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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Natural History of Marburg Virus Infection to Support Medical Countermeasure Development
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-10-18), p. 2291-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-10-18), p. 2291-
    Abstract: The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, part of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, recognizes that the evaluation of medical countermeasures under the Animal Rule requires well-characterized and reproducible animal models that are likely to be predictive of clinical benefit. Marburg virus (MARV), one of two members of the genus Marburgvirus, is characterized by a hemorrhagic fever and a high case fatality rate for which there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics available. This natural history study consisted of twelve cynomolgus macaques challenged with 1000 PFU of MARV Angola and observed for body weight, temperature, viremia, hematology, clinical chemistry, and coagulation at multiple time points. All animals succumbed to disease within 8 days and exhibited signs consistent with those observed in human cases, including viremia, fever, systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, and lymphocytolysis, among others. Additionally, this study determined the time from exposure to onset of disease manifestations and the time course, frequency, and magnitude of the manifestations. This study will be instrumental in the design and development of medical countermeasures to Marburg virus disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14102291
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Associations of Adiponectin with Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity, and Diet in Young, Healthy, Mexican Americans and Non-Latino White Adults
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2015-12-22), p. 54-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2015-12-22), p. 54-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010054
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 3
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    On Saharan Air Layer Stability and Suppression of Convection over the Northern Tropical Atlantic: Case Study Analysis of a 2007 Dust Outflow Event
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2023-04-12), p. 707-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2023-04-12), p. 707-
    Abstract: A prominent Saharan Air Layer (SAL) was detected over the Northern Atlantic from the West African Coast to the Caribbean Sea in 2007. Data was collected from the Aerosols and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE), which encountered a major dust outflow on 13 and 14 May 2007. These observational measurements came from onboard instrumentation and radiosondes that captured the dust-front event from 13 to 14 May 2007. Aerosol backscatter was confined within the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL), with layers detected up to 3 km. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) increased by one order of magnitude during the dust front, from 0.1 to 1. Downward solar radiation was also attenuated by 200 W/m2 and 100 W/m2 on the first and second days, respectively. A weaker gradient at and above 500 m from potential temperature profiles indicates a less-defined MBL, and an ambient air temperature of 26 °C on 14 May and 28 °C on 15 May were observed above 500 m, reinforcing the temperature inversion and static stability of the SAL. Subsequent days, clear and boundary-layer cloudy days were observed after the dust front. From 14 to 18 May, a Convective Inhibition (CIN) layer started to form at the top of the MBL, developing into a negative buoyancy from 17 to 23 May, and reinforcing the large-scale anticyclonic atmospheric conditions. These results show that the SAL acts as positive feedback on suppressing deep convection over the tropical Atlantic during this dust outflow and several days after its passage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos14040707
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 4
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    Utilization of Viral Vector Vaccines in Preparing for Future Pandemics
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2022-03-12), p. 436-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2022-03-12), p. 436-
    Abstract: As the global response to COVID-19 continues, government stakeholders and private partners must keep an eye on the future for the next emerging viral threat with pandemic potential. Many of the virus families considered to be among these threats currently cause sporadic outbreaks of unpredictable size and timing. This represents a major challenge in terms of both obtaining sufficient funding to develop vaccines, and the ability to evaluate clinical efficacy in the field. However, this also presents an opportunity in which vaccines, along with robust diagnostics and contact tracing, can be utilized to respond to outbreaks as they occur, and limit the potential for further spread of the disease in question. While mRNA-based vaccines have proven, during the COVID-19 response, to be an effective and safe solution in terms of providing a rapid response to vaccine development, virus vector-based vaccines represent a class of vaccines that can offer key advantages in certain performance characteristics with regard to viruses of pandemic potential. Here, we will discuss some of the key pros and cons of viral vector vaccines in the context of preparing for future pandemics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030436
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 5
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    Natural History of Sudan ebolavirus to Support Medical Countermeasure Development
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2022-06-16), p. 963-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2022-06-16), p. 963-
    Abstract: Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) is one of four members of the Ebolavirus genus known to cause Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in humans, which is characterized by hemorrhagic fever and a high case fatality rate. While licensed therapeutics and vaccines are available in limited number to treat infections of Zaire ebolavirus, there are currently no effective licensed vaccines or therapeutics for SUDV. A well-characterized animal model of this disease is needed for the further development and testing of vaccines and therapeutics. In this study, twelve cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were challenged intramuscularly with 1000 PFUs of SUDV and were followed under continuous telemetric surveillance. Clinical observations, body weights, temperature, viremia, hematology, clