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  • MDPI AG  (73)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Roles of Neuropeptides in Sleep–Wake Regulation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2022-04-21), p. 4599-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2022-04-21), p. 4599-
    Abstract: Sleep and wakefulness are basic behavioral states that require coordination between several brain regions, and they involve multiple neurochemical systems, including neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are a group of peptides produced by neurons and neuroendocrine cells of the central nervous system. Like traditional neurotransmitters, neuropeptides can bind to specific surface receptors and subsequently regulate neuronal activities. For example, orexin is a crucial component for the maintenance of wakefulness and the suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In addition to orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, and galanin may promote REM sleep. These results suggest that neuropeptides play an important role in sleep–wake regulation. These neuropeptides can be divided into three categories according to their effects on sleep–wake behaviors in rodents and humans. (i) Galanin, melanin-concentrating hormone, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are sleep-promoting peptides. It is also noticeable that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide particularly increases REM sleep. (ii) Orexin and neuropeptide S have been shown to induce wakefulness. (iii) Neuropeptide Y and substance P may have a bidirectional function as they can produce both arousal and sleep-inducing effects. This review will introduce the distribution of various neuropeptides in the brain and summarize the roles of different neuropeptides in sleep–wake regulation. We aim to lay the foundation for future studies to uncover the mechanisms that underlie the initiation, maintenance, and end of sleep–wake states.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094599
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
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    Pinch Analysis for Heat Integration of Pulverized Coke Chemical Looping Gasification Coupled with Coke-Oven Gas to Methanol and Ammonia
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Processes Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2022-09-16), p. 1879-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2022-09-16), p. 1879-
    Abstract: Methanol and ammonia are important chemical materials in the chemical industry. During the production of methanol and ammonia, a large amount of waste heat is released. The waste heat can be used to save energy and reduce CO2 emissions. In this study, pinch analysis is used to design the heat exchanger network (HEN) of pulverized coke (PC) chemical looping gasification coupled with coke-oven gas (COG) to methanol and ammonia (PCCLHG-CGTMA). The heat integration process is accomplished in two ways, as mentioned below. (1) The HENs in each of the three heat exchange units are designed individually; (2) the HENs of the three heat exchange units are treated as a whole and designed simultaneously. Compared to the HEN designed individually, when the HENs are designed as a whole, a total of 112.12 MW of hot and cold utilities are saved. In the HENs designed as a whole, the reduction in operating cost is sufficient to offset the increase in capital cost; the total annual cost (TAC) is reduced by 10.9%. These results reveal that the HENs designed as a whole have more scope for energy saving, which can be a reference for new HEN design and modification to realize more heat recovery and lower investment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr10091879
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 3
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    Controllable Construction of Amino-Functionalized Dynamic Covalent Porous Polymers for High-Efficiency CO2 Capture from Flue Gas
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 18 ( 2022-09-09), p. 5853-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 18 ( 2022-09-09), p. 5853-
    Abstract: The design of high-efficiency CO2 adsorbents with low cost, high capacity, and easy desorption is of high significance for reducing carbon emissions, which yet remains a great challenge. This work proposes a facile construction strategy of amino-functional dynamic covalent materials for effective CO2 capture from flue gas. Upon the dynamic imine assembly of N-site rich motif and aldehyde-based spacers, nanospheres and hollow nanotubes with spongy pores were constructed spontaneously at room temperature. A commercial amino-functional molecule tetraethylenepentamine could be facilely introduced into the dynamic covalent materials by virtue of the dynamic nature of imine assembly, thus inducing a high CO2 capacity (1.27 mmol·g−1) from simulated flue gas at 75 °C. This dynamic imine assembly strategy endowed the dynamic covalent materials with facile preparation, low cost, excellent CO2 capacity, and outstanding cyclic stability, providing a mild and controllable approach for the development of competitive CO2 adsorbents.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185853
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 4
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    Isobavachalcone Induces Multiple Cell Death in Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 20 ( 2022-10-11), p. 6787-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 20 ( 2022-10-11), p. 6787-
    Abstract: Standardized treatment guidelines and effective drugs are not available for human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Many efforts have recently been exerted to investigate the efficacy of natural compounds as anticancer agents owing to their low toxicity. However, no study has examined the effects of isobavachalcone (IBC) on the programmed cell death (PCD) of human triple-negative breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. In this study, IBC substantially inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. In addition, we found that IBC induced multiple cell death processes, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy in MDA-MB-231 cells. The initial mechanism of IBC-mediated cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells involves the downregulation of Akt and p-Akt-473, an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and cleaved caspases-3 induced apoptosis; the upregulation of RIP3, p-RIP3 and MLKL induced necroptosis; as well as a simultaneous increase in LC3-II/I ratio induced autophagy. In addition, we observed that IBC induced mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby decreasing cellular ATP levels and increasing reactive oxygen species accumulation to induce PCD. These results suggest that IBC is a promising lead compound with anti-TNBC activity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206787
