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  • MDPI AG  (284)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interweaving Industrial Ecology and Ecological Modernization: A Comparative Bibliometric Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 13, No. 17 ( 2021-08-27), p. 9673-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 17 ( 2021-08-27), p. 9673-
    Abstract: Although industrial activity has brought about rapid economic growth, it also faces the dual challenges of resource constraints and environmental pressure. Industrial ecology (IE) and ecological modernization (EM) are two theories regarding the conceptualization and implementation of sustainable development that emerged from the natural and social sciences, respectively. Over the past three decades, scholars have conducted copious amounts of theoretical and applied research on IE and EM, but comparative studies from an interdisciplinary perspective on the relationship between the two remain relatively rare. On the basis of a bibliometric analysis, this study offers a comprehensive examination of the background, theoretical connotations, and main content of IE and EM, also exploring the role of both theoretical perspectives in the promotion of sustainable industrial development. The findings are fourfold: (1) the research on IE and EM has been increasing year by year, particularly in the past decade; (2) the research is mostly concentrated in developed countries such as the United States and European Union member nations, and contributions from China have increased significantly in recent years; (3) IE has a broader research community than EM and has evolved clearer and more specific research contents and methods; and (4) IE, which analyzes the problems of specific industrial systems, and EM, which constitutes a higher-level institutional policy design, exhibit a trend of cross-fertilization. This study provides a reference for building a more systematic and comprehensive theoretical system of ecological transformation and discusses the future research directions in this field.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su13179673
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 2
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    A System Dynamics Model for Urban Residential Building Stock towards Sustainability: The Case of Jinan, China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18, No. 18 ( 2021-09-09), p. 9520-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 18 ( 2021-09-09), p. 9520-
    Abstract: Resource and environmental issues related to urban building systems have recently become a hot research topic in the field of urban environmental management research. Taking Jinan city as an example, this paper establishes a system dynamic model for an urban residential building stock system. The simulated results show that the urban residential building stock will be 1.99 × 108 m2 in 2050; and the annual total demolition buildings will be at 3.36 × 106 m2 in 2082. Policy measures were developed based on four important action fields such as per capita floor area (PCFA), the building structure proportion of new construction, lifetime of the residential building, and the recycling of the C & D waste. Among these approaches, the set of policy measures focusing on the recycling of C & D waste appears to be more effective in reducing environmental and resource impacts than the other three fields. It is also found that the recycling of brick and concrete waste plays a considerable role in reducing environment and resource impacts due to the development of urban residential building stock with the lapse of time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189520
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 3
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    Analysis of the Causes of Differences between the Upper and Lower Surfaces of Electroless Ni–P Coating on LZ91 Magnesium–Lithium Alloy
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Coatings Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08-10), p. 1157-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08-10), p. 1157-
    Abstract: To address the issue of poor corrosion resistance of the Mg–Li alloy, electroless Ni–P plating was used to create a protective coating. However, there were significant differences between the upper and lower surface coatings, which were summarized as follows: (1) compared with the lower surface, the longitudinal differences between different areas of the upper surface coating were larger; and (2) the denseness of the upper surface coating was insufficient in areas where the insoluble phase was concentrated, resulting in significantly lower corrosion resistance of the upper surface coating than the lower surface. Resolving these differences could compensate for the defects of the upper surface coating so as to improve the overall corrosion resistance of the material. Therefore, in this paper, the deposition process of Ni–P was observed and speculated, and the reasons for these differences were analyzed in combination with experimental phenomena. Based on these, two optimization measures were proposed. The SEM observation results showed that the differences between the upper and lower surface coatings were significantly reduced after optimization. The results of potentiodynamic polarization tests and EIS tests showed that the optimized upper surface coating had good corrosion resistance similar to the lower surface coating.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings12081157
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 4
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    A New Approach to Symmetry Reliability: Combination of Forward and Inverse Reliability Principle and Its Application to Frame Structures and Bamboo Bridges
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Symmetry Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2022-02-04), p. 318-
    Details
    In: Symmetry, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2022-02-04), p. 318-
    Abstract: Reliability theory is the core basis of engineering design, mainly including forward reliability theory and inverse reliability theory. Forward reliability theory is used to obtain the reliability index using the known design parameters, that is, it is a mapping function that translates the design parameters to the reliability index. Inverse reliability theory is used to obtain the design parameters using the known reliability index, that is, it is a mapping function that translates the reliability index to the design parameters. In other words, forward reliability theory and inverse reliability theory together constitute a method of dual mapping, which is the specific application of symmetry theory in the reliability field. In this paper, a new inverse reliability analysis method is proposed, which can satisfy the requirements of the target reliability index while obtaining the design parameters, without additional calculation and verification of reliability. The method simplifies the reliability inverse problem to the problem of the nonlinear equation, which is solved by identifying the design parameters, and finally obtains the design parameters by iterating the reliability index for each design parameter to gradually approach the target reliability index. For high-dimension and complex problems, the Levenberg–Marquardt method is introduced to avoid the problem of sensitivity to initial values and iterative divergence when identifying the design parameters. The implicit limit state function problem is solved by the interactive operation between ANSYS software and MATLAB software using finite element theory. The accuracy of the proposed method in this paper is verified by several numerical examples, the applicability of the implicit limit state function is verified by a single-story frame structure, and the engineering applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated with a bamboo bridge.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-8994
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/sym14020318
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518382-5
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  • 5
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    Diphenyl Carbonate: Recent Progress on Its Catalytic Synthesis by Transesterification
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2024-04-09), p. 250-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2024-04-09), p. 250-
    Abstract: Diphenyl carbonate is one of the raw materials used for the synthesis of polycarbonate, and its green and clean production is of great importance to the non-phosgene process for polycarbonate. The production of diphenyl carbonate by transesterification is its representative process route and is considered to be one of the typical examples of a green and sustainable process for chemicals. Since the discovery of the transesterification catalyst for diphenyl carbonate in the 1970s, researchers have been committed to improving its catalytic activity and selectivity and, correspondingly, the reaction engineering process. However, thermodynamic limitations, low activity, low selectivity, and limited stability have been bottlenecks that the transesterification catalyst has not been able to completely overcome, and the improvement of the catalyst is still ongoing. Therefore, this review takes the transesterification reaction of dimethyl carbonate and phenol as a model reaction and, based on a review of the progress in catalyst research on catalytic reaction processes, tries to clarify the structure–activity relationship between catalytic active sites and catalytic performance in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes and provides an overview of the progress in catalyst synthesis and modification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal14040250
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 6
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    A Cellular Automata Model Constrained by Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of the Urban Development Strategy for Simulating Land-use Change: A Case Study in Nanjing City, China
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 11, No. 15 ( 2019-07-24), p. 4012-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 15 ( 2019-07-24), p. 4012-
    Abstract: While cellular automata (CA) has become increasingly popular in land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) simulations, insufficient research has considered the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban development strategies and applied it to constrain CA models. Consequently, we proposed to add a zoning transition rule and planning influence that consists of a development grade coefficient and traffic facility coefficient in the CA model to reflect the top-down and heterogeneous characteristics of spatial layout and the dynamic and heterogeneous external interference of traffic facilities on land-use development. Testing the method using Nanjing city as a case study, we show that the optimal combinations of development grade coefficients are different in different districts, and the simulation accuracies are improved by adding the grade coefficients into the model. Moreover, the integration of the traffic facility coefficient does not improve the model accuracy as expected because the deployment of the optimal spatial layout has considered the effect of the subway on land use. Therefore, spatial layout planning is important for urban green, humanistic and sustainable development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su11154012
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 7
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    Probabilistic Assessment Approach of the Aerostatic Instability of Long-Span Symmetry Cable-Stayed Bridges
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Symmetry Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-12-13), p. 2413-
    Details
    In: Symmetry, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-12-13), p. 2413-
    Abstract: The existing safety analysis methods for the assessment of the aerostatic stability of long-span symmetry cable-stayed bridges have difficulties in meeting the requirements of engineering applications. Based on the finite element method and the inverse reliability theory, an approach for the probabilistic safety analysis of the aerostatic instability of long-span symmetry cable-stayed bridges is proposed here. The probabilistic safety factor of aerostatic instability of long-span symmetry cable-stayed bridges was estimated using the proposed method, with Sutong Bridge as an example. The probabilistic safety factors for the aerostatic instability of Sutong Bridge were calculated using the finite element inverse reliability method, based on the FORM approach. The influences of the mean value and the coefficient of variation of random variables, as well as the iterative step length of finite difference, on the probabilistic safety factors of aerostatic instability of Sutong Bridge were analyzed. The results indicated that it is necessary to consider the uncertainties of random variables in probabilistic safety factor assessments of aerostatic instability in cable-stayed bridges using the proposed method, which could be recommended for the assessment of safety factors involved in the aerostatic instability of long-span symmetry cable-stayed bridges. The randomness of the parameters had an important influence on the probabilistic safety factor of the aerostatic stability of Sutong Bridge. Neglecting the randomness of these parameters may result in instability of the structure.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-8994
