Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 19 ( 2022-09-20), p. 6158-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 19 ( 2022-09-20), p. 6158-
    Abstract: High-quality fluorescent probes based on carbon dots (CDs) have promising applications in many fields owing to their good stability, low toxicity, high quantum yield, and low raw material price. The fluorine- and nitrogen-doped fluorescent CDs (NFCDs) with blue fluorescence was successfully synthesized using 3-aminophenol and 2,4-difluorobenzoic acid as the raw material by the hydrothermal method. The NFCDs as probe can be used to directly and indirectly detect Fe3+ (detection range: 0.1–150 μM and detection limit: 0.14 μM) and ascorbic acid (AA) (detection range: 10–80 μM and detection limit: 0.11 μM). The NFCDs-based probe shows exceptional selectivity and strong anti-interference for Fe3+ and ascorbic acid (AA). In addition, we examined the response of NFCDs to Fe3+ and AA in living cells, which showed that the timely use of AA can reduce the effects of iron poisoning. This has important biological significance. This means that using NFCDs as fluorescent probes is beneficial for Fe3+ and AA detection and observing their dynamic changes in living cells. Thus, this work may contribute to the study of Fe3+- and AA-related diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196158
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Attenuation Correction of the X-Band Dual-Polarization Phased Array Radar Based on Observed Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2023-06-14), p. 1022-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2023-06-14), p. 1022-
    Abstract: X-band dual-polarization phased array radar (XPAR-D) possesses high resolution and plays a significant role in detecting meso- and micro-scale convective systems. However, the precipitation attenuation it endures necessitates an effective correction method. This study selected radar data from XPAR-D at the peak of Maofeng Mountain in Guangzhou during 16–17 May 2020 from three precipitation stages after quality control. Attenuation coefficients were calculated for different precipitation types through scattering simulations of raindrop size distribution (RSD) data. Next, an attenuation correction algorithm (MZH-KDP method) was proposed for the radar reflectivity factor (ZH) according to different raindrop types and compared to the ZH-KDP method currently in use. The results indicate that the attenuation amount of XPAR-D echoes depends on the attenuation path and echo intensity. When the attenuation path is shorter and the echo intensity is weaker, the amount of attenuation and correction is smaller. Difficulties arise when there are noticeable deviations, which are challenging to resolve using attenuation correction methods. Longer attenuation paths and stronger echoes highlight the advantages of the MZH-KDP method, while the ZH-KDP method tends to overcorrect the bias. The MZH-KDP method outperforms the ZH-KDP method for different precipitation types. The superior correction capability of the MZH-KDP method provides a significant advantage in improving the performance of XPAR-D for the detection of extreme weather.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos14061022
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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