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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Nutrient Solution Flow Rate on Hydroponic Plant Growth and Root Morphology
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Plants Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2021-09-05), p. 1840-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2021-09-05), p. 1840-
    Abstract: Crop production under hydroponic environments has many advantages, yet the effects of solution flow rate on plant growth remain unclear. We conducted a hydroponic cultivation study using different flow rates under light-emitting diode lighting to investigate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root morphology under different flow rates. Swiss chard plants were grown hydroponically under four nutrient solution flow rates (2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min, and 8 L/min). After 21 days, harvested plants were analyzed for root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root morphology, and root cellulose and hemicellulose content. We found that suitable flow rates, acting as a eustress, gave the roots appropriate mechanical stimulation to promote root growth, absorb more nutrients, and increase overall plant growth. Conversely, excess flow rates acted as a distress that caused the roots to become compact and inhibited root surface area and root growth. Excess flow rate thereby resulted in a lower root surface area that translated to reduced nutrient ion absorption and poorer plant growth compared with plans cultured under a suitable flow rate. Our results indicate that regulating flow rate can regulate plant thigmomorphogenesis and nutrient uptake, ultimately affecting hydroponic crop quality.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants10091840
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Autonomous Vehicle Overtaking: Modeling and an Optimal Trajectory Generation Scheme
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-02-05), p. 1807-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-02-05), p. 1807-
    Abstract: Traffic congestion or accidents may occur as a consequence of the difficulty of performing a safe, comfortable, and efficient overtaking in a timely manner when there is a slow or stopped vehicle, cyclist, or partial lane blockage on the road. Specifically, most drivers find it challenging to overtake a sluggish vehicle on a single-lane road in the presence of vehicles coming from other directions. To resolve such overtaking concerns, this paper proposes a novel optimal trajectory generating scheme for autonomous vehicle overtaking that is both smooth and safe and can be used in a variety of traffic scenarios. The proposed scheme is based on the solution of an optimal predictive problem with the goal of minimizing driving costs while limiting collision risks in the presence of any opposite vehicle on the overtaking lane. The computational burden of the scheme is almost negligible and can be implemented in real-time. The scheme is evaluated in a variety of traffic conditions, including stopped and slow vehicles in the lane, as well as the presence or absence of a nearby opposite vehicle. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme effectively obtains the optimal trajectories even in the difficult overtaking contexts considering various constraints imposed by the road curve, opposite vehicles, and slow preceding vehicles. Finally, the optimal overtaking costs are obtained for various states of the associated vehicles, which provide an indication of the best state to initiate the overtake. The proposed technology can be employed as a fully automated system or an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) to improve the vehicle flows at challenging driving conditions and enhance transportation sustainability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14031807
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Amplitude and Phase Control of RF Pulse Using IQ Modulator to Improve Electron Beam Quality
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Particles Vol. 6, No. 3 ( 2023-07-18), p. 739-745
    Details
    In: Particles, MDPI AG, Vol. 6, No. 3 ( 2023-07-18), p. 739-745
    Abstract: A test-Accelerator as Coherent Terahertz Source (t-ACTS) has been under development at Tohoku University, in which an intense coherent terahertz radiation is generated from the short electron bunches. Velocity bunching scheme in a traveling wave accelerating structure is employed to generate the short electron bunches. The in-phase and quadrature (IQ) modulator and demodulator were installed to the low-level RF systems of t-ACTS linac to control and measure the amplitude and phase of RF power. The amplitude and phase of the RF power applied to an RF electron gun cavities and the accelerating structure are controlled to produce the electron bunches with a uniform and small momentum spread suitable for the velocity bunching. By installing the feed-forward control system using IQ modulators for the beam conditioning, we have successfully generated flat RF pulses and improved beam quality, including the energy spectrum of the beam. The details of feed-forward control system of the amplitude and phase using the IQ modulator and the beam experiments are presented in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2571-712X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/particles6030046
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2926939-8
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Substrate Flow Rate on Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency in Hydroponically Grown Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla ‘Seiyou Shirokuki’)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2021-10-13), p. 2050-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2021-10-13), p. 2050-