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 5
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    Cu/CuOx@C Composite as a High-Efficiency Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reactions
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-11-25), p. 1515-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-11-25), p. 1515-
    Abstract: Among clean energy transformation devices, fuel cells have gained special attention over the past years; however, advancing appropriate non-valuable metal impetuses to halfway supplant the customary Pt/C impetus is still in progress. In this paper, we propose a specific electrocatalyst in the formula of highly-active Cu species, associated with coated carbon (Cu@C-800), for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) through post-treatment of a self-assembled precursor. The optimized catalyst Cu@C-800 showed excellent ORR performance (i.e., the onset potential was 1.00 V vs. RHE, and half-wave potential of 0.81 V vs. RHE), high stability, resistance to methanol, and high four-electron selectivity. The enhancement is attributed to the synergy between the carbon matrix and a high explicit surface region and rich Cu nano-species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal12121515
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 6
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    Assessing the Impact of Cumulus Parameterization Schemes on Simulated Summer Wind Speed over Mainland China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2022-04-12), p. 617-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2022-04-12), p. 617-
    Abstract: Wind speed is an important meteorological parameter, whose simulation is influenced by various physical process parameterizations. However, the impact of cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) on wind speed simulation at the climate scale has not been sufficiently investigated in previous studies. Using the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARWv3) and hydrostatic wind speed change equation, we assessed the effects of four CPSs on a 10 m wind speed simulation over mainland China in the summer of 2003. In general, different CPSs can reproduce the wind speed distribution. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of wind speed simulation to CPSs was found to be the highest in East and southern China, followed by the Tibetan Plateau, and then Northwest China. We found that the main physical processes influencing wind speed (i.e., the pressure gradient (PRE), diffusion (DFN), and convection (CON) terms) vary greatly with sub-regions. CPSs mainly affect the secondary CON that regulates the balance between the dominant terms PRE and DFN, and also has a significant effect on PRE. For example, for CON, the difference index (DIF) between the Kain–Fritsch (KF) and previous KF (pKF) CPSs is larger than 20%, corresponding to a PRE DIF of about 14%. The term of local wind speed change (Vt) is significantly more sensitive to the CPSs than the other terms with a DIF of 283% over the Tibetan Plateau, suggesting high CPS sensitivity of the simulated wind speed. In addition, we explained the causes of the CPS-induced sensitivities. This work helps understand the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) performance and emphasizes the importance of the CPS choice in simulating/forecasting wind speed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040617
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 7
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    Dual Model Medical Invoices Recognition
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sensors Vol. 19, No. 20 ( 2019-10-10), p. 4370-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 20 ( 2019-10-10), p. 4370-
    Abstract: Hospitals need to invest a lot of manpower to manually input the contents of medical invoices (nearly 300,000,000 medical invoices a year) into the medical system. In order to help the hospital save money and stabilize work efficiency, this paper designed a system to complete the complicated work using a Gaussian blur and smoothing–convolutional neural network combined with a recurrent neural network (GBS-CR) method. Gaussian blur and smoothing (GBS) is a novel preprocessing method that can fix the breakpoint font in medical invoices. The combination of convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) was used to raise the recognition rate of the breakpoint font in medical invoices. RNN was designed to be the semantic revision module. In the aspect of image preprocessing, Gaussian blur and smoothing were used to fix the breakpoint font. In the period of making the self-built dataset, a certain proportion of the breakpoint font (the font of breakpoint is 3, the original font is 7) was added, in this paper, so as to optimize the Alexnet–Adam–CNN (AA-CNN) model, which is more suitable for the recognition of the breakpoint font than the traditional CNN model. In terms of the identification methods, we not only adopted the optimized AA-CNN for identification, but also combined RNN to carry out the semantic revisions of the identified results of CNN, meanwhile further improving the recognition rate of the medical invoices. The experimental results show that compared with the state-of-art invoice recognition method, the method presented in this paper has an average increase of 10 to 15 percentage points in recognition rate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s19204370
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 8
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    Sterility of Aedes albopictus by X-ray Irradiation as an Alternative to γ-ray Irradiation for the Sterile Insect Technique
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2023-01-06), p. 102-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2023-01-06), p. 102-
