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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparison of Morphological Characteristics and Determination of Different Patterns for Rubber Particles in Dandelion and Different Rubber Grass Varieties
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Plants Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2020-11-13), p. 1561-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2020-11-13), p. 1561-
    Abstract: Russian dandelion Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is one promising alternative crop for natural rubber production. However, it is easily confused with other dandelions. In this study, we performed a systematical comparison of the morphological characteristics for different TKS varieties and common dandelion Taraxacum officinale (TO). Our results demonstrated that several obvious differences in morphology can be found between TKS and TO. TO leaf is a pinnate shape, its margin is heavily jagged and its base is cuneate, but TKS leaf is more cuneate and its leaf margin is nearly smooth and round. There are obvious differences for the outer bracts of TO and TKS flower buds. TKS bracts are oblanceolate, apex obtuse, margin smooth and sinuate, and its outer layer of flower buds and faceplate involucre sepal is buckled inward to form a certain angle. TKS is self-incompatible, and its seeds are spindle-shaped achene and show upright plumpness. A large amount of laticifer cells and rubber particles can be detected from many TKS tissues, and dry roots of TKS contain high contents of natural rubber. Laticifer cells and rubber particles can only be examined in the vein, stem, and roots of TKS. Our statical results also revealed that the numbers of laticifer cells and rubber particles have a positive relationship with the rubber content in TKS roots. These morphological features can help us to easily distinguish TKS from common dandelion and approximately estimate the rubber content in the roots of different TKS varieties for TKS breeding in future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants9111561
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Glycosylation Analysis of Feline Small Intestine Following Toxoplasma gondii Infection
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Animals Vol. 12, No. 20 ( 2022-10-20), p. 2858-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 20 ( 2022-10-20), p. 2858-
    Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is responsible for severe human and livestock diseases, huge economic losses, and adversely affects the health of the public and the development of animal husbandry. Glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of proteins in eukaryotes, and N-glycosylation is closely related to the biological functions of proteins. However, glycosylation alterations in the feline small intestine following T. gondii infection have not been reported. In this study, the experimental group was intragastrically challenged with 600 brain cysts of the Prugniuad (Pru) strain that were collected from infected mice. The cats’ intestinal epithelial tissues were harvested at 10 days post-infection and then sent for protein glycosylation analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the glycosylation alterations in the small intestine of cats infected with T. gondii. The results of the present study showed that 56 glycosylated peptides were upregulated and 37 glycosylated peptides were downregulated in the feline small intestine infected by T. gondii. Additionally, we also identified eight N-glycosylated proteins of T. gondii including eight N-glycopeptides and eight N-glycosylation sites. The protein A0A086JND6_TOXGO (eEF2) and its corresponding peptide sequence were identified in T. gondii infection. Some special GO terms (i.e., cellular process and metabolic process, cell and cell part, and catalytic activity) were significantly enriched, and the Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) function prediction results showed that posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones (11%) had the highest enrichment for T. gondii. Interestingly, eEF2, a protein of T. gondii, is also involved in the significantly enriched T. gondii MAPK pathway. The host proteins ICAM-1 and PPT1 and the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway may play an important role in the glycosylation of Toxoplasma-infected hosts. This is the first report showing that T. gondii oocysts can undergo N-glycosylation in the definitive host and that eEF2 is involved, which may provide a new target for T. gondii detection to prevent the spread of T. gondii oocysts in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani12202858
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Gas Injection Capacity of Slotted Liner and Perforation Completion in Underground Natural Gas Storage Reservoirs
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Processes Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2023-05-12), p. 1471-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2023-05-12), p. 1471-
    Abstract: The use of Horizontal wells is a common method of underground natural gas storage (UGS), but there is still a need to discuss whether they are more suitable for slotted liner or perforation completions. To address this issue, a numerical model is developed to predict the gas injection rate of horizontal wells while considering the skin factor. Here, a novel uncoupled iteration method is employed to determine the skin factor deriving from turbulence in each time step when the bottom hole pressure is fixed. The uncoupled method begins with an estimate of the initial gas injection rate, which is then used to calculate a turbulent skin factor. This turbulent skin factor is then used to update the gas injection rate, iterating continuously until convergence is achieved. The effects of slotted liner and perforation design parameters, formation damage, and injection pressure on the skin factor are analyzed. The main findings suggest that the error in the gas injection rate calculated by the non-coupled model compared with the coupled model is only 0.6%, yet it can reduce the number of sub-iterations to 1/10 of that required by the coupled model. Moreover, the uncoupled model can provide results within four steps, even when the convergence condition is 10−14. The open area and perforation density play a significant role in determining the connection degree between the horizontal well and the reservoir, with a larger perforation density resulting in a negative skin factor. Perforations are more suitable than slotted liners for reservoirs with severe formation damage, and the difference in skin factor between the two can reach a value of 40.87 when the ratio of the damage zone’s permeability to that of the normal reservoir zone is 0.05. It is easier to reduce turbulence damage in slotted liner completions than perforation completions, with the turbulence damage of the slotted liner being only 15.9% of that of the perforation. However, to avoid damage it is crucial to prevent the screen tube from being plugged in, as it might otherwise rise to three to ten times the original level. