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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Gut Microbial Composition and Function Are Altered in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2019-05-16), p. 693-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2019-05-16), p. 693-
    Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation of the joints and extra-articular manifestations. Recent studies have shown that microorganisms affect RA pathogenesis. However, few studies have examined the microbial distribution of early RA patients, particularly female patients. In the present study, we investigated the gut microbiome profile and microbial functions in early RA female patients, including preclinical and clinically apparent RA cases. Changes in microbiological diversity, composition, and function in each group were analyzed using quantitative insights into microbial ecology (QIIME) and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt). The results revealed the dysbiosis due to decreased diversity in the early RA patients compared with healthy subjects. There were significant differences in the microbial distribution of various taxa from phylum to genus levels between healthy subjects and early RA patients. Phylum Bacteroidetes was enriched in early RA patients, while Actinobacteria, including the genus Collinsella, was enriched in healthy subjects. Functional analysis based on clusters of orthologous groups revealed that the genes related to the biosynthesis of menaquinone, known to be derived from gram-positive bacteria, were enriched in healthy subjects, while iron transport-related genes were enriched in early RA patients. Genes related to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide, the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, were enriched in clinically apparent RA patients. The obvious differences in microbial diversity, taxa, and associated functions of the gut microbiota between healthy subjects and early RA patients highlight the involvement of the gut microbiome in the early stages of RA.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050693
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 2
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    Cooperative Friendly Jamming Techniques for Drone-Based Mobile Secure Zone
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sensors Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2022-01-24), p. 865-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2022-01-24), p. 865-
    Abstract: Threats of eavesdropping and information leakages have increased sharply owing to advancements in wireless communication technology. In particular, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become vulnerable to sniffing or jamming attacks because broadcast communication is usually conducted in open-network environments. Although improved security protocols have been proposed to overcome the limitations of wireless-communication technology and to secure safe communication channels, they are difficult to apply to mobile communication networks and IoT because complex hardware is required. Hence, a novel security model with a lighter weight and greater mobility is needed. In this paper, we propose a security model applying cooperative friendly jamming using artificial noise and drone mobility, which are autonomous moving objects, and we demonstrate the prevention of eavesdropping and improved security through simulations and field tests. The Cooperative Friendly Jamming Techniques for Drone-based Mobile Secure Zone (CFJ-DMZ) can set a secure zone in a target area to support a safe wireless mobile communication network through friendly jamming, which can effectively reduce eavesdropping threats. According to the experimental results, the average information leakage rate of the eavesdroppers in CFJ-DMZ-applied scenarios was less than or equal to 3%, an average improvement of 92% over conventional methods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s22030865
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 3
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    Distinct Changes in Microbiota-Mediated Intestinal Metabolites and Immune Responses Induced by Different Antibiotics
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2022-12-06), p. 1762-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 12 ( 2022-12-06), p. 1762-
    Abstract: The cocktails of antibiotics are utilized to study the functions of microbiota. There have been studies on the alteration of not only the microbiota composition but also the host’s metabolism or immunity. However, the bacterial species associated with these altered physiologic markers are still unclear. Therefore, we supplied mice with drinking water containing ampicillin (AMP), vancomycin (VAN), neomycin (NEO), or metronidazole (MET) to observe the effect of each antibiotic on helper T cells and inflammation-related gene expression and metabolism, including amino acid metabolism and changes in gut microbiota. We observed major changes in gut microbiota in mice treated with AMP and VAN, respectively, immediately after administration. The abundance of the genera Parabacteroides and Akkermansia increased in the AMP and VAN groups, while Prevotella almost disappeared from both groups. The compositional changes in intestinal metabolites in the AMP and VAN groups were more distinct than those in the NEO and MET groups, which was similar to the microbiome results. In particular, the most distinct changes were observed in amino acid related metabolism in AMP and VAN groups; the amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine were increased in the AMP group while those were decreased in the VAN group. The changed amounts of intestinal amino acids in each of the AMP and VAN groups were correlated with increases in the abundance of the genera Parabacteroides and Akkermansia in the AMP and VAN groups, respectively. The most distinctive changes in intestinal gene expression were observed in the ileum, especially the expression Th17-related genes such as rorgt, il17a, and il17f, which decreased dramatically in the guts of most of the antibiotic-treated groups. These changes were also associated with a significant decrease in Prevotella in both the AMP and VAN groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that changes in gut microbiota as well as host physiology, including host metabolism and immunity, differ depending on the types of antibiotics, and the antibiotic-induced gut microbiota alteration has a correlation with host physiology such as host metabolic or immunological status. Thus, the immune and metabolic status of the host should be taken into account when administering antibiotics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121762
