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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improvements in Brazed-Joint Properties of Silicon Nitride and Titanium Alloys Using Laser-Induced Microscale Rice Leaf Structures
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 19 ( 2022-09-29), p. 6750-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 19 ( 2022-09-29), p. 6750-
    Abstract: Si3N4 ceramics with a microscale rice leaf structure (MRLS) and titanium alloy were connected via brazing, and the influence of the surface microstructure on the ceramic connection was analyzed. MRLS fabrication is an efficient and high-degree-of-freedom method that can be used to change a material’s surface morphology and wettability. The MRLS was obtained at a laser power of 110 W, with line spacings of 100 and 50 μm. The laser-treated surface included nanoparticles and micro particles, exhibiting a coral-like structure after agglomeration. When the MRLS was used to braze the titanium alloy, no defects were observed at the brazing interface, and the formation was excellent. Throughout the brazed joint, the MRLS remained intact and formed a strong metallurgical bond with the brazing filler metal. A finite element analysis was performed to study the cross-sectional morphology after joint fracture; from the load-time curve, it was found that the MRLS on the surface not only helped improve the mechanical occlusion and brazing area at the interface, but also helped generate compressive stress on the Si3N4 side. Crack propagation was hindered, thereby increasing the joint strength.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15196750
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Radiant Floor Heating Integrated with Natural Ventilation on Flow and Dispersion in a Newly Decorated Residence
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 24 ( 2022-12-15), p. 16889-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 24 ( 2022-12-15), p. 16889-
    Abstract: To date, few studies have been conducted on the characteristics of flow and dispersion caused by indoor radiant floor heating integrated with natural ventilation. In this study, we employed reduced−scale numerical models validated by wind−tunnel experiments to investigate the influence of radiant floor heating integrated with natural ventilation on airflow, heat transfer, and pollutant dispersion within an isolated building. The Richardson number (Ri) was specified to characterize the interaction between the inflow inertia force and the buoyancy force caused by radiant floor heating. Several Ri cases from 0 to 26.65, coupled with cross− or single−sided ventilation, were considered. Model validation showed that the numerical model coupled with the RNG k-ε model was able to better predict the indoor buoyant flow and pollutant dispersion. The results showed that the similarity criterion of Ri equality should be first satisfied in order to study indoor mixed convection using the reduced−scale model, followed by Re−independence. For cross−ventilation, when Ri 〈 5.31, the incoming flow inertia force mainly dominates the indoor flow structure so that the ACH, indoor temperature, and pollutant distributions remain almost constant. When Ri 〉 5.31, the thermal buoyancy force becomes increasingly important, causing significant changes in indoor flow structures. However, for single−sided ventilation, when Ri 〉 5.31 and continues to increase, the buoyancy force mainly dominates the indoor flow structure, causing a significant increase in ACH, thus reducing the indoor average temperature and pollutant accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416889
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    More or Less: Recent Advances in Lignin Accumulation and Regulation in Horticultural Crops
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2023-11-15), p. 2819-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2023-11-15), p. 2819-
    Abstract: Lignin is an important secondary metabolite that maintains the mechanical strength of horticultural plants and enhances their ability to respond to external environmental changes such as biotic and abiotic stresses. However, excessive accumulation of lignin can lead to lignification of horticultural products, reducing their taste quality and nutritional value. Therefore, the lignin content of horticultural products needs to be controlled at a reasonable level, and studying and regulating lignin metabolism is very meaningful work. This article focuses on the synthesis, accumulation, and regulation of lignin in horticultural crops in recent years, provides a systematic analysis of its molecular mechanism and application prospects, and sheds insights into the directions that need further research in the future. This article provides an important basis for the regulation of lignin accumulation and lignification in horticultural crops and proposes new ideas for improving the quality of horticultural crops.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13112819
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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    Online Resource
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Two Cladosporium Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome Characters
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Fungi Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2022-03-11), p. 286-
    Details
    In: Journal of Fungi, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2022-03-11), p. 286-
    Abstract: Insects encounter infection of microorganisms, and they also harbor endosymbiosis to participate in nutrition providing and act as a defender against pathogens. We previously found the Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, was infected and killed by Cladosporium sp. (pathogen). We also found it harbored Cladosporium sp. (endogensis). In this study, we cultured these two Cladosporium fungi and sequenced their genome. The results showed Cladosporium sp. (endogensis) has a larger genome size and more genes than Cladosporium sp. (pathogen). Pan-genome analysis showed Cladosporium sp. (endogensis)-specific genes enriched in pathways related to nutrition production, such as amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. These pathways were absent in that of Cladosporium sp. (pathogen). Gene Ontology analysis showed Cladosporium sp. (pathogen)-specific genes enriched in the biosynthesis of asperfuranone, emericellamide, and fumagillin. These terms were not found in that of Cladosporium sp. (endogensis). Pathogen Host Interactions analysis found Cladosporium sp. (endogensis) had more genes related to loss of pathogenicity and reduced virulence than Cladosporium sp. (pathogen). Cytotoxicity assay indicated Cladosporium sp. (pathogen) had cytotoxicity, while Cladosporium sp. (endogensis) had no cytotoxicity. These characters reflect the adaptation of endosymbiosis to host-restricted lifestyle and the invader of the entomopathogen to the host.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2309-608X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jof8030286