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the application of slotted liner and perforation method in UGS horizontal wells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr11051471
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Extracting 3D Indoor Maps with Any Shape Accurately Using Building Information Modeling Data
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2021-10-14), p. 700-
    Details
    In: ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2021-10-14), p. 700-
    Abstract: Indoor maps lay the foundation for most indoor location-based services (LBS). Building Information Modeling (BIM) data contains multiple dimensional computer-aided design information. Some studies have utilized BIM data to automatically extract 3D indoor maps. A complete 3D indoor map consists of both floor-level maps and cross-floor paths. Currently, the floor-level indoor maps are mainly either grid-based maps or topological maps, and the cross-floor path generation schemes are not adaptive to building elements with irregular 3D shapes. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel scheme to extract an accurate 3D indoor map with any shape using BIM data. Firstly, this study extracts grid-based maps from BIM data and generates the topological maps directly through the grid-based maps using image thinning. A novel hybrid indoor map, termed Grid-Topological map, is then formed by the grid-based maps and topological maps jointly. Secondly, this study obtains the cross-floor paths from cross-floor building elements by a four-step process, namely X-Z projection, boundary extraction, X-Z topological path generation, and path-BIM intersection. Finally, experiments on eight typical types of cross-floor building elements and three multi-floor real-world buildings were conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, the average accuracy rates of the evaluated paths are higher than 88%. This study will advance the 3D indoor maps generation and inspire the application of indoor maps in indoor LBS, indoor robots, and 3D geographic information systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2220-9964
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijgi10100700
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655790-3
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  • 5
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    Dual Function of CCAT2 in Regulating Luminal Subtype of Breast Cancer Depending on the Subcellular Distribution
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Cancers Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-16), p. 538-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-16), p. 538-
    Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women around the world. Emerging evidence has indicated the important roles that non-coding RNAs play in regulating tumor development and progression in breast cancer. Herein, we found a dual function of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) CCAT2 in the luminal subtype of breast cancer, depending on its subcellular distribution. CCAT2 showed an overall downregulation in the tumor tissues from luminal breast cancer patients. Transient overexpression of CCAT2 in the luminal subtype of breast cancer cell MCF-7 or T47D significantly suppressed cell proliferation in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Gene expression analysis of cancer stem cell markers including OCT4, NANOG, h-TERT, SOX2 and KLF4; flow cytometry analysis of breast cancer stem cell population, and mammosphere formation assay demonstrated inhibition of cancer cell stemness with transient transfection of CCAT2 in which exogenous CCAT2 mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and regulated miR-221-p27 signaling via RNA sequence interaction. However, overexpression of CCAT2 in MCF-7 cells through pMX retroviral nuclear expression vector accumulated CCAT2 in the nucleus, leading to upregulation of OCT4-PG1, a pseudogene of stem gene OCT4, thereby promoting the cancer cell stemness. In conclusion, the current study, for the first time, revealed a dual function of lncRNA CCAT2 as a tumor suppressor or oncogene depending upon its subcellular distribution. It also demonstrated the regulatory mechanism of cytoplasmic CCAT2 in suppressing tumorigenesis in the luminal subtype of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020538
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Preschool Federations as a Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Early Childhood Education in China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 16 ( 2022-08-12), p. 9991-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 16 ( 2022-08-12), p. 9991-
    Abstract: Teaming a strong preschool with less-developed, rural, or newly established preschools is an effective strategy to promote quality. Since 2015, Shanghai has sought to improve preschool education quality through collaboration. Guided by the “3A2S” theoretical framework, this study evaluated the development and effectiveness of preschool federations in the city using a mixed-methods approach. First, document analysis was conducted to depict features of preschool federations in Shanghai, which identified three main features. Next, a survey study including 702 stakeholders was conducted to assess the evaluations of preschool administrators, teachers, and parents of the effectiveness of preschool federations. Finally, an interview study including 15 stakeholders was conducted to triangulate the findings of the survey study. Results revealed that the stakeholders highly approbated the preschool federations, but parents’ evaluation was significantly lower than that of other stakeholders. Finally, the sustainability and affordability of the preschool federation policy are discussed herein. Implications for policy development and preschool management are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14169991
