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  • MDPI AG  (19)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development of a Portable and Sensitive CO2 Measurement Device with NDIR Sensor Clusters and Minimizing Water Vapor Impact
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-12), p. 1533-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-12), p. 1533-
    Abstract: Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations threaten human production and life. Currently the equipment used for CO2 monitoring is heavy and expensive, without a portable CO2 detector that is inexpensive and resistant to interference. Here we designed a portable CO2 detector based on no-dispersive infrared sensors to measure CO2 concentration. The detector, which has a mass of 1 kg, is powered by a lithium battery with dimensions of 200 mm (length) × 150 mm (width) × 100 mm (height). Considering the fact that field observations are susceptible to humidity, a series of experiments were carried out to reduce the humidity interference on sensor responses at a laboratory. The values of humidity and CO2 variation were used in a regression model analysis to determine a quadratic function with an R2 above 0.94. The detector was compared with a reference analyzer in ambient CO2 measurement during a 7-day field campaign in Hangzhou, China. After humidity correction, the data show better correlation with the reference data, with the R2 0.62–0.97 increasing from 0.62–0.97 compared to before the correction and the value deviation decreasing to less than 3%. Cluster analysis of sensors revealed a reduction in average relative deviation of up to 1.4% as the number of sensors increased.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su15021533
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Temporal Variations and Spatial Distribution of Air Pollutants in Shaoxing, a City in Yangtze Delta, China Based on Mobile Monitoring Using a Sensor Package
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2023-06-29), p. 1093-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2023-06-29), p. 1093-
    Abstract: Currently, traffic-related sources are considered to be one of the major contributors to air pollutants in urban areas. As the number of motor vehicles increases, the impact of traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) on human health has also increased in recent years. People are easily exposed to TRAPs in their daily lives. However, long-term exposure to TRAPs can have adverse health effects. Mobile monitoring is more flexible compared to traditional urban monitoring stations and can effectively obtain the spatial variation characteristics of air pollutants. We mounted a sensor package on an electric bicycle and conducted mobile measurements of CO, NO2 and SO2 on a circular road in the center of Shaoxing, a city in the center of the Yangtze Delta, China. The CO, NO2 and SO2 concentrations were observed to be higher in the morning and evening rush hours, and the three pollutants show different seasonal and spatial variation characteristics. CO concentration was higher in urban arterial and crossroads. NO2 concentration was variable, alternating between high and low concentrations. SO2 concentration was relatively stable and aggregated. This study provides important information on the spatial and temporal variations of TRAPs, which helps commuters understand how to effectively reduce pollutant exposure during personal travel.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos14071093
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of Land Cover Composition and Structure on Air Temperature Based on the Local Climate Zone Scheme in Hangzhou, China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2021-07-21), p. 936-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2021-07-21), p. 936-
    Abstract: At present, conflicts between urban development and the climate environment are becoming increasingly apparent under rapid urbanization in China. Revealing the dynamic mechanism and controlling factors of the urban outdoor thermal environment is the necessary theoretical preparation for regulating and improving the urban climate environment. Taking Hangzhou as an example and based on the local climate zones classification system, we investigated the effects of land cover composition and structure on temperature variability at the local scale. The measurement campaign was conducted within four local climate zones (LCZ 2, 4, 5, and LCZ 9) during 7 days in the summer of 2018. The results showed that the temperature difference within the respective LCZ was always below 1.1 °C and the mean temperature difference between LCZs caused by different surface physical properties was as high as 1.6 °C at night. Among four LCZs, LCZ 2 was always the hottest, and LCZ 9 was the coolest at night. In particular, the percentage of pervious surface was the most important land cover feature in explaining the air temperature difference. For both daytime and nighttime, increasing the percentage of pervious surface as well as decreasing the percentage of impervious surface and the percentage of building surface could lower the local temperature, with the strongest influence radius range from 120 m to 150 m. Besides, the temperature increased with the SVF increased at day and opposite at night.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos12080936
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Revelation for the Influence Mechanism of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters on the Baijiu Quality by Multicomponent Chemometrics Combined with Modern Flavor Sensomics
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Foods Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-03-16), p. 1267-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-03-16), p. 1267-