    Abstract: The mosquito Aedes albopictus can transmit various arboviral diseases, posing a severe threat to human health. As an environmentally friendly method, sterile insect technology (SIT) is considered an alternative to traditional methods such as chemical pesticides to control Ae. albopictus. In SIT, the sterility of male mosquitoes can be achieved by γ-ray or X-ray radiation. Compared with γ-rays, X-rays are easier to obtain, cheaper, and less harmful. However, there is a lack of comparative assessment of these two types of radiation for SIT under the same controlled conditions. Here, we compared the effects of X-ray and γ-ray radiation on the sterility of Ae. albopictus males under laboratory-controlled conditions. Neither type of radiation affected the number of eggs but significantly reduced the survival time and hatch rate. The same dose of γ-rays caused a higher sterility effect on males than X-rays but had a more significant impact on survival. However, X-rays could achieve the same sterility effect as γ-rays by increasing the radiation dose. For example, X-rays of 60 Gy induced 99% sterility, similar to γ-rays of 40 Gy. In the test of male mating competitiveness, the induced sterility and the male mating competitiveness index were also identical at the same release ratio (sterile males/fertile males). At a release ratio of 7:1, nearly 80% of eggs failed to hatch. Sterile males produced by X-ray and γ-ray radiation had similar male competitiveness in competition with field males. In conclusion, a higher dose of X-rays is required to achieve the same sterility effect, compared to γ-rays. When γ-rays are not readily available, high-dose X-rays can be used instead. This study provides data supporting the selection of more suitable radiation for the field release of sterile male mosquitoes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010102
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 9
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    Surveillance and Control of Malaria Vectors in Hainan Province, China from 1950 to 2021: A Retrospective Review
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2023-02-21), p. 131-
    Details
    In: Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2023-02-21), p. 131-
    Abstract: Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne tropical disease impacting populations in tropical regions across the world. Malaria was previously hyperendemic in Hainan Province. Due to large-scale anti-malarial intervention, malaria elimination in the province was achieved in 2019. This paper reviews the literature on the ecology, bionomics, and control of malaria vectors in Hainan from 1951 to 2021. We searched PubMed, and the China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) database for relevant articles published and included three other important books published in Chinese or English in order to summarize research on species, distribution, vectorial capacity, ecology, the resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides, and malaria vector control in Hainan Province. A total of 239 references were identified, 79 of which met the criteria for inclusion in our review. A total of six references dealt with the salivary gland infection of Anophelines, six with vectorial capacity, 41 with mosquito species and distribution, seven with seasonality, three with blood preference, four with nocturnal activity, two with flight distance, 13 with resistance to insecticides, and 14 with vector control. Only 16 published papers met the criteria of addressing malaria vectors in Hainan over the last 10 years (2012–2021). Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus are primary malaria vectors, mainly distributed in the southern and central areas of Hainan. Indoor residual spraying with DDT and the use of ITNs with pyrethroid insecticides were the main interventions taken for malaria control. Previous studies on ecology, bionomics, and resistance of vectors provided scientific evidence for optimizing malaria vector control and contributed to malaria elimination in Hainan Province. We hope our study will contribute to preventing malaria reestablishment caused by imported malaria in Hainan. Research on malaria vectors should be updated to provide scientific evidence for malaria vector control strategies post-elimination as the ecology, bionomics, and resistance of vectors to insecticides may change with changes in the environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2414-6366
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030131
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2934690-3
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  • 10
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    Selection of Water-Saving Plants and Annual Water Consumption Estimation for Garden Green Spaces in Beijing
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Forests Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2021-11-15), p. 1572-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2021-11-15), p. 1572-
    Abstract: Currently, the number of urban garden green spaces (GGSs) being constructed in Beijing is increasing, and their high water resource demands contradict the severe water shortage situation in Beijing that is restricting urban construction and economic development. This has created an urgent need to build water-saving GGSs. This study analyzed and compared the daily/annual water consumption of 79 common plants in Beijing, and low-water-consumption (LWC) trees, shrubs and herbs were selected; additionally, the total annual water consumption (TAWC) of all plants in the built-up areas of all 16 districts in Beijing was calculated according to the result of the eighth general survey of landscaping resources in Beijing. The results are as follows: (1) fifteen LWC tree species were selected from among 25 species, and the average daily water consumption (DWC) was 〈 1.09 kg·m−2; (2) nineteen LWC shrubs were selected from among 35 shrubs, and the average DWC was 〈 1.17 kg·m−2; (3) eleven LWC herbs were selected from among 19 herbs, and the AWC was 〈 460.3 kg·m−2; (4) the TAWC of all trees, shrubs and herb plants in the Beijing GGSs was 1.104 × 109, 0.139 × 109, and 0.16 × 109 m3, respectively. Based on the above results, it was estimated that the TAWC of all plants in the built-up areas of all 16 districts in Beijing is approximately 1.403 × 109 m3. These findings provide a better understanding of the water consumption of GGS plants in cities in semiarid and semihumid climates and can be used to help select LWC greening plants that can reduce water consumption when expanding green areas in cities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f12111572
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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