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  • MDPI AG  (142)
  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Quad-Level Cell Switching with Excellent Reliability in TiN/AlOx:Ti/TaOx/TiN Memory Device
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2022-03-24), p. 2402-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2022-03-24), p. 2402-
    Kurzfassung: TiN/AlOx:Ti/TaOx/TiN memory devices using bilayer resistive switching memory demonstrated excellent durability and capability of QLC (quad-level cell) memory devices. The best nonvolatile memory characteristics with the lowest operation current and optimized 4 bit/cell states were obtained using the Incremental Step Pulse Programming (ISPP) algorithm in array. As a result, a superior QLC reliability (cycle endurance 〉 1 k at each level of the QLC, data retention 〉 2 h at 125 °C) for all the 4 bits/cell operations was achieved in sub-μm scaled RRAM (resistive random access memory) devices.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15072402
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2487261-1
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
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    Multibeam Bathymetry and Distribution of Clay Minerals on Surface Sediments of a Small Bay in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Minerals Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-01-13), p. 72-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-01-13), p. 72-
    Kurzfassung: The second Antarctic station of South Korea was constructed at Terra Nova Bay, East Antarctica, but local seafloor morphology and clay mineralogical characteristics are still not fully understood. Its small bay is connected to a modern Campbell Glacier, cliffs, and raised beaches along the coastline. Fourteen sampling sites to collect surface sediments were chosen in the small bay for grain size and clay mineral analyses to study the sediment source and sediment-transport process with multibeam bathymetry and sub-bottom profiles. Under the dominant erosional features (streamlined feature and meltwater channel), icebergs are the major geological agent for transport and deposition of coarse-sized sediments along the edge of glaciers in summer, and thus the study area can reveal the trajectory of transport by icebergs. Glacier meltwater is an important agent to deposit the clay-sized detritus and it results from the dominance of the illite content occurring along the edge of Campbell Glacier Tongue. The high smectite content compared to Antarctic sediments may be a result of the source of the surrounding volcanic rocks around within the Melbourne Volcanic Province.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min11010072
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2021
    ZDB Id: 2655947-X
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
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    Improvement in Electrical Stability of a-IGZO TFTs Using Thinner Dual-Layer Dielectric Film
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Metals Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-04), p. 1663-
    Details
    In: Metals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10-04), p. 1663-
    Kurzfassung: This study investigates the effect of gate insulators on thin-film transistors (TFTs) using an amorphous InGaZnO4 (a-IGZO) channel layer. TFTs with single-layer Ta2O5 and dual-layer Ta2O5/SiO2 gate insulators were fabricated on a glass substrate. An evaluation of the insulating film using the MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) structure confirmed its electrical characteristics. Microscopic imaging showed that the dual-layer Ta2O5/SiO2 dielectric significantly improved surface characteristics. A reduction in the leakage current, better on/off ratios, and a decreased subthreshold swing (SS) compared to a single-layer Ta2O5 dielectric were reported. The dual-layer insulator composed of SiO2/Ta2O5 was highly effective in improving device characteristics.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2075-4701
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/met12101663
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2662252-X
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
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    Cross-Species Transmission of Rabbit Hepatitis E Virus to Pigs and Evaluation of the Protection of a Virus-like Particle Vaccine against Rabbit Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pigs
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2022-06-30), p. 1053-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2022-06-30), p. 1053-
    Kurzfassung: We investigated the cross-species transmission of rabbit hepatitis E virus (rb HEV) to pigs and evaluated the cross-protection of a swine (sw) HEV-3 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against rb HEV infection in pigs. Twelve 4-week-old conventional pigs were divided into negative control (n = 3), positive control (rb HEV-infected, n = 4), and vaccinated (vaccinated and rb HEV-challenged, n = 5) groups. The vaccine was administered at weeks 0 and 2, and viral challenge was conducted at week 4. Serum HEV RNA, anti-HEV antibody, cytokine, and liver enzyme levels were determined. Histopathological lesions were examined in abdominal organs. Viral RNA was detected and increased anti-HEV antibody and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were observed in positive control pigs; liver fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria of the small intestine and shortened small intestine villi were also observed. In vaccinated pigs, anti-HEV antibody and Th1 cytokine level elevations were observed after the second vaccination; viral RNA was not detected, and ALT level elevations were not observed. The results verified the cross-species transmission of rb HEV to pigs and cross-protection of the sw HEV-3 VLP vaccine against rb HEV infection in pigs. This vaccine may be used for cross-protection against HEV infection in other species.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071053