    Abstract: Long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester (LCFAEEs) is colorless and has a weak wax and cream aroma. It can be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of emulsifiers, and stabilizers and be applied in the production of flavor essence. It is also an important trace component in Baijiu and is attributed to making a contribution to the quality of Baijiu, but its distribution in Baijiu has not been clear, and its influence mechanisms on Baijiu quality have not been systematically studied. Therefore, the distribution of LCFAEEs for Baijiu in different years (2014, 2015, 2018, and 2022), different grades (premium, excellent, and level 1; note: here Baijiu grade classification was based on Chinese standard (GB/T 10781) and enterprise classification standard), and different sun exposure times (0, 6, 12, 20, 30, and 50 days) was uncovered. Thus, in this study, the effect of LCFAEEs on the quality of Baijiu was comprehensively and objectively proven by combining modern flavor sensomics and multicomponent chemometrics. The results showed that with the increase in Baijiu storage time, the concentration of LCFAEEs increased significantly in Baijiu (4.38–196.95 mg/L, p 〈 0.05). The concentration of LCFAEEs in level 1 Baijiu was significantly higher than that in excellent and premium Baijiu (the concentration ranges of ET, EP, EO, E9, E912, and E91215 were: 0.27–2.31 mg/L, 0.75–47.41 mg/L, 0.93–1.80 mg/L, 0.98–12.87 mg/L, 1.01–27.08 mg/L, and 1.00–1.75 mg/L, respectively, p 〈 0.05). With the increase in sun exposure time, the concentration of LCFAEEs in the Baijiu first increased significantly and then decreased significantly (4.38–5.95 mg/L, p 〈 0.05). As the flavor sensomics showed, the concentrations of LCFAEEs in Baijiu bodies were significantly correlated with the Baijiu taste sense (inlet taste, aroma sensation in the mouth), as well as with the evaluation after drinking (maintaining taste) (p 〈 0.05, r 〉 0.7). Based on the above, LCFAEEs are critical factors for Baijiu flavor thus, it is essential to explore a suitable concentration of LCFAEEs in Baijiu to make Baijiu’s quality more ideal.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods12061267
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapid Determination of Oxygenated and Parent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Milk Using Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Foods Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2022-12-08), p. 3980-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2022-12-08), p. 3980-
    Abstract: Liquid milks are consumed worldwide in large amounts, especially by adolescents and infants. Thus, their health quality linked with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination has attracted great concern. This study developed a rapid and sensitive supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-MS method to determine two typical oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and EU 15+1PAHs except for benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) in three types of liquid milks: 10 ultra heat treated (UHT) milks, 8 pasteurized milks, and 4 extended-shelf-life pasteurized milks. The instrumental analysis was 15 min with a recovery of 67.66–118.46%, a precision of 1.45–14.68%, detection limits of 0.04–0.24 μg/kg, and quantification limits of 0.13–0.78 μg/kg. We found 9-fluorenone, anthraquinone, 15 EU priority PAHs, and benzo[a] pyrene toxic equivalent quantity (BaPeq) in the 22 milk samples, which were 0.32–1.56 μg/kg, 0.40–1.74 μg/kg, 0.57–8.48 μg/kg, and 0.01–17.42 μg/kg, respectively. The UHT milks and whole fat milks showed higher PAH concentrations than other investigated samples, where the maximum levels of BaP and PAH4 were 0.77 and 3.61 μg/kg, respectively. PAH4 dominantly contributed to the PAH8 concentration and was detected in 73% and 32% of samples at more than 1.0 and 2.0 μg/kg, respectively. The results suggest that raw milks should be strictly monitored and extensively investigated for PAH4 and BaP concentrations for future risk assessment, limitations, and dietary guidance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods11243980
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Performance-Based Seismic Design of Hybrid Isolation Systems with Gap-Tunable BRBs for Bearing-Supported Bridges
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Symmetry Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2022-07-03), p. 1373-
    Details
    In: Symmetry, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 7 ( 2022-07-03), p. 1373-
    Abstract: This study proposes a class of hybrid isolation systems constructed by combining Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) with Rubber Bearings (RBs) or Lead Rubber Bearings (LRBs) for mitigating the seismic responses in bearing-supported bridges under strong earthquakes. Firstly, two different hybrid isolation systems (RB–BRB and LRB–BRB) were preliminarily designed based on the energy-conservation concept in the case of a bridge with Y-shaped piers, which can meet all the energy demands at different seismic hazard levels. Further, seismic evaluations were conducted on the bridges with the LRB, RB–BRB, and LRB–BRB isolation systems based on the nonlinear time history analyses. The proposed hybrid isolation systems show a two-phase energy dissipation behavior, which facilitates the systems to reduce the seismic responses remarkably under different earthquake scenarios and achieve most of the performance objectives corresponding to the code-specified hazard levels. Finally, based on fragility analyses, the effects of the gap spacing and the stiffness ratio of the BRB to the pier were investigated with respect to the failure probability in the case of a bridge with LRB–BRB. It has been validated that the seismic performances of this study’s bridge can be improved considerably with the optimized gap spacing and BRB stiffness.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-8994
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/sym14071373
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518382-5
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Inhibitory Effects of Cu2O/SiO2 on the Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and Its Mechanism
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2019-11-22), p. 1669-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2019-11-22), p. 1669-
    Abstract: In this study, a novel nanomaterial Cu2O/SiO2 was synthesized based on nano-SiO2, and the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of Cu2O/SiO2 on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) were studied. At the same time, the mechanism of Cu2O/SiO2 inhibiting the growth of M. aeruginosa was discussed from the aspects of Cu2+ release, chlorophyll a destruction, oxidative damage, total protein, and the phycobiliprotein of algae cells. The results showed that low doses of Cu2O/SiO2 could promote the growth of M. aeruginosa. When the concentration of Cu2O/SiO2 reached 10 mg/L, it exhibited the best inhibitory effect on M. aeruginosa, and the relative inhibition rate reached 294% at 120 h. In terms of the algae inhibition mechanism, Cu2O/SiO2 will release Cu2+ in the solution and induce metal toxicity to algae cells. At the same time, M. aeruginosa might suffer oxidative damage by the free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals released from Cu2O/SiO2, affecting the physiological characteristics of algae cells. Moreover, after the addition of Cu2O/SiO2, a decrease in the content of chlorophyll a, total soluble protein, and phycobiliprotein was found, which eventually led to the death of M. aeruginosa. Therefore, Cu2O/SiO2 can be used as an algaecide inhibitor for controlling harmful cyanobacteria blooms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano9121669
