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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Blended Anion Exchange Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 16 ( 2021-08-23), p. 2827-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 16 ( 2021-08-23), p. 2827-
    Abstract: In this study, blended anion exchange membranes were prepared using polyphenylene oxide containing quaternary ammonium groups and polyvinylidene fluoride. A polyvinylidene fluoride with high hydrophobicity was blended in to lower the vanadium ion permeability, which increased when the hydrophilicity increased. At the same time, the dimensional stability also improved due to the excellent physical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride. Subsequently, permeation of the vanadium ions was prevented due to the positive charge of the anion exchange membrane, and thus the permeability was relatively lower than that of a commercial proton exchange membrane. Due to the above properties, the self-discharge of the blended anion exchange membrane (30.1 h for QA–PPO/PVDF(2/8)) was also lower than that of the commercial proton exchange membrane (27.9 h for Nafion), and it was confirmed that it was an applicable candidate for vanadium redox flow batteries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13162827
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessment of Air Pollution Tolerance and Particulate Matter Accumulation of 11 Woody Plant Species
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2021-08-20), p. 1067-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2021-08-20), p. 1067-
    Abstract: High concentration of particulate matter (PM) threatens public health and the environment. Increasing traffic in the city is one of the main factors for increased PM in the air. Urban green spaces play an important role in reducing PM. In this study, the leaf surface and in-wax PM (sPM and wPM) accumulation were compared for 11 plant species widely used for landscaping in South Korea. In addition, biochemical characteristics of leaves (ascorbic acid chlorophyll content, leaf pH, and relative water content) were analyzed to determine air pollution tolerance. Plant species suitable for air quality improvement were selected based on their air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index (API). Results showed a significant difference according to the accumulation of sPM and wPM and the plant species. PM accumulation and APTI showed a positive correlation. Pinus strobus showed the highest PM accumulation and APTI values, while Cercis chinensis showed the lowest. In 11 plants, API was divided into five groups. Pinus densiflora was classified as the best group, while Cornus officinalis and Ligustrum obtusifolium were classified as not recommended.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos12081067
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Construction and Commissioning of PAL-XFEL Facility
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2017-05-17), p. 479-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2017-05-17), p. 479-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app7050479
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cross-Species Transmission of Swine Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 to Rabbits
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Viruses Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-01-02), p. 53-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-01-02), p. 53-
    Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a quasi-enveloped, positive-sense single stranded RNA virus. HEV continually expands the host ranges across animal species. In this study, the possibility of cross-species infection with swine HEV-3 was investigated using rabbits. A total of fourteen 8-week old, specific pathogen-free rabbits were divided into three experimental groups. Four rabbits were used as negative controls, four rabbits were infected with rabbit HEV as positive controls, and six rabbits were inoculated with swine HEV-3. HEV RNA were detected from serum and fecal samples after viral challenge. The levels of anti-HEV antibodies, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-α), and liver enzymes (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) were determined in serum samples. Histopathological lesions were examined in liver tissues. Viral RNA and anti-HEV antibodies were identified in rabbits inoculated with swine HEV-3 demonstrating positive infectivity of the virus. However, pro-inflammatory cytokine and liver enzyme levels in serum were not significantly elevated, and only mild inflammatory lesions were detected in the liver tissues of rabbits infected with swine HEV-3. These results suggest that swine HEV-3 can engage in cross-species transmission to rabbits, but causes only mild inflammation of the liver.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v12010053
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Molecular Characteristics and Prevalence of Rifampin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Patients with Bacteremia in South Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2023-10-04), p. 1511-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2023-10-04), p. 1511-
    Abstract: Rifampin resistance (RIF-R) in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with rpoB mutations as one of its resistance mechanisms has raised concern about clinical treatment and infection prevention strategies. Data on the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of RIF-R S. aureus blood isolates in South Korea are scarce. We used broth microdilution to investigate RIF-R prevalence and analyzed the rpoB gene mutation in 1615 S. aureus blood isolates (772 methicillin-susceptible and 843 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)) from patients with bacteremia, between 2008 and 2017. RIF-R prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility were determined. Multilocus sequence typing was used to characterize the isolate’s molecular epidemiology; Staphylococcus protein A (spa), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), and rpoB gene mutations were detected by PCR. Among 52 RIF-R MRSA isolates out of 57 RIF-R S. aureus blood isolates (57/1615, 0.4%; 5 methicillin-susceptible and 52 MRSA), ST5 (44/52, 84.6%), SCCmec IIb (40/52, 76.9%), and spa t2460 (27/52, 51.9%) were predominant. rpoB gene mutations with amino acid substitutions showed that A477D (17/48, 35.4%) frequently conferred high-level RIF resistance (MIC 〉 128 mg/L), followed by H481Y (4/48, 8.3%). RIF-R S. aureus blood isolates in South Korea have unique molecular characteristics and are closely associated with rpoB gene mutations. RIF-R surveillance through S. aureus–blood isolate epidemiology could enable effective therapeutic management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101511
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Numerical Investigation of Performance and Flow Characteristics of a Tunnel Ventilation Axial Fan with Thickness Profile Treatments of NACA Airfoil
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Energies Vol. 13, No. 21 ( 2020-11-08), p. 5831-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 21 ( 2020-11-08), p. 5831-
