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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ontogenetic Development of Sexual Dimorphism in Body Mass of Wild Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti)
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Animals Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2023-05-08), p. 1576-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2023-05-08), p. 1576-
    Abstract: Sexual dimorphism exists widely in animals, manifesting in different forms, such as body size, color, shape, unique characteristics, behavior, and sound. Of these, body mass dimorphism is the most obvious. Studies of evolutionary and ontogenetic development and adaptation mechanisms of animals’ sexual dimorphism in body mass (SDBM), allow us to understand how environment, social group size, diet, and other external factors have driven the selection of sexual dimorphism. There are fewer reports of the ontogenetic development of sexual dimorphism in body mass in Rhinopithecus. This study explores the ontogenetic development pattern of SDBM in wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (R. bieti), and the causes resulting in extreme sexual dimorphism compared to other colobines. A significant dimorphism with a ratio of 1.27 (p 〈 0.001) appears when females enter the reproductive period around six years old, reaching a peak (1.85, p 〈 0.001) when males become sexually mature. After the age of eight, the SDBM falls to 1.78, but is still significant (p 〈 0.001). The results also indicate that males had a longer body mass growth period than females (8 years vs. 5 years); females in larger breeding units had a significantly higher SDBM than those in smaller ones (2.12 vs. 1.93, p 〈 0.01). A comparative analysis with other colobines further clarifies that Rhinopithecus and Nasalis, which both have multilevel social organization, have the highest degree of SDBM among all colobines. The large SDBM in R. bieti can be explained through Bergman’s and Rensch’s rules. Overall, environmental adaptation, a distinctive alimentary system, and a complex social structure contribute to R. bieti having such a remarkable SDBM compared to other colobines. In addition, we found that females’ choice for males may not be significantly related to the development of SDBM.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani13091576
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 2
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    Understanding the Association between Environmental Factors and Longevity in Hechi, China: A Drinking Water and Soil Quality Perspective
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2018-10-16), p. 2272-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2018-10-16), p. 2272-
    Abstract: The aging population is a big challenge all over the world. However, there are few studies to date investigating the effects of trace element and mineral levels in drinking water and soil (especially in karst areas) on longevity. This study aims to examine temporal and spatial variations in longevity in Hechi (which is recognized as a longevity city) and to investigate relationships between longevity and trace element and mineral levels in drinking water and soils in this city (the karst landscape). Population data were collected from relevant literature and four national population censuses in 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010. Drinking water and soil samples from Hechi were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrated an obvious clustered distribution for the longevity population in Hechi that has existed stably for decades. The longevity index tended to be significantly positively correlated with H2SiO3, Ca and Fe in drinking water and significantly negatively correlated with Sr in soil, indicating that drinking water characteristics contributed significantly to the observed regional longevity. The karst landscape is responsible for abundant trace elements in underground rivers in Hechi, which are beneficial to human health when consumed as drinking water. Good quality and slightly alkaline drinking water rich in trace elements such as H2SiO3, Ca, Fe, Na, Mg and low in heavy metals such as Pb and Cd might be an important factor contributing to the longevity phenomenon in Hechi.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102272
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Geographic Variation in Note Types of Alarm Calls in Japanese Tits (Parus minor)
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Animals Vol. 12, No. 18 ( 2022-09-08), p. 2342-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 18 ( 2022-09-08), p. 2342-
    Abstract: Geographic variability in acoustic signals has been documented in many bird species. However, geographic variations in alarm calls have been so far neglected despite their crucial role on reducing risk to group members and relatives. We analyzed the note types and acoustic parameters of Japanese tit (Parus minor) alarm calls to three types of intruders (a nest predator, an adult predator, and a harmless species) from three populations in China. Our results revealed that tits in the same population produce similar note types to different intruders, but the three populations only shared six note types and each population had unique note types. The frequency and duration parameters of three shared common note types were significantly different among populations. The three populations belong to the same species, thus they have shared note types. We suspect that the unique note types occurring in each population may be related to three potential reasons: founder effect, predation pressure, and vocal learning. The differences in acoustic parameters of common notes among populations may be a consequence of adaptations to their environments. We suggest that population differences in the note levels of bird alarm calls do exist.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani12182342
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 4
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    Shear Bonding Strength and Thermal Cycling Effect of Fluoride Releasable/Rechargeable Orthodontic Adhesive Resins Containing LiAl-F Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Filler
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Materials Vol. 12, No. 19 ( 2019-09-30), p. 3204-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 19 ( 2019-09-30), p. 3204-
    Abstract: This study aims to investigate the shear bonding strength (SBS) and thermal cycling effect of orthodontic brackets bonded with fluoride release/rechargeable LiAl-F layered double hydroxide (LDH-F) contained dental orthodontic resin. 3% and 5% of LDH-F nanopowder were gently mixed to commercial resin-based adhesives Orthomite LC (LC, LC3, LC5) and Transbond XT (XT, XT3). A fluoroaluminosilicate modified resin adhesive Transbond color change (TC) was selected as a positive control. Fifteen brackets each group were bonded to bovine enamel and the SBS was tested with/without thermal cycling. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated at 20× magnification. The fluoride-releasing/rechargeability and cytocompatibility were also evaluated. The SBS of LC, LC3, and LC5 were significantly higher than XT and TC. After thermal cycling, the SBS of LC, LC3, and LC5 did not decrease and was significantly higher than TC. The changes of ARI scores indicate that failure occurred not only cohesive but also semi-cohesive fracture. The 30 days accumulated daily fluoride release of LC3, LC5, and TC without recharge are higher than 300 μg/cm2. The LDH-F contained resin adhesive possesses higher SBS compared to positive control TC. Fluoride release and the rechargeable feature can be achieved for preventing enamel demineralization without cytotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma12193204
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sea-Level Estimation from GNSS-IR under Loose Constraints Based on Local Mean Decomposition
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sensors Vol. 23, No. 14 ( 2023-07-20), p. 6540-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 14 ( 2023-07-20), p. 6540-
    Abstract: The global navigation satellite system–interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique has emerged as an effective coastal sea-level monitoring solution. However, the accuracy and stability of GNSS-IR sea-level estimation based on quadratic fitting are limited by the retrieval range of reflector height (RH range) and satellite-elevation range, reducing the flexibility of this technology. This study introduces a new GNSS-IR sea-level estimation model that combines local mean decomposition (LMD) and Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP). LMD can decompose the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) arc into a series of signal components with different frequencies. The signal components containing information from the sea surface are selected to construct the oscillation term, and its frequency is extracted by LSP. To this end, observational data from SC02 sites in the United States are used to evaluate the accuracy level of the model. Then, the performance of LMD and the influence of noise on retrieval results are analyzed from two aspects: RH ranges and satellite-elevation ranges. Finally, the sea-level variation for one consecutive year is estimated to verify the stability of the model in long-term monitoring. The results show that the oscillation term obtained by LMD has a lower noise level than other signal separation methods, effectively improving the accuracy of retrieval results and avoiding abnormal values. Moreover, it still performs well under loose constraints (a wide RH range and a high-elevation range). In one consecutive year of retrieval results, the new model based on LMD has a significant improvement effect over quadratic fitting, and the root mean square error and mean absolute error of retrieval results obtained in each month on average are improved by 8.34% and 8.87%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s23146540
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Insight the Luminescence Properties of AlON: Eu, Mg Phosphor under VUV Excitation
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Materials Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2017-06-29), p. 723-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2017-06-29), p. 723-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma10070723
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Titanium-Enriched Slag Prepared by Atmospheric Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Mechanically Activated Vanadium Titanomagnetite Concentrates
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Materials Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2021-11-09), p. 6736-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2021-11-09), p. 6736-
    Abstract: The titanium-enriched slag was obtained via atmospheric hydrochloric acid leaching of mechanically activated vanadium titanomagnetite concentrates (VTMCs). Under the influence of mechanical activation, specific physicochemical changes were observed via X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and granulometric laser diffraction analysis. Experimental findings revealed that the mechanical activation of VTMCs resulted in a decrease in the median volume particle diameter (d50) and an increase in the specific surface area (SA) with an increased milling time. The results of the leaching experiment revealed that the mechanical activation treatment favors the extraction of iron (Fe) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) from the VTMCs. The Fe and TiO2 extractions from the mechanically activated sample after 10 h compared with the unactivated sample were increased by 12.82% and 4.73%, respectively. The presence of the ilmenite phase in the titanium-enriched slag was confirmed by X-ray diffractometry and EDS patterns, and the content of the TiO2 in the enriched slag can get as high as 43.75%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma14226736