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2703319-3
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
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    Highly Reliable Ovonic Threshold Switch with TiN/GeTe/TiN Structure
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 5 ( 2023-03-02), p. 2066-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 5 ( 2023-03-02), p. 2066-
    Kurzfassung: A new architecture has become necessary owing to the power consumption and latency problems of the von Neumann architecture. A neuromorphic memory system is a promising candidate for the new system as it has the potential to process large amounts of digital information. A crossbar array (CA), which consists of a selector and a resistor, is the basic building block for the new system. Despite the excellent prospects of crossbar arrays, the biggest obstacle for them is sneak current, which can cause a misreading between the adjacent memory cells, thus resulting in a misoperation in the arrays. The chalcogenide-based ovonic threshold switch (OTS) is a powerful selector with highly nonlinear I–V characteristics that can be used to address the sneak current problem. In this study, we evaluated the electrical characteristics of an OTS with a TiN/GeTe/TiN structure. This device shows nonlinear DC I–V characteristics, an excellent endurance of up to 109 in the burst read measurement, and a stable threshold voltage below 15 mV/dec. In addition, at temperatures below 300 °C, the device exhibits good thermal stability and retains an amorphous structure, which is a strong indication of the aforementioned electrical characteristics.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16052066
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2023
    ZDB Id: 2487261-1
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  • 6
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    Improved Electrical Characteristics of Field Effect Transistors with GeSeTe-Based Ovonic Threshold Switching Devices
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2023-06-11), p. 4315-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2023-06-11), p. 4315-
    Kurzfassung: Hyper-field effect transistors (hyper-FETs) are crucial in the development of low-power logic devices. With the increasing significance of power consumption and energy efficiency, conventional logic devices can no longer achieve the required performance and low-power operation. Next-generation logic devices are designed based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits, and the subthreshold swing of existing metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) cannot be reduced below 60 mV/dec at room temperature owing to the thermionic carrier injection mechanism in the source region. Therefore, new devices must be developed to overcome these limitations. In this study, we present a novel threshold switch (TS) material, which can be applied to logic devices by employing ovonic threshold switch (OTS) materials, failure control of insulator–metal transition materials, and structural optimization. The proposed TS material is connected to a FET device to evaluate its performance. The results demonstrate that commercial transistors connected in series with GeSeTe-based OTS devices exhibit significantly lower subthreshold swing values, high on/off current ratios, and high durability of up to 108.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16124315
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2023
    ZDB Id: 2487261-1
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
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    Prognostic Value of Early Intermittent Electroencephalography in Patients after Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2020-06-04), p. 1745-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2020-06-04), p. 1745-
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this study was to investigate whether early intermittent electroencephalography (EEG) could be used to predict neurological prognosis of patients who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). This was a retrospective and observational study of adult patients who were evaluated by EEG scan within 96 h after ECPR. The primary endpoint was neurological status upon discharge from the hospital assessed with a Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) scale. Among 69 adult cardiac arrest patients who underwent ECPR, 17 (24.6%) patients had favorable neurological outcomes (CPC score of 1 or 2). Malignant EEG patterns were more common in patients with poor neurological outcomes (CPC score of 3, 4 or 5) than in patients with favorable neurological outcomes (73.1% vs. 5.9%, p 〈 0.001). All patients with highly malignant EEG patterns (43.5%) had poor neurological outcomes. In multivariable analysis, malignant EEG patterns and duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation were significantly associated with poor neurological outcomes. In this study, malignant EEG patterns within 96 h after cardiac arrest were significantly associated with poor neurological outcomes. Therefore, an early intermittent EEG scan could be helpful for predicting neurological prognosis of post-cardiac arrest patients after ECPR.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061745
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
    ZDB Id: 2662592-1
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  • 8
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    A Study on Deep Learning Application of Vibration Data and Visualization of Defects for Predictive Maintenance of Gravity Acceleration Equipment