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/sym13122413
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518382-5
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  • 8
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    Seismic Behavior of Demountable Self-Lock Joint for Middle Column Connection in Modular Steel Construction
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Buildings Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2024-01-19), p. 275-
    Details
    In: Buildings, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2024-01-19), p. 275-
    Abstract: The use of modular steel construction (MSC) achieves a minimum of on-site work and the potential for removability and reuse. In order to realize the overall disassembly of module buildings and the rapid off-site reconstruction after disassembly, special requirements are put forward for the joints of MSCs. The existing joints of MSCs have some problems, such as the difficulty in the erection of the joints for middle column connection and their inability to be reused. In order to solve these key technical problems, an improved version of the demountable self-locking joint is proposed based on the previous plug-in self-locking joint. For this new type of joint, a full-scale test consisting of four specimens was carried out. The results of functional tests verify that the joint has good demountability. The seismic behavior of the joint under seismic load was investigated by cyclic loading tests. Then, finite element (FE) models were developed and validated through the test results. The results of finite element parameter analysis show that joint boxes are very important to the initial stiffness of this kind of joint, but the thickness of the joint box and the diameter of the stud have little influence on the seismic behavior of the joint.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-5309
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010275
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661539-3
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  • 9
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    Cold Sintering Isomagnetic Dielectric NaCl-Nickel Zinc Ferrite Composite Ceramics
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Crystals Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-21), p. 1140-
    Details
    In: Crystals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-21), p. 1140-
    Abstract: In this study, dense composites of xNaCl-(1−x)Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (referred to as NaCl-NZO) and xH3BO3-(0.8−x)Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4-0.2NaCl (referred to as HB-NZO-NaCl) were prepared using the cold sintering process. The objective was to investigate the cold sintering procedure for fabricating ferrite composite ceramics with comparable permeability and dielectric constants suitable for radio-frequency electronic device applications. Optimal cold sintering conditions were determined as 200 °C/30 min/500 MPa with a relative density of 95% for NaCl-NZO and 120 °C/30 min/300 MPa with a relative density of 95.4% for HB-NZO-NaCl. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses confirmed the absence of secondary phases. The resulting composite ceramics showed promising characteristics, with the 0.5NaCl-0.5NZO composition exhibiting a dielectric constant of 6.2 @ 100 MHz, dielectric loss of 0.02 @ 100 MHz, permeability of 2.5 @ 100 MHz, and magnetic loss of 0.001 @ 100 MHz. Similarly, the 0.3HB-0.5NZO-0.2NaCl composition displayed a dielectric constant of 5.9 @ 100 MHz, dielectric loss of 0.02 @ 100 MHz, permeability of 5.1 @ 100 MHz, and magnetic loss of 5 × 10−4 @ 100 MHz. These findings indicate potential applications in wireless communication.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4352
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cryst13071140
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661516-2
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  • 10
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    Biosynthesis of α-Bisabolol by Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase and α-Bisabolol Synthase and Their Related Transcription Factors in Matricaria recutita L.
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2023-01-15), p. 1730-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 2 ( 2023-01-15), p. 1730-
    Abstract: The essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) is widely used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. α-Bisabolol is the main active substance in German chamomile. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) and α-bisabolol synthase (BBS) are key enzymes related to the α-bisabolol biosynthesis pathway. However, little is known about the α-bisabolol biosynthesis pathway in German chamomile, especially the transcription factors (TFs) related to the regulation of α-bisabolol synthesis. In this study, we identified MrFPS and MrBBS and investigated their functions by prokaryotic expression and expression in hairy root cells of German chamomile. The results suggest that MrFPS is the key enzyme in the production of sesquiterpenoids, and MrBBS catalyzes the reaction that produces α-bisabolol. Subcellular localization analysis showed that both MrFPS and MrBBS proteins were located in the cytosol. The expression levels of both MrFPS and MrBBS were highest in the extension period of ray florets. Furthermore, we cloned and analyzed the promoters of MrFPS and MrBBS. A large number of cis-acting elements related to light responsiveness, hormone response elements, and cis-regulatory elements that serve as putative binding sites for specific TFs in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses were identified. We identified and studied TFs related to MrFPS and MrBBS, including WRKY, AP2, and MYB. Our findings reveal the biosynthesis and regulation of α-bisabolol in German chamomile and provide novel insights for the production of α-bisabolol using synthetic biology methods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021730
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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