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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Results for Estimating Body Composition Are Associated with Glucose Metabolism Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Obese Japanese Patients
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2018-10-08), p. 1456-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2018-10-08), p. 1456-
    Abstract: We investigated the association between body composition and changes in glucose metabolism following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in obese Japanese patients. Thirty-two Class III obese patients were assessed before LSG and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Variables including fat mass (FM), % body fat (%FM), total and skeletal muscle mass (MM), the ratio of lower extremity MM to body weight (BW) (L/W), and the ratio of upper extremity MM to BW (U/W) were measured while using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). LSG significantly decreased BW, FM, and %FM in all time periods observed after surgery with concomitant improvements in metabolic markers. MM was decreased at three months but maintained from 3–12 months post-surgery. Importantly, %MM, U/W, and the L/W ratio increased after LSG. Furthermore, change in FM was positively correlated with change in BW 12 months after LSG, whereas changes in %MM were negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Finally, multivariable stepwise regression analyses showed that changes in % total MM was an independent determinant of FPG and change in % skeletal MM was a significant independent determinant of HbA1c in Class III obese Japanese patients after LSG.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu10101456
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 2
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    FIB-4 First in the Diagnostic Algorithm of Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in the Era of the Global Metabodemic
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Life Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-02-14), p. 143-
    Details
    In: Life, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-02-14), p. 143-
    Abstract: The prevalence of obesity or metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide (globally metabodemic). Approximately 25% of the adult general population is suffering from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has become a serious health problem. In 2020, global experts suggested that the nomenclature of NAFLD should be updated to metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Hepatic fibrosis is the most significant determinant of all cause- and liver -related mortality in MAFLD. The non-invasive test (NIT) is urgently required to evaluate hepatic fibrosis in MAFLD. The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index is the first triaging tool for excluding advanced fibrosis because of its accuracy, simplicity, and cheapness, especially for general physicians or endocrinologists, although the FIB-4 index has several drawbacks. Accumulating evidence has suggested that vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test may become useful as the second step after triaging by the FIB-4 index. The leading cause of mortality in MAFLD is cardiovascular disease (CVD), extrahepatic malignancy, and liver-related diseases. MAFLD often complicates chronic kidney disease (CKD), resulting in increased simultaneous liver kidney transplantation. The FIB-4 index could be a predictor of not only liver-related mortality and incident hepatocellular carcinoma, but also prevalent and incident CKD, CVD, and extrahepatic malignancy. Although NITs as milestones for evaluating treatment efficacy have never been established, the FIB-4 index is expected to reflect histological hepatic fibrosis after treatment in several longitudinal studies. We here review the role of the FIB-4 index in the management of MAFLD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-1729
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/life11020143
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662250-6
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Antidiabetic Therapy in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 6 ( 2020-03-11), p. 1907-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 6 ( 2020-03-11), p. 1907-
    Abstract: Liver-related diseases are the third-leading causes (9.3%) of mortality in type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Japan. T2D is closely associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of NAFLD, can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatic failure. No pharmacotherapies are established for NASH patients with T2D. Though vitamin E is established as a first-line agent for NASH without T2D, its efficacy for NASH with T2D recently failed to be proven. The effects of pioglitazone on NASH histology with T2D have extensively been established, but several concerns exist, such as body weight gain, fluid retention, cancer incidence, and bone fracture. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are expected to ameliorate NASH and NAFLD (LEAN study, LEAD trial, and E-LIFT study). Among a variety of SGLT2 inhibitors, dapagliflozin has already entered the phase 3 trial (DEAN study). A key clinical need is to determine the kinds of antidiabetic drugs that are the most appropriate for the treatment of NASH to prevent the progression of hepatic fibrosis, resulting in HCC or liver-related mortality without increasing the risk of cardiovascular or renal events. Combination therapies, such as glucagon receptor agonist/GLP-1 or gastrointestinal peptide/GLP-1, are under development. This review focused on antidiabetic agents and future perspectives on the view of the treatment of NAFLD with T2D.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061907
