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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Community Structure and Growth Rate of Korean Quercus mongolica Forests by Vegetation Climate Zone
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-04-11), p. 6465-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-04-11), p. 6465-
    Abstract: Q. mongolica forests are representative forest types in Korea, belonging to the intermediate succession stage with the highest species diversity. Identifying the community structure and growth rate of Q. mongolica forests by the vegetation climate zone can help in planning efficient forest restoration strategies for each vegetation climate zone. The proportions of major communities based on the vegetation climate zones newly adjusted by the Korea National Arboretum in 2020 were determined. Major dominant species were identified in Quercus mongolica forests in which Q. mongolica dominates by more than 50% by analyzing the importance based on the basal area of the trees using data from the 7th National Forest Inventory Survey. The basal area growth rate was analyzed for permanent sample plots from the 5th to 7th National Forest Inventory Surveys. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the basal area growth rate by vegetation climate zone over a 10-year period. However, it should be noted that Q. mongolica forests with younger age classes were more abundant in the warm southern temperate zone; thus, it is likely that age class has a greater effect on the rate of basal area increase than the vegetation climate zone.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su15086465
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conjugation of Human β-Defensin 2 to Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Induces Antigen-Specific Protective Immunity against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Transgenic Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2020-11-01), p. 635-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2020-11-01), p. 635-
    Abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe acute respiratory symptoms. Due to the lack of medical countermeasures, effective and safe vaccines against MERS-CoV infection are urgently required. Although different types of candidate vaccines have been developed, their immunogenicity is limited, and the dose and administration route need optimization to achieve optimal protection. We here investigated the potential use of human β-defensin 2 (HBD 2) as an adjuvant to enhance the protection provided by MERS-CoV vaccination. We found that immunization of human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4)-transgenic (hDPP4-Tg) mice with spike protein receptor-binding domain (S RBD) conjugated with HBD 2 (S RBD-HBD 2) induced potent antigen (Ag)-specific adaptive immune responses and protected against MERS-CoV infection. In addition, immunization with S RBD-HBD 2 alleviated progressive pulmonary fibrosis in the lungs of MERS-CoV-infected hDPP4-Tg mice and suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling activation upon viral infection. Compared to intramuscular administration, intranasal administration of S RBD-HBD 2 induced more potent mucosal IgA responses and was more effective for protecting against intranasal MERS-CoV infection. In conclusion, our findings suggest that HBD 2 potentiates Ag-specific immune responses against viral Ag and can be used as an adjuvant enhancing the immunogenicity of subunit vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040635
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Secondary Malignancy in Giant Cell Tumor: A Single-Center Study
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Current Oncology Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2022-06-02), p. 4068-4080
    Details
    In: Current Oncology, MDPI AG, Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2022-06-02), p. 4068-4080
    Abstract: Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) undergoes a sarcomatous transformation. Secondary malignancy in giant cell tumor (MGCT) is associated with radiotherapy and has a dismal prognosis. We reviewed medical records to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of MGCT patients. The enrollment criterion was high-grade spindle-cell sarcoma, which developed at the site of prior GCTB treatment. Twelve patients were analyzed: six females and six males. The median age was 42.5 years. Benign recurrence occurred in five GCTB patients not treated with radiotherapy. No pulmonary implants were observed. The median latency to the malignant transformation was 63 months. Nine patients were AJCC stage IIB, and three were stage IVA. The median follow-up period after malignant transformation was 62.5 months. Five patients developed local recurrence, and six had distant metastasis. Five-year overall recurrence and metastasis-free survival rates were 61.9%, 66.7%, and 58.3%, respectively. Initial metastasis was a predictive factor for overall survival. Benign local recurrence of GCTB was also a negative factor for metastasis-free survival of MGCT patients. Differences in overall survival according to benign recurrence also showed a tendency toward significance. In our series, secondary MGCT did not occur after radiotherapy. The prognosis was better than previous findings. Benign recurrence of GCTB could reflect the prognosis of MGCT.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1718-7729
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29060324
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2270777-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biotin-Functionalized Semiconducting Polymer in an Organic Field Effect Transistor and Application as a Biosensor
    MDPI AG ; 2012
    In:  Sensors Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2012-08-13), p. 11238-11248
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2012-08-13), p. 11238-11248
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s120811238
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dietary Assessment and Factors According to Fruits and Vegetables Intake in Korean Elderly People: Analysis of Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2018
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2020-11-13), p. 3492-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2020-11-13), p. 3492-
    Abstract: This study analyzed dietary assessment and factors according to fruits and vegetables intake in Korean elderly people. We enrolled 8336 Korean elderly people aged ≥65 who participated in the dietary intake survey (24-h recall methods) of the 2013–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANES). The intake of fruits and unsalted/non-starchy vegetables was 372.06 g/day. According to age group, the intake in the age group 65–74 years as 422.47 g/day, and the intake in the age group 75 years + was 301.12 g/day. Based on the intake of daily meals and snacks, the intake of fruits and unsalted/non-starchy vegetables was the highest in snack-eating individuals (480.96 g/day). The subjects who consumed more than the World Health Organization (WHO)/World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)’s plant food intake standards (over 400 g/day of intake of fruits and unsalted/non-starchy vegetables) were 35.47% of the elderly people. These results suggest that it is necessary to develop more fundamental strategies to increase fruits and vegetables intake among elderly people. Furthermore, the study outcomes are expected to provide basic information for developing education programs to improve the dietary life of Korean elderly people.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu12113492
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Insight into Electrical and Dielectric Relaxation of Doped Tellurite Lithium-Silicate Glasses with Regard to Ionic Charge Carrier Number Density Estimation