    Abstract: Unlike in soil culture, a substrate (nutrient solution) in a hydroponics system can flow, and this can affect both nutrient uptake and plant growth. In this study, we hydroponically cultivated Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla) under different flow rates to analyze changes in the growth, nutrient uptake, and nutrient use efficiency. When the flow rate was intensified from 2 to 4 L/min, leaf area, the fresh weight, dry weight, and root length increased. However, when the flow rate was increased from 4 to 8 L/min, values of these growth parameters decreased. The nutrient uptake had a similar trend relative to the growth parameters and nutrient use efficiency of macronutrient elements, increased as the flow rate increased. This indicates that the flow rate affects plant growth by influencing the nutrient uptake, and an increase in the flow rate can aid in improving nutrient use efficiency. In hydroponics, regulating the flow rate at a reasonable volume is recommended to increase yield by enhancing nutrient use efficiency, but too intensive a flow rate may cause excessive physical stimulation to plants and inhibit their growth. Therefore, it is important to choose an appropriate substrate flow rate for optimal hydroponics production.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11102050
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of the Flow Rate on Plant Growth and Flow Visualization of Nutrient Solution in Hydroponics
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Horticulturae Vol. 7, No. 8 ( 2021-08-05), p. 225-
    Details
    In: Horticulturae, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 8 ( 2021-08-05), p. 225-
    Abstract: In hydroponics, the flow pattern of nutrient solution in a cultivation container affects the growth of plants. Even if the flow rate of nutrient solution is the same between containers, the flow pattern may differ based on the size and shape of the containers. Therefore, the flow pattern cannot be comprehensively described by flow rate alone. In order to identify the relationship between plant growth, root morphology, nutrient uptake, and flow pattern, a hydroponic cultivation of Swiss chard was carried out. In addition, in order to describe the flow pattern in a specific cultivation container, hydroponic flow patterns were observed via flow field visualization using particle image velocimetry. As a result, with the increase in flow rate, it was found that a specific flow rate can form an ideal flow pattern for plant growth. Under this flow pattern, nutrient absorption is promoted and roots are elongated, thereby absorbing more nutrients and further promoting plant growth. However, when the flow rate exceeds the ideal value, plant growth is hindered. In summary, identifying the ideal nutrient solution flow pattern in hydroponics can facilitate better crop production.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-7524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7080225
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813983-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Study on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake under Different Aeration Intensity in Hydroponics with the Application of Particle Image Velocimetry
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-11-14), p. 1140-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-11-14), p. 1140-
    Abstract: Aeration is considered beneficial for hydroponics. However, little information is available on the effects of aeration, and even less on solutions that use bubble flow and their agronomic effects. In this study, the effects of aeration intensity on plants were studied through cultivation experiments and flow field visualization. It was found that the growth of plants did not increase linearly with an increase in aeration intensity. From the results of this study, when the aeration intensity was within the low range (0.07–0.15 L·L−1 NS·min−1), increasing the aeration intensity increased the plant growth. However, after the aeration intensity reached a certain extent (0.15–1.18 L·L−1 NS·min−1), some indicators did not change significantly. When the aeration intensity continued to increase (1.18–2.35 L·L−1 NS·min−1), growth began to decrease. These results show that for increasing dissolved oxygen and promoting plant growth, the rule is not “the higher the aeration intensity, the better”. There is a reasonable range of aeration intensity within which crops grow normally and rapidly. In addition, increasing the aeration intensity means increasing energy utilization and operating costs. In actual hydroponics production, it is very important to find a reasonable aeration intensity range.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11111140
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Diagnostic Ability of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Tissue Acquisition Using 19-Gauge Fine-Needle Biopsy Needle for Abdominal Lesions
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Diagnostics Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-01-26), p. 450-
    Details
    In: Diagnostics, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-01-26), p. 450-
    Abstract: Attempts at performing endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) with a 19G needle are increasing because histological diagnosis and comprehensive genomic profiling are a necessity. However, the diagnostic ability of the 19G fine-needle biopsy (FNB) needle, especially the third-generation FNB needle, is unclear and has been retrospectively reviewed. The 19G TopGain needle was used in 147 patients and 160 lesions between September 2020 and December 2021. The technical success rate of the biopsies was 99.4% (159/160). The early adverse event rate was 4.1% (6/147), and moderate or severe adverse event rate occurrence was 2.0% (3/147). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the 19G TopGain needle for 157 lesions with a confirmed diagnosis were 96.7%, 100%, and 96.8%, respectively. Rescue EUS-TA using the 19G TopGain needle was performed for nine lesions, and a successful diagnosis was made in six of these lesions (66.7%). The diagnostic ability of EUS-TA using the third-generation 19G TopGain needle was favorable. However, the use of 19G FNB needles may increase adverse events. Therefore, EUS-TA with a 19G FNB needle is mainly indicated in lesions where comprehensive genomic profiling may be necessary or the diagnosis could not be determined via EUS-TA using the 22G needle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4418