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 4
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    Influence of Intermittent Cold Stimulations on CREB and Its Targeting Genes in Muscle: Investigations into Molecular Mechanisms of Local Cryotherapy
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 13 ( 2020-06-28), p. 4588-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 13 ( 2020-06-28), p. 4588-
    Abstract: Local cryotherapy is widely used as a treatment for sports-related skeletal muscle injuries. The molecular mechanisms are unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, we applied one to three 15-min cold stimulations at 4 °C to various cell lines (in vitro), the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (ex vivo), and mouse limbs (in vivo). In the in vitro assay, cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) was markedly phosphorylated (p-CREB1), and the CREB-binding protein (CBP) was recruited to p-CREB-1 in response to two or three cold stimulations. In a reporter assay with the cAMP-responsive element, the signals significantly increased after two to three cold stimulations at 4 °C. In the ex vivo study, CREB-targeting genes were significantly upregulated following two or three cold stimulations. The in vivo experiment disclosed that cold stimulation of a mouse limb for 9 days significantly increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and upregulated genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. The results suggest that local cryotherapy increases CREB transcription and upregulates CREB-targeting genes, in a manner dependent on cold stimulation frequency and duration. This information will inform further investigations into local cryotherapy as a treatment for sports-related skeletal muscle trauma.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134588
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Detection of Lung Cancer Cells in Solutions Using a Terahertz Chemical Microscope
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Sensors Vol. 21, No. 22 ( 2021-11-17), p. 7631-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 22 ( 2021-11-17), p. 7631-
    Abstract: Cancer genome analysis has recently attracted attention for personalized cancer treatment. In this treatment, evaluation of the ratio of cancer cells in a specimen tissue is essential for the precise analysis of the genome. Conventionally, the evaluation takes at least two days and depends on the skill of the pathologist. In our group, a terahertz chemical microscope (TCM) was developed to easily and quickly measure the number of cancer cells in a solution. In this study, an antibody was immobilized on a sensing plate using an avidin-biotin reaction to immobilize it for high density and to improve antibody alignment. In addition, as the detected terahertz signals vary depending on the sensitivity of the sensing plate, the sensitivity was evaluated using pH measurement. The result of the cancer cell detection was corrected using the result of pH measurement. These results indicate that a TCM is expected to be an excellent candidate for liquid biopsies in cancer diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s21227631
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 6
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    The Effectiveness of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Semaglutide on Body Composition in Elderly Obese Diabetic Patients: A Pilot Study
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Medicines Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2022-09-16), p. 47-
    Details
    In: Medicines, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2022-09-16), p. 47-
    Abstract: Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the changes in obesity severity, glucose metabolism, and body composition in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) semaglutide. Materials and Methods: Body weight (BW), metabolic parameters, and body composition were examined before and 3 months after semaglutide administration. The mass of body fat (FM), fat weight percentage (%FM), mass of skeletal muscle (MM), skeletal MM percentage (%MM), and limb muscles were measured using the bioelectrical impedance method. Results: Semaglutide dramatically reduced the weight, the body mass index (BMI), and the levels of the glucose metabolic markers, including fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c, and accelerated the loss of excess BW. FM, MM, and %FM after semaglutide treatment also decreased. Conversely, semaglutide had no effect on the %MM after 3 months. In limb muscle analyses, right upper and lower leg muscle percentages, left upper and lower leg muscles, and the ratios of the lower/upper muscles were maintained by semaglutide treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that the GLP1-RA semaglutide effectively reduces body adiposity while maintaining the MM in obese type 2 diabetic patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2305-6320
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicines9090047
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2777965-8
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  • 7
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    Verification of the Relationship between Redox Regulation of Thioredoxin Target Proteins and Their Proximity to Thylakoid Membranes
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2022-04-13), p. 773-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2022-04-13), p. 773-