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
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  • 4
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    The Anti-Rotaviral Activity of Low Molecular Weight and Non-Proteinaceous Substance from Bifidobacterium longum BORI Cell Extract
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 7, No. 4 ( 2019-04-23), p. 108-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 4 ( 2019-04-23), p. 108-
    Abstract: Rotavirus infection is the most common diarrheal disease worldwide in children under five years of age, and it often results in death. In recent years, research on the relationship between rotavirus and probiotics has shown that probiotics are effective against diarrhea. A clinical trial has reported that Bifidobacterium longum BORI reduced diarrhea induced by rotavirus. The present work investigated the anti-rotaviral effect of B. longum BORI by cytopathic effect observation and real time cell analyses. Our study found that B. longum BORI showed strong anti-rotaviral effect when incubated with MA104 cells prior to viral infection, suggesting that the probiotic does in fact interfere with the interaction of viruses and host cells. It is believed that the efficacy is due to low-molecular weight and non-protein components derived from B. longum BORI. This discovery can help broaden the industrial application of B. longum BORI, which has been proven to be a safe and effective probiotic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7040108
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 5
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    Anti-Allergic Activity of a Platycodon Root Ethanol Extract
    MDPI AG ; 2010
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2010-07-16), p. 2746-2758
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2010-07-16), p. 2746-2758
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms11072746
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Effects of Selenium- and Zinc-Enriched Lactobacillus plantarum SeZi on Antioxidant Capacities and Gut Microbiome in an ICR Mouse Model
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2020-10-21), p. 1028-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2020-10-21), p. 1028-
    Abstract: Selenium and zinc are essential trace minerals for humans with various biological functions. In this study, selenium- and zinc-tolerant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were screened out from human fecal samples. Amongst three hundred LAB isolates, the Lactobacillus plantarum SeZi strain displayed the tolerance against selenium and zinc with the greatest biomass production and bioaccumulation of selenium and zinc. To further assess the characteristics of this strain, the lyophilized L. plantarum SeZi were prepared and administered to Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. The mice were divided into four groups, provided with normal chow (Con), or normal chow supplemented with Na2SeO3 and ZnSO4∙7H2O (SZ), L. plantarum SeZi (Lp), or selenium- and zinc-enriched L. plantarum SeZi (SZ + Lp), respectively. After 4 weeks of oral administration, the concentrations of selenium and zinc in blood were significantly increased in the SZ + Lp group when compared to the control or SZ group (p 〈 0.05). The increased selenium level led to an enhanced glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased blood malondialdehyde level in the SZ + Lp group (p 〈 0.05). Meanwhile, the results of bacterial community and microbial metabolic pathway analysis via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that L. plantarum SeZi significantly promoted the utilization of selenocysteine, seleno-cystathionine and seleno-methionine in the selenocompounds metabolism. Here, the in vivo antioxidant capacities of the selenium- and zinc-enriched lactobacillus strain showed us the utilization of a unique probiotic as a Se/Zn supplement with high availability, low toxicity, and additional probiotic advantages.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101028
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
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  • 7
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    Co-Culture with Bifidobacterium catenulatum Improves the Growth, Gut Colonization, and Butyrate Production of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2020-05-25), p. 788-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2020-05-25), p. 788-
    Abstract: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a major commensal bacterium in the human gut. It produces short-chain fatty acids that promote intestinal health. However, the bacterium is extremely oxygen-sensitive, making it difficult to develop as a probiotic. To facilitate practical application of F. prausnitzii, we investigated factors that affect its growth and mammalian gut colonization. We evaluated cross-feeding interactions between F. prausnitzii and seven Bifidobacterium strains, and the anti-inflammatory properties of bacterial metabolites produced in co-culture, in vitro and in vivo. Co-culture of F. prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium catenulatum, with fructooligosaccharides as an energy source, resulted in the greatest viable cell-count and butyrate production increases. Further, the co-culture supernatant reduced the amount of proinflammatory cytokines produced by HT-29 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages, an effect that was similar to that of butyrate. Furthermore, feeding mice both Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium enhanced F. prausnitzii gut colonization. Finally, feeding the co-culture supernatant decreased interleukin 8 levels in the colon and increased butyrate levels in the cecum in the dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mouse model. These observations indicate that the Faecalibacterium-Bifidobacterium co-culture exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by promoting F. prausnitzii survival and short-chain fatty acid production, with possible implications for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050788
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 8
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    Protective Effects of Korean Herbal Remedy against Airway Inflammation in an Allergic Asthma by Suppressing Eosinophil Recruitment and Infiltration in Lung