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2784229-0
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ectopic Expression of Gs5PTase8, a Soybean Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Plants
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 3 ( 2020-02-04), p. 1023-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 3 ( 2020-02-04), p. 1023-
    Abstract: Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) function in inositol signaling by regulating the catabolism of phosphoinositol derivatives. Previous reports showed that 5PTases play a critical role in plant development and stress responses. In this study, we identified a novel 5PTase gene, Gs5PTase8, from the salt-tolerance locus of chromosome 3 in wild soybean (Glycine soja). Gs5PTase8 is highly up-regulated under salt treatment. It is localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane with a strong signal in the apoplast. Ectopic expression of Gs5PTase8 significantly increased salt tolerance in transgenic BY-2 cells, soybean hairy roots and Arabidopsis, suggesting Gs5PTase8 could increase salt tolerance in plants. The overexpression of Gs5PTase8 significantly enhanced the activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase under salt stress. The seeds of Gs5PTase8-transgenic Arabidopsis germinated earlier than the wild type under abscisic acid treatment, indicating Gs5PTase8 would alter ABA sensitivity. Besides, transcriptional analyses showed that the stress-responsive genes, AtRD22, AtRD29A and AtRD29B, were induced with a higher level in the Gs5PTase8-transgenic Arabidopsis plants than in the wild type under salt stress. These results reveal that Gs5PTase8 play a positive role in salt tolerance and might be a candidate gene for improving soybean adaptation to salt stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031023
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multi-Omics Reveal Additive Cytotoxicity Effects of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 toward Intestinal NCM460 Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Toxins Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2022-05-25), p. 368-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2022-05-25), p. 368-
    Abstract: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common crop contaminant, while aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is implicated in milk safety. Humans are likely to be simultaneously exposed to AFB1 and AFM1; however, studies on the combined interactive effects of AFB1 and AFM1 are lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, transcriptomic, proteomic, and microRNA (miRNA)-sequencing approaches were used to investigate the toxic mechanisms underpinning combined AFB1 and AFM1 actions in vitro. Exposure to AFB1 (1.25–20 μM) and AFM1 (5–20 μM) for 48 h significantly decreased cell viability in the intestinal cell line, NCM460. Multi-omics analyses demonstrated that additive toxic effects were induced by combined AFB1 (2.5 μM) and AFM1 (2.5 μM) in NCM460 cells and were associated with p53 signaling pathway, a common pathway enriched by differentially expressed mRNAs/proteins/miRNAs. Specifically, based on p53 signaling, cross-omics showed that AFB1 and AFM1 reduced NCM460 cell viability via the hsa-miR-628-3p- and hsa-miR-217-5p-mediated regulation of cell surface death receptor (FAS), and also the hsa-miR-11-y-mediated regulation of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). We provide new insights on biomarkers which reflect the cytotoxic effects of combined AFB1 and AFM1 toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060368
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dithiocarbamate as a Valuable Scaffold for the Inhibition of Metallo-β-Lactmases
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2019-11-05), p. 699-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2019-11-05), p. 699-
    Abstract: The ‘superbug’ infection caused by metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) has grown into an emergent health threat. Given the clinical importance of MβLs, a novel scaffold, dithiocarbamate, was constructed. The obtained molecules, DC1, DC8 and DC10, inhibited MβLs NDM-1, VIM-2, IMP-1, ImiS and L1 from all three subclasses, exhibiting an IC50 〈 26 μM. DC1 was found to be the best inhibitor of ImiS (IC50 〈 0.22 μM). DC1-2, DC4, DC8 and DC10 restored antimicrobial effects of cefazolin and imipenem against E. coli-BL21, producing NDM-1, ImiS or L1, and DC1 showed the best inhibition of E. coli cells, expressing the three MβLs, resulting in a 2-16-fold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of both antibiotics. Kinetics and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays showed that DC1 exhibited a reversible, and partially mixed inhibition, of NDM-1, ImiS and L1, with Ki values of 0.29, 0.14 and 5.06 µM, respectively. Docking studies suggest that the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of DC1 form coordinate bonds with the Zn (II) ions, in the active center of NDM-1, ImiS and L1, thereby inhibiting the activity of the enzymes. Cytotoxicity assays showed that DC1, DC3, DC7 and DC9 have low toxicity in L929 mouse fibroblastic cells, at a dose of up to 250 μM. These studies revealed that the dithiocarbamate is a valuable scaffold for the development of MβLs inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom9110699
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nasal Infection of Enterovirus D68 Leading to Lower Respiratory Tract Pathogenesis in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Viruses Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2017-05-10), p. 104-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2017-05-10), p. 104-