    Abstract: Thioredoxin (Trx) is a key protein of the redox regulation system in chloroplasts, where it modulates various enzyme activities. Upon light irradiation, Trx reduces the disulfide bonds of Trx target proteins (thereby turning on their activities) using reducing equivalents obtained from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. This reduction process involves a differential response, i.e., some Trx target proteins in the stroma respond slowly to the change in redox condition caused by light/dark changes, while the ATP synthase γ subunit (CF1-γ) located on the surface of thylakoid membrane responds with high sensitivity. The factors that determine this difference in redox kinetics are not yet known, although here, we hypothesize that it is due to each protein’s localization in the chloroplast, i.e., the reducing equivalents generated under light conditions can be transferred more efficiently to the proteins on thylakoid membrane than to stromal proteins. To explore this possibility, we anchored SBPase, one of the stromal Trx target proteins, to the thylakoid membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analyses of the redox behaviors of the anchored and unanchored proteins showed no significant difference in their reduction kinetics, implying that protein sensitivity to redox regulation is determined by other factors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040773
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Fruit Body Formation in Cultivating Mushrooms
    MDPI AG ; 2014
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2014-02-12), p. 58-72
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2014-02-12), p. 58-72
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms2010058
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 9
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    The Effects of Mutual Interaction of Orexin-A and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Reflex Swallowing Induced by SLN Afferents in Rats
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2020-06-22), p. 4422-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2020-06-22), p. 4422-
    Abstract: (1) Background: Our previous studies revealed that orexin-A, an appetite-increasing peptide, suppressed reflex swallowing via the commissural part of the nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS), and that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an appetite-reducing peptide, also suppressed reflex swallowing via the medial nucleus of the NTS (mNTS). In this study, we examined the mutual interaction between orexin-A and GLP-1 in reflex swallowing. (2) Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats under urethane–chloralose anesthesia were used. Swallowing was induced by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and was identified by the electromyographic (EMG) signals obtained from the mylohyoid muscle. (3) Results: The injection of GLP-1 (20 pmol) into the mNTS reduced the swallowing frequency and extended the latency of the first swallow. These suppressive effects of GLP-1 were not observed after the fourth ventricular administration of orexin-A. After the injection of an orexin-1 receptor antagonist (SB334867) into the cNTS, an ineffective dose of GLP-1 (6 pmol) into the mNTS suppressed reflex swallowing. Similarly, the suppressive effects of orexin-A (1 nmol) were not observed after the injection of GLP-1 (6 pmol) into the mNTS. After the administration of a GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin-4(5-39)), an ineffective dose of orexin-A (0.3 nmol) suppressed reflex swallowing. (4) Conclusions: The presence of reciprocal inhibitory connections between GLP-1 receptive neurons and orexin-A receptive neurons in the NTS was strongly suggested.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124422
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Nuclear Expression of TDP-43 Is Linked with Morphology and Ubiquitylation of Cytoplasmic Aggregates in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 15 ( 2023-07-29), p. 12176-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 15 ( 2023-07-29), p. 12176-
    Abstract: The transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is a pathological protein of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TDP-43 pathology is characterized by a combination of the cytoplasmic aggregation and nuclear clearance of this protein. However, the mechanisms underlying TDP-43 pathology have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the expression level of nuclear TDP-43 and the pathological properties of cytoplasmic aggregates in autopsied ALS cases. We included 22 consecutively autopsied cases with sporadic TDP-43-related ALS. The motor neuron systems were neuropathologically assessed. We identified 790 neurons with cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions from the lower motor neuron system of included cases. Nuclear TDP-43 disappeared in 84% (n = 660) and expressed in 16% (n = 130) of neurons with cytoplasmic inclusions; the former was defined as TDP-43 cytoplasmic immunoreactivity (c-ir), and the latter was defined as nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity (n/c-ir). Morphologically, diffuse cytoplasmic inclusions were significantly more prevalent in TDP-43 n/c-ir neurons than in c-ir neurons, while skein-like and round inclusions were less prevalent in n/c-ir neurons. The cytoplasmic inclusions of TDP-43 n/c-ir neurons were phosphorylated but poorly ubiquitylated when compared with those of c-ir neurons. TDP-43 n/c-ir neurons became less dominant than the c-ir neurons among cases with a prolonged disease duration. The expression level of nuclear TDP-43 was significantly lower in n/c-ir neurons than in normal neurons without cytoplasmic inclusions. Our results indicate that the maturation of cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions correlates with the depletion of nuclear TDP-43 in each affected neuron. This finding supports the view that an imbalance between nuclear and cytoplasmic TDP-43 may be an essential pathway to TDP-43 pathology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512176
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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