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-02-09), p. 1564-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-02-09), p. 1564-
    Kurzfassung: Hypergravity accelerators are a type of large machinery used for gravity training or medical research. A failure of such large equipment can be a serious problem in terms of safety or costs. This paper proposes a prediction model that can proactively prevent failures that may occur in a hypergravity accelerator. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the method proposed in this paper. A 4-channel accelerometer was attached to the bearing housing, which is a rotor, and time-amplitude data were obtained from the measured values by sampling. The method proposed in this paper was trained with transfer learning, a deep learning model that replaced the VGG19 model with a Fully Connected Layer (FCL) and Global Average Pooling (GAP) by converting the vibration signal into a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) or Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) spectrogram and converting the input into a 2D image. As a result, the model proposed in this paper has seven times decreased trainable parameters of VGG19, and it is possible to quantify the severity while looking at the defect areas that cannot be seen with 1D.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app11041564
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2021
    ZDB Id: 2704225-X
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  • 9
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    Enhanced Anti-Skin Aging Effects of Fermented Black Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) by Aspergillus niger KHNT-1
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2022-12-30), p. 550-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2022-12-30), p. 550-
    Kurzfassung: Functional foods to prevent aging, particularly skin aging, have grown in popularity as society ages and science uncovers the pathological mechanisms of aging. In this study, we used processed ginseng, one of the famous functional foods, along with fermentation utilizing the novel Aspergillus niger strain KHNT-1 to enhance its value and efficacy. We successfully produced fermented black ginseng (FBG) and investigated its anti-skin aging properties, such as anti-melanogenic, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant activities. The results showed that FBG at 100 μg/mL inhibited tyrosinase and melanin production in IBMX-stimulated B16F10 cells. FBG significantly reduced tyrosinase, TYRP-1, and MITF mRNA expression. Moreover, FBG stimulated anti-wrinkle effects in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblast (FBG) cells by inhibiting elastase activity, and decreasing MMP-1 and MMP-9 while increasing COL-1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, FBG showed antioxidant activity by reducing ROS levels in H2O2-induced HaCat cells. All tests showed that FBG had better anti-melanogenic, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant activities than black ginseng (BG) and white ginseng (WG). Interestingly, FBG had lower toxicity in B16F10, HDF, and HaCat cells compared with BG. Thus, this study discovers the underlying mechanism of FBG as a functional material with anti-skin-aging properties.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app13010550
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2704225-X
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  • 10
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    The Impact of Hypoxic Hepatitis on Clinical Outcomes after Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2020-09-16), p. 2994-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2020-09-16), p. 2994-
    Kurzfassung: Although there have been several reports regarding the association between hypoxic hepatic injury and clinical outcomes in patients who underwent conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), limited data are available in the setting of extracorporeal CPR (ECPR). Patients who received ECPR due to either in- or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from May 2004 through December 2018 were eligible. Hypoxic hepatitis (HH) was defined as an increased aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase level to more than 20 times the upper normal range. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. In addition, we assessed poor neurological outcome defined as a Cerebral Performance Categories score of 3 to 5 at discharge and the predictors of HH occurrence. Among 365 ECPR patients, 90 (24.7%) were identified as having HH. The in-hospital mortality and poor neurologic outcomes in the HH group were significantly higher than those of the non-HH group (72.2% vs. 54.9%, p = 0.004 and 77.8% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.013, respectively). As indicators of hepatic dysfunction, patients with hypoalbuminemia (albumin 〈 3 g/dL) or coagulopathy (international normalized ratio 〉 1.5) had significantly higher mortalities than those of their counterparts (p = 0.005 and p 〈 0.001, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression, age and acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy were predictors for development of HH (p = 0.046 and p 〈 0.001 respectively). Furthermore age, arrest due to ischemic heart disease, initial shockable rhythm, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, lowflow time, continuous renal replacement therapy, and HH were significant predictors for in-hospital mortality. HH was a frequent complication and associated with poor clinical outcomes in ECPR patients.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092994
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
    ZDB Id: 2662592-1
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