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-12-23), p. 6-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-12-23), p. 6-
    Abstract: The increasing prevalence of allergic asthma has become the world’s major health issue. Current treatments for allergic asthma focus on treating symptoms, while permanent cures still remain undiscovered. In this study, we investigated the effect of Korean traditional herbal remedy, Pyunkang-tang (PGT)—composed of six plants—on asthma alleviation in a mouse model. The PGT mixture was orally gavaged to mice (PM group, 20 mg/mouse/day) from 7 days before sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) (day −7). On day 0 and day 14, mice from OVA-control (n = 9) and PM group (n = 8) were sensitized with OVA and alum through intraperitoneal injection. On days 18~20, OVA was challenged to mice through nasal injection and sacrificed next day. Cell profile in lung tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR analysis, and the number of eosinophils and expression of siglec-F were significantly reduced in the PM group. Lung tissue was examined with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Alcian blue/periodic acid–Schiff (AB-PAS) staining. Noticeably reduced eosinophil infiltration around bronchioles was displayed in the PM group compared to the OVA-control group. Furthermore, PGT-treated mice showed a significant reduction in IL-13 and a mild reduction in IL-5 in lungs. A decreasing tendency of IL-5/13 (+) CD4+ T cells and IL-13(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and a significant reduction in IL5(+) ILCs were also observed. When treating PGT on murine lung epithelial cells stimulated by papain, there was a significant reduction in IL-33 mRNA expression levels. Taken together, oral delivery of PGT successfully alleviated asthmatic responses provoked by OVA in a mouse model and could lead to novel therapies for allergic asthma.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010006
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
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  • 9
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    Production, Structural Characterization, and In Vitro Assessment of the Prebiotic Potential of Butyl-Fructooligosaccharides
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 2 ( 2020-01-10), p. 445-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 2 ( 2020-01-10), p. 445-
    Abstract: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, produced in mammalian intestinal tracts via fermentation of dietary fiber, are known biofunctional compounds in humans. However, the variability of fermentable fiber consumed on a daily basis and the diversity of gut microbiota within individuals often limits the production of short-chain fatty acids in the human gut. In this study, we attempted to enhance the butyrate levels in human fecal samples by utilizing butyl-fructooligosaccharides (B-FOS) as a novel prebiotic substance. Two major types of B-FOS (GF3-1B and GF3-2B), composed of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS) bound to one or two butyric groups by ester bonds, were synthesized. Qualitative analysis of these B-FOS using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and low-resolution fast-atom bombardment mass spectra (LR-FAB-MS), showed that the chemical structure of GF3-1B and GF3-2B were [O-(1-buty-β-D-fru-(2→1)-O-β-D-fru-(2→1)-O-β-D-fru-O-α-D-glu] and [O-(1-buty)-β-D-fru-(2→1)-O-β-D-fru-(2→1)-O-(4-buty)-β-D-fru-O-α-D-glu], respectively. The ratio of these two compounds was approximately 5:3. To verify their biofunctionality as prebiotic oligosaccharides, proliferation and survival patterns of human fecal microbiota were examined in vitro via 16S rRNA metagenomics analysis compared to a positive FOS control and a negative control without a carbon source. B-FOS treatment showed different enrichment patterns on the fecal microbiota community during fermentation, and especially stimulated the growth of major butyrate producing bacterial consortia and modulated specific butyrate producing pathways with significantly enhanced butyrate levels. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Fusobacterium and ammonia production with related metabolic genes were greatly reduced with B-FOS and FOS treatment compared to the control group. These findings indicate that B-FOS differentially promotes butyrate production through the enhancement of butyrate-producing bacteria and their metabolic genes, and can be applied as a novel prebiotic compound in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020445
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    A Field Efficacy Trial of Recombinant Porcine Circovirus Type 2d Vaccine in Three Herds
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2023-09-16), p. 1497-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2023-09-16), p. 1497-
    Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine containing the open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) in a farm environment where natural infections associated with porcine circovirus-associated disease are endemic. The vaccine trial was conducted on three farms (H, M, and Y) with a history of infections including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), PCV, Mycoplasma, and E. coli. Farm H, as well as farms M and Y, experienced natural PCV2 infection between 4 and 8 weeks post-vaccination (wpv), and 8 and 12 wpv, respectively. Viremia levels of all farms were significantly (p 〈 0.05) lower in vaccinated piglets than the control group after natural infection. In all farms, serum immunoglobulin G levels peaked at 8 wpv in the vaccinated groups, surpassing those in the control groups. Furthermore, neutralizing antibody titers were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in the vaccinated groups than the control groups in farms H and Y (0–8 wpv). However, there were no significant differences between the vaccinated and control group in neutralizing antibody titers of farm M (0–20 wpv). In terms of body weight, vaccinated piglets from all three farms showed significantly increased average weights at 12 wpv compared to the control groups. In conclusion, our study revealed noteworthy differences in viremia and body weight gain between vaccinated and control animals on three farms. As a result, this field trial of PCV2d VLP vaccine was successful in protecting piglets from natural PCV2 infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091497
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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