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 8
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    Colletotrichum Species Associated with Peaches in China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Fungi Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2022-03-18), p. 313-
    Details
    In: Journal of Fungi, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2022-03-18), p. 313-
    Abstract: Colletotrichum is regarded as one of the 10 most important genera of plant pathogens in the world. It causes diseases in a wide range of economically important plants, including peaches. China is the largest producer of peaches in the world but little is known about the Colletotrichum spp. affecting the crop. In 2017 and 2018, a total of 286 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from symptomatic fruit and leaves in 11 peach production provinces of China. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, TUB2, and HIS3) and morphological characterization, the isolates were identified to be C. nymphaeae, C. fioriniae, and C. godetiae of the C. acutatum species complex, C. fructicola and C. siamense of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, C. karsti of the C. boninense species complex, and one newly identified species, C. folicola sp. nov. This study is the first report of C. karsti and C. godetiae in peaches, and the first report of C. nymphaeae, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, and C. siamense in peaches in China. C. nymphaeae is the most prevalent species of Colletotrichum in peaches in China, which may be the result of fungicide selection. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all species found in this study were pathogenic on both the leaves and fruit of peaches, except for C. folicola, which only infected the leaves. The present study substantially improves our understanding of the causal agents of anthracnose on peaches in China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2309-608X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jof8030313
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2784229-0
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Erianin against Staphylococcus aureus Infection via Inhibiting Sortase A
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Toxins Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2018-09-23), p. 385-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2018-09-23), p. 385-
    Abstract: With continuous emergence and widespread of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, common antibiotics have become ineffective in treating these infections in the clinical setting. Anti-virulence strategies could be novel, effective therapeutic strategies against drug-resistant bacterial infections. Sortase A (srtA), a transpeptidase in gram-positive bacteria, can anchor surface proteins that play a vital role in pathogenesis of these bacteria. SrtA is known as a potential antivirulent drug target to treat bacterial infections. In this study, we found that erianin, a natural bibenzyl compound, could inhibit the activity of srtA in vitro (half maximal inhibitory concentration—IC50 = 20.91 ± 2.31 μg/mL, 65.7 ± 7.2 μM) at subminimum inhibitory concentrations (minimum inhibitory concentrations—MIC = 512 μg/mL against S. aureus). The molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition of srtA by erianin was identified using molecular dynamics simulation: erianin binds to srtA residues Ile182, Val193, Trp194, Arg197, and Ile199, forming a stable bond via hydrophobic interactions. In addition, the activities of S. aureus binding to fibronectin and biofilm formation were inhibited by erianin, when co-culture with S. aureus. In vivo, erianin could improve the survival in mice that infected with S. aureus by tail vein injection. Experimental results showed that erianin is a potential novel therapeutic compound against S. aureus infections via affecting srtA.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100385
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 10
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    A Review of Spatter in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: In Situ Detection, Generation, Effects, and Countermeasures
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Micromachines Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2022-08-22), p. 1366-
    Details
    In: Micromachines, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2022-08-22), p. 1366-
    Abstract: Spatter is an inherent, unpreventable, and undesired phenomenon in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing. Spatter behavior has an intrinsic correlation with the forming quality in L-PBF because it leads to metallurgical defects and the degradation of mechanical properties. This impact becomes more severe in the fabrication of large-sized parts during the multi-laser L-PBF process. Therefore, investigations of spatter generation and countermeasures have become more urgent. Although much research has provided insights into the melt pool, microstructure, and mechanical property, reviews of spatter in L-PBF are still limited. This work reviews the literature on the in situ detection, generation, effects, and countermeasures of spatter in L-PBF. It is expected to pave the way towards a novel generation of highly efficient and intelligent L-PBF systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-666X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/mi13081366
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620864-7
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