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A New Magnesium Phosphate Cement Based on Renewable Oyster Shell Powder: Flexural Properties at Different Curing Times
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Materials Vol. 14, No. 18 ( 2021-09-20), p. 5433-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 18 ( 2021-09-20), p. 5433-
    Abstract: Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC), a new type of inorganic cementitious material, is favored in engineering and construction because of its fast setting speed and high bonding strength, but is limited in practical application due to its high production cost and excessive release of hydration heat. Relevant research has investigated the application of discarded oyster shell powder (OSP) replacing cement mortar and has reported certain improvements to its performance. Consequently, focusing on discovering more effects of OSP on MPC performance, this study, by using a typical three-point bending test, used 45 cuboid specimens to investigate the influences of OSP mass content on flexural properties of MPC at different curing times. Results illustrated that MPC flexural strength was first increased and then decreased, and 3% is the critical value for OSP mass content. Similarly, the stiffness of all specimens presented a tendency to increase first and then decrease, with a maximum value of 36.18 kN/mm appearing at 3%, i.e., the critical OSP mass content. Finally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to analyze the microstructure and composition of specimens, confirming that the specimens generated not only the hydration product potassium phosphate magnesium (MgKPO4·6H2O, MKP), but also another new reactant (CaHPO4·2H2O).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma14185433
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 9
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    Identification of Elite R-Gene Combinations against Blast Disease in Geng Rice Varieties
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2023-02-16), p. 3984-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2023-02-16), p. 3984-
    Abstract: Rice blast, caused by the Magnaporthe oryzae fungus, is one of the most devastating rice diseases worldwide. Developing resistant varieties by pyramiding different blast resistance (R) genes is an effective approach to control the disease. However, due to complex interactions among R genes and crop genetic backgrounds, different R-gene combinations may have varying effects on resistance. Here, we report the identification of two core R-gene combinations that will benefit the improvement of Geng (Japonica) rice blast resistance. We first evaluated 68 Geng rice cultivars at seedling stage by challenging with 58 M. oryzae isolates. To evaluate panicle blast resistance, we inoculated 190 Geng rice cultivars at boosting stage with five groups of mixed conidial suspensions (MCSs), with each containing 5–6 isolates. More than 60% cultivars displayed moderate or lower levels of susceptibility to panicle blast against the five MCSs. Most cultivars contained two to six R genes detected by the functional markers corresponding to 18 known R genes. Through multinomial logistics regression analysis, we found that Pi-zt, Pita, Pi3/5/I, and Pikh loci contributed significantly to seedling blast resistance, and Pita, Pi3/5/i, Pia, and Pit contributed significantly to panicle blast resistance. For gene combinations, Pita+Pi3/5/i and Pita+Pia yielded more stable pyramiding effects on panicle blast resistance against all five MCSs and were designated as core R-gene combinations. Up to 51.6% Geng cultivars in the Jiangsu area contained Pita, but less than 30% harbored either Pia or Pi3/5/i, leading to less cultivars containing Pita+Pia (15.8%) or Pita+Pi3/5/i (5.8%). Only a few varieties simultaneously contained Pia and Pi3/5/i, implying the opportunity to use hybrid breeding procedures to efficiently generate varieties with either Pita+Pia or Pita+Pi3/5/i. This study provides valuable information for breeders to develop Geng rice cultivars with high resistance to blast, especially panicle blast.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043984
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Photocatalytic Removal of Harmful Algae in Natural Waters by Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 Coating under Sunlight
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2019-08-20), p. 698-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2019-08-20), p. 698-
    Abstract: In order to control the cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water, an Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 floating coating was prepared by a dip-coating method with a sponge, innovatively employed as a carrier for the removal of algae in natural water samples. The as-prepared photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of this Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 coating on algal removal and phytoplankton community structure in natural water samples with cyanobacterial blooms were investigated under sunlight. Results showed that Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 distributed uniformly on the surface of the coating with good stability and algae removal efficiency in water bodies. After 6 h of exposure under sunlight, the chlorophyll a in the natural water samples was degraded by 99.9%, the densities of Microcystis aeruginosa were reduced by 92.6% and the densities and biomass of the other algae decreased by about 80%. Meanwhile, the content of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the samples was decreased, effectively controlling the cyanobacterial blooms. It was found that O2•− played the main role in the photocatalytic inactivation. In conclusion, the Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 coating has a promising application potential for the removal of harmful cyanobacteria, and provides a new idea for the control of cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal9080698
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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