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Materials Vol. 13, No. 22 ( 2020-11-19), p. 5232-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 22 ( 2020-11-19), p. 5232-
    Abstract: We investigate the role of tellurite on a lithium-silicate glass 0.1 TeO2 − 0.9 (Li2O-2SiO2) (LSTO) system proposed for the use in solid electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. The measurements of electrical impedance are performed in the frequency 100 Hz–30 MHz and temperature from 50 to 150 °C. The electrical conductivity of LSTO glass increases compared with that of Li2O-2SiO2 (LSO) glass due to an increase in the number of Li+ ions. The ionic hopping and relaxation processes in disordered solids are generally explained using Cole–Cole, power law and modulus representations. The power law conductivity analysis, which is driven by the modified Rayleigh equation, presents the estimation of the number of ionic charge carriers explicitly. The estimation counts for direct contribution of about a 14% increase in direct current conductivity in the case of TeO2 doping. The relaxation process by modulus analysis confirms that the cations are trapped strongly in the potential wells. Both the direct current and alternating current activation energies (0.62–0.67 eV) for conduction in the LSO glass are the same as those in the LSTO glass.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma13225232
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Characterization of Ionic Transport in Li2O-(Mn:Fe)2O3-P2O5 Glasses for Li Batteries
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 22 ( 2022-11-17), p. 8176-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 22 ( 2022-11-17), p. 8176-
    Abstract: We present a systematic study of the lithium-ion transport upon the mixed manganese-iron oxide phosphate glasses 3Li2O-xMn2O3-(2-x)Fe2O3-3P2O5(LMxF2−xPO; 0≤ x ≤2.0) proposed for the use in a cathode for lithium secondary batteries. The glasses have been fabricated using a solid reaction process. The electrical characteristics of the glass samples have been characterized by electrical impedance in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 30 MHz and temperature from 30 °C to 240 °C. Differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the thermal and structural properties. It has been observed that the dc conductivity decreases, but the activation energies of dc and ac and the glass-forming ability increase with the increasing Mn2O3 content in LMxF2−xPO glasses. The process of the ionic conduction and the relaxation in LMxF2−xPO glasses are determined by using power–law, Cole–Cole, and modulus methods. The Li+ ions migrate via the conduction pathway of the non-bridging oxygen formed by the depolymerization of the mixed iron–manganese–phosphate network structure. The mixed iron–manganese content in the LMxF2−xPO glasses constructs the sites with different depths of the potential well, leading to low ionic conductivity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15228176
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Clinical Characteristics of Macrolide-Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Korean Children: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2022-01-08), p. 306-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2022-01-08), p. 306-
    Abstract: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major causative pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in children, and the treatment of choice is macrolides. There is an increasing trend in reports of refractory clinical responses despite macrolide treatment due to the emergence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae. Early discrimination of macrolide-refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MrMP) from macrolide-sensitive M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MSMP) is vital; however, testing for macrolide susceptibility at the time of admission is not feasible. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of MrMP in Korean children, in comparison with those of MSMP. In this multicenter study, board-certified pediatric pulmonologists at 22 tertiary hospitals reviewed the medical records from 2010 to 2015 of 5294 children who were hospitalized with M. pneumoniae pneumonia and administered macrolides as the initial treatment. One-way analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare differences between groups. Of 5294 patients (mean age, 5.6 years) included in this analysis, 240 (4.5%), 925 (17.5%), and 4129 (78.0%) had MrMP, macrolide-less effective M. pneumoniae pneumonia, and MSMP, respectively. Compared with the MSMP group, the MrMP group had a longer fever duration, overall (13.0 days) and after macrolide use (8.0 days). A higher proportion of MrMP patients had respiratory distress, pleural effusion, and lobar pneumonia. The mean aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein levels were the highest in the MrMP group, along with higher incidences of extrapulmonary manifestations and atelectasis (during and post infection). Pre-existing conditions were present in 17.4% (n = 725/4159) of patients, with asthma being the most common (n = 334/4811, 6.9%). This study verified that MrMP patients show more severe initial radiographic findings and clinical courses than MSMP patients. MrMP should be promptly managed by agents other than macrolides.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020306
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Construction and Commissioning of PAL-XFEL Facility
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2017-05-17), p. 479-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2017-05-17), p. 479-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app7050479
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    TOM40 Inhibits Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth by Modulating Mitochondrial Function Including Intracellular ATP and ROS Levels
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Cancers Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2020-05-22), p. 1329-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2020-05-22), p. 1329-
    Abstract: TOM40 is a channel-forming subunit of translocase, which is essential for the movement of proteins into the mitochondria. We found that TOM40 was highly expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells at both the transcriptional and translational levels; its expression increased significantly during the transformation from normal ovarian epithelial cells to EOC (p 〈 0.001), and TOM40 expression negatively correlated with disease-free survival (Hazard ratio = 1.79, 95% Confidence inerval 1.16–2.78, p = 0.009). TOM40 knockdown decreased proliferation in several EOC cell lines and reduced tumor burden in an in vivo xenograft mouse model. TOM40 expression positively correlated with intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The low ATP and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in TOM40 knockdown EOC cells. However, AMPK activity did not correlate with declined cell growth in TOM40 knockdown EOC cells. We found that metformin, first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, effectively inhibited the growth of EOC cell lines in an AMPK-independent manner by inhibiting mitochondria complex I. In conclusion, TOM40 positively correlated with mitochondrial activities, and its association enhances the proliferation of ovarian cancer. Also, metformin is an effective therapeutic option in TOM40 overexpressed ovarian cancer than normal ovarian epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051329
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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