    Abstract: An axial flow fan, which is applied for ventilation in underground spaces such as tunnels, features a medium–large size, and most of the blades go through the casting process in consideration of mass production and cost. In the casting process, post-work related to roughness treatment is essential, and this is a final operation to determine the thickness profile of an airfoil which is designed from the empirical equation. In this study, the effect of the thickness profile of an airfoil on the performance and aerodynamic characteristics of the axial fan was examined through numerical analysis with the commercial code, ANSYS CFX. In order to conduct the sensitivity analysis on the effect of the maximum thickness position for each span on the performance at the design flow rate, the design of experiments (DOE) method was applied with a full factorial design as an additional attempt. The energy loss near the shroud span was confirmed with a quantified value for the tip leakage flow (TLF) rate through the tip clearance, and the trajectory of the TLF was observed on the two-dimensional (2D) coordinates system. The trajectory of the TLF matched well with the tendency of the calculated angle and correlated with the intensity of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) distribution. However, a correlation between the TLF rate and TKE could not be established. Meanwhile, the Q-criterion method was applied to specifically initiate the distribution of flow separation and inlet recirculation. The location accompanying the energy loss was mutually confirmed with the axial coordinates. Additionally, the nonuniform blade loading distribution, which was more severe as the maximum thickness position moved toward the leading edge (LE), could be improved significantly as the thickness near the trailing edge (TE) became thinner. The validation for the numerical analysis results was performed through a model-sized experimental test.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en13215831
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kinetics of Serological Response in Patients with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2020-12-25), p. 6-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2020-12-25), p. 6-
    Abstract: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). We investigated the detailed kinetics of serologic response in patients with SFTS. Twenty-eight patients aged ≥18 years were enrolled between July 2015 and October 2018. SFTS was confirmed by detecting SFTSV RNA in their plasma using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. SFTSV-specific IgG and IgM were measured using immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that SFTSV-specific IgG was detected at days 5–9 after symptom onset, and its titer was rising during the course of disease. SFTSV-specific IgM titer peaked at around week 2–3 from symptom onset. The SFTSV-specific seropositive rates for days 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 from symptom onset using IFA and ELISA were 63%, 76%, 90%, and 100%, and 58%, 86%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, for IgG, whereas they were 32%, 62%, 80%, and 100%, and 53%, 62%, 70%, and 100%, respectively, for IgM. The delayed IgM response could be attributed to the low sensitivity of SFTSV-specific IgM IFA or ELISA and/or impaired immune responses. The IgM test using IFA or ELISA that we used in this study is, therefore, insufficient for the early diagnosis of SFTS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13010006
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Viral and Immunologic Factors Associated with Fatal Outcome of Patients with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-11-23), p. 2351-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-11-23), p. 2351-
    Abstract: Significant progress has been made on the molecular biology of the severe fever with thrombopenia virus (SFTSV); however, many parts of the pathophysiological mechanisms of mortality in SFTS remain unclear. In this study, we investigated virologic and immunologic factors for fatal outcomes of patients with SFTS. We prospectively enrolled SFTS patients admitted from July 2015 to October 2020. Plasma samples were subjected to SFTSV RNA RT-PCR, multiplex microbead immunoassay for 17 cytokines, and IFA assay. A total of 44 SFTS patients were enrolled, including 37 (84.1%) survivors and 7 (15.9%) non-survivors. Non-survivors had a 2.5 times higher plasma SFTSV load than survivors at admission (p 〈 0.001), and the viral load in non-survivors increased progressively during hospitalization. In addition, non-survivors did not develop adequate anti-SFTSV IgG, whereas survivors exhibited anti-SFTSV IgG during hospitalization. IFN-α, IL-10, IP-10, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and G-CSF were significantly elevated in non-survivors compared to survivors and did not revert to normal ranges during hospitalization (p 〈 0.05). Severe signs of inflammation such as a high plasma concentration of IFN-α, IL-10, IP-10, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and G-CSF, poor viral control, and inadequate antibody response during the disease course were associated with mortality in SFTS patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13122351
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Complete Digital Workflow for Planning, Simulation, and Evaluation in Orthognathic Surgery
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 17 ( 2021-09-03), p. 4000-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 17 ( 2021-09-03), p. 4000-
    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a complete digital workflow for planning, simulation, and evaluation for orthognathic surgery based on 3D digital natural head position reproduction, a cloud-based collaboration platform, and 3D landmark-based evaluation. We included 24 patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Surgeons and engineers could share the massive image data immediately and conveniently and collaborate closely in surgical planning and simulation using a cloud-based platform. The digital surgical splint could be optimized for a specific patient before or after the physical fabrication of 3D printing splints through close collaboration. The surgical accuracy was evaluated comprehensively via the translational (linear) and rotational (angular) discrepancies between identical 3D landmarks on the simulation and postoperative computed tomography (CT) models. The means of the absolute linear discrepancy at eight tooth landmarks were 0.61 ± 0.55, 0.86 ± 0.68, and 1.00 ± 0.79 mm in left–right, advance–setback, and impaction–elongation directions, respectively, and 1.67 mm in the root mean square direction. The linear discrepancy in the left–right direction was significantly different from the other two directions as shown by analysis of variance (ANOVA, p 〈 0.05). The means of the absolute angular discrepancies were 1.43 ± 1.06°, 0.50 ± 0.31°, and 0.58 ± 0.41° in the pitch, roll, and yaw orientations, respectively. The angular discrepancy in the pitch orientation was significantly different from the other two orientations (ANOVA, p 〈 0.05). The complete digital workflow that we developed for orthognathic patients provides efficient and streamlined procedures for orthognathic surgery and shows high surgical accuracy with efficient image data sharing and close collaboration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10174000
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Anti-Stress Effect of Mentha arvensis in Immobilized Rats
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2018-01-25), p. 355-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 2 ( 2018-01-25), p. 355-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020355
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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