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030450
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662336-5
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Suppression of NASH-Related HCC by Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor through Inhibition of Inflammation and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Expression
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 14 ( 2023-07-17), p. 11546-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 14 ( 2023-07-17), p. 11546-
    Abstract: Inflammatory processes play major roles in carcinogenesis and the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) derived from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). But, there are no therapies for NASH-related HCC, especially focusing on these critical steps. Previous studies have reported that farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, the influence of FTIs on NASH-related HCC has not been elucidated. In hepatoblastoma and HCC cell lines, HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh-7, we confirmed the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, an accelerator of tumor aggressiveness and the inflammatory response. We established NASH-related HCC models under inflammation and free fatty acid burden and confirmed that HIF-1α expression was increased under both conditions. Tipifarnib, which is an FTI, strongly suppressed increased HIF-1α, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis. Simultaneously, intracellular interleukin-6 as an inflammation marker was increased under both conditions and significantly suppressed by tipifarnib. Additionally, tipifarnib suppressed the expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB and transforming growth factor-β. Finally, in a NASH-related HCC mouse model burdened with diethylnitrosamine and a high-fat diet, tipifarnib significantly reduced tumor nodule formation in association with decreased serum interleukin-6. In conclusion, tipifarnib has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects in a NASH-related HCC model and may be a promising new agent to treat this disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411546
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Genes Located on 18q23 Are Epigenetic Markers and Have Prognostic Significance for Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Cancers Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2019-03-21), p. 401-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2019-03-21), p. 401-
    Abstract: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 18q23 is associated with significantly decreased survival in head and neck cancer. In agreement with such tumor suppressive roles, the loss of function of genes located in this region can be achieved through LOH and promotor hypermethylation. In this study, the methylation status of promoters of 18q23 genes in 243 head and neck cancer patients was assessed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Promoter methylation was then compared to various clinical characteristics and patient survival. GALR1 and SALL3 promoter methylation correlated with reduced disease-free survival (log-rank test, p = 0.018 and p = 0.013, respectively). Furthermore, based on multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, these methylation events were associated with poor disease-free survival, with hazard ratios of 1.600 (95% confidence interval: CI, 1.027–2.493; p = 0.038) and 1.911 (95% CI, 1.155–3.162; p = 0.012), respectively. By comparison, GALR1 and SALL3 methylation were not prognostic for overall survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Our findings suggest that the methylation status of 18q23 genes could serve as important biomarkers for the prediction of clinical outcomes in well-annotated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cohorts. GALR1 and SALL3 methylation could thus help to facilitate risk stratification for individualized treatment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030401
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Thin-Film Processing of Polypropylene and Polystyrene Sheets by a Continuous Wave CO2 Laser with the Cu Cooling Base
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2021-04-30), p. 1448-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2021-04-30), p. 1448-
    Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser is widely used in commercial and industrial fields to process various materials including polymers, most of which have high absorptivity in infrared spectrum. Thin-film processing by the continuous wave (CW) laser is difficult since polymers are deformed and damaged by the residual heat. We developed the new method to make polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) sheets thin. The sheets are pressed to a Cu base by extracting air between the sheets and the base during laser processing. It realizes to cut the sheets to around 50 µm thick with less heat effects on the backside which are inevitable for thermal processing using the CW laser. It is considered that the boundary between the sheets and the base is in thermal equilibrium and the base prevents the sheets from deforming to support the backside. The method is applicable to practical use since it does not need any complex controls and is easy to install to an existing equipment with a minor change of the stage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13091448
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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