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion Promotes Mitophagy Flux against Hypoxia-Ischemic Injury in Rat DCD Liver
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 6 ( 2023-03-11), p. 5403-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 6 ( 2023-03-11), p. 5403-
    Abstract: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) can enhance organ preservation and protect mitochondria from hypoxia-ischemic injury; however, an understanding of the underlying HOPE mechanism that protects mitochondria is somewhat lacking. We hypothesized that mitophagy may play an important role in HOPE mitochondria protection. Experimental rat liver grafts were exposed to 30 min of in situ warm ischemia. Then, grafts were procured, followed by cold storage for 3 or 4 h to mimic the conventional preservation and transportation time in donation after circulatory death (DCD) in clinical contexts. Next, the grafts underwent hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) or HOPE for 1 h through portal vein only perfusion. The HOPE-treated group showed a better preservation capacity compared with cold storage and HMP, preventing hepatocyte damage, nuclear injury, and cell death. HOPE can increase mitophagy marker expression, promote mitophagy flux via the PINK1/Parkin pathway to maintain mitochondrial function, and reduce oxygen free radical generation, while the inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine and chloroquine could reverse the protective effect. HOPE-treated DCD liver also demonstrated more changes in the expression of genes responsible for bile metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, cell survival, and oxidative stress. Overall, HOPE attenuates hypoxia-ischemic injury in DCD liver by promoting mitophagy flux to maintain mitochondrial function and protect hepatocytes. Mitophagy could pave the way for a protective approach against hypoxia-ischemic injury in DCD liver.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065403
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Evolution of Structural Defects under Irradiation in W by Molecular Dynamics Simulation
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2023-06-15), p. 4414-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 12 ( 2023-06-15), p. 4414-
    Abstract: Tungsten (W) can be used in plasma-facing components in a fusion reactor because of its excellent radiation resistance. Some studies have found that nanocrystalline metals with a high density of grain boundary show a higher ability to resist radiation damage compared to conventional coarse-grained materials. However, the interaction mechanism between grain boundary and defect is still unclear. In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to explore the difference of defect evolution in single-crystal and bicrystal W, while the effects of temperature and the energy of the primary knocked atom (PKA) were taken into account. The irradiation process was simulated at the temperature range of 300 to 1500 K, and the PKA energy varied from 1 to 15 keV. The results show that the generation of defects is more sensitive to the energy of PKA than temperature; the number of defects increases at the thermal spike stage with the increase of the PKA energy, but the correlation with temperature is not strong. The presence of the grain boundary prevented the recombination of interstitial atoms and vacancies during the collision cascades, and the vacancies were more likely to form large clusters than interstitial atoms in the bicrystal models. This can be ascribed to the strong segregation tendency of the interstitial atoms to grain boundaries. The simulations provide useful information for understanding the role of grain boundaries in the evolution of irradiated structural defects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16124414
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 9
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    Experimental Study on the Damage Characteristics and Acoustic Properties of Red Sandstone with Different Water Contents under Microwave Radiation
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Materials Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2023-01-20), p. 979-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2023-01-20), p. 979-
    Abstract: Rock breaking is one of the most basic issues in deep underground engineering. Water plays an important role in the rock response under microwave radiation. Consequently, microwave radiation experiments using red sandstone with different water contents were conducted. The damage characteristics and ultrasonic properties of red sandstone after microwave radiation were primarily investigated, and the representative conclusions were drawn as follows: With the increase in water content, the time of complete formation of the rupture surface of the rock sample gradually decreased, and the decreasing range gradually increased. When the fracture surface is completely formed, the samples with a higher water content have more powdery rock cuttings and less surface roughness. The damage degree of the samples does not increase significantly with the increase in the water content when the sample is radiated at the same time. As the microwave radiation time is increased, the damage degree of the sample will increase significantly. Through the ultrasonic velocity test, it can be suggested that the sample exhibits obvious zonal damage characteristics under the action of a microwave. Generally speaking, it is a very effective means of improving the degree of microwave attenuation of the rock by increasing the water content of the rock mass.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma16030979
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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