    Abstract: Data from EV-D68-infected patients demonstrate that pathological changes in the lower respiratory tract are principally characterized by severe respiratory illness in children and acute flaccid myelitis. However, lack of a suitable animal model for EV-D68 infection has limited the study on the pathogenesis of this critical pathogen, and the development of a vaccine. Ferrets have been widely used to evaluate respiratory virus infections. In the current study, we used EV-D68-infected ferrets as a potential animal to identify impersonal indices, involving clinical features and histopathological changes in the upper and lower respiratory tract (URT and LRT). The research results demonstrate that the EV-D68 virus leads to minimal clinical symptoms in ferrets. According to the viral load detection in the feces, nasal, and respiratory tracts, the infection and shedding of EV-D68 in the ferret model was confirmed, and these results were supported by the EV-D68 VP1 immunofluorescence confocal imaging with α2,6-linked sialic acid (SA) in lung tissues. Furthermore, we detected the inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression level, which implied high expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-8, IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, and IL-17a in the lungs. These data indicate that systemic observation of responses following infection with EV-D68 in ferrets could be used as a model for EV-D68 infection and pathogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v9050104
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vapor Sublimation and Deposition to Fabricate a Porous Methyl Propiolate-Functionalized Poly-p-xylylene Material for Copper-Free Click Chemistry
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2021-03-04), p. 786-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2021-03-04), p. 786-
    Abstract: Conventional porous materials are mostly synthesized in solution-based methods involving solvents and initiators, and the functionalization of these porous materials usually requires additional and complex steps. In the current study, a methyl propiolate-functionalized porous poly-p-xylylene material was fabricated based on a unique vapor sublimation and deposition process. The process used a water solution and ice as the template with a customizable shape and dimensions, and the conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization of poly-p-xylylene on such an ice template formed a three-dimensional, porous poly-p-xylylene material with interconnected porous structures. More importantly, the functionality of methyl propiolate was well preserved by using methyl propiolate-substituted [2,2]-paracyclophane during the vapor deposition polymerization process and was installed in one step on the final porous poly-p-xylylene products. This functionality exhibited an intact structure and reactivity during the proposed vapor sublimation and deposition process and was proven to have no decomposition or side products after further characterization and conjugation experiments. The electron-withdrawing methyl propiolate group readily provided efficient alkynes as click azide-terminated molecules under copper-free and mild conditions at room temperature and in environmentally friendly solvents, such as water. The resulting methyl propiolate-functionalized porous poly-p-xylylene exhibited interface properties with clickable specific covalent attachment toward azide-terminated target molecules, which are widely available for drugs and biomolecules. The fabricated functional porous materials represent an advanced material featuring porous structures, a straightforward synthetic approach, and precise and controlled interface click chemistry, rendering long-term stability and efficacy to conjugate target functionalities that are expected to attract a variety of new applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13050786
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vapor-Phase Fabrication of a Maleimide-Functionalized Poly-p-xylylene with a Three-Dimensional Structure
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Coatings Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-04-16), p. 466-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2021-04-16), p. 466-
    Abstract: A vapor-phase process, involving the sublimation of an ice substrate/template and the vapor deposition of a maleimide-functionalized poly-p-xylylene, has been reported to synthesize an advanced porous material, with readily clickable chemical interface properties, to perform a Michael-type addition of a maleimide functionality for conjugation with a thiol group. In contrast to the conventional chemical vapor deposition of poly-p-xylylenes on a solid surface that forms thin film coatings, the process reported herein additionally results in deposition on a dynamic and sublimating ice surface (template), rendering the construction of a three-dimensional, porous, maleimide-functionalized poly-p-xylylene. The process seamlessly exploits the refined chemical vapor deposition polymerization from maleimide-substituted [2,2] paracyclophane and ensures the preservation and transformation of the maleimide functionality to the final porous poly-p-xylylene products. The functionalization and production of a porous maleimide-functionalized poly-p-xylylene were completed in a single step, thus avoiding complicated steps or post-functionalization procedures that are commonly seen in conventional approaches to produce functional materials. More importantly, the equipped maleimide functionality provides a rapid and efficient route for click conjugation toward thiol-terminated molecules, and the reaction can be performed under mild conditions at room temperature in a water solution without the need for a catalyst, an initiator, or other energy sources. The introduced vapor-based process enables a straightforward synthesis approach to produce not only a pore-forming structure of a three-dimensional material, but also an in situ-derived maleimide functional group, to conduct a covalent click reaction with thiol-terminal molecules, which are abundant in biological environments. These advanced materials are expected to have a wide variety of new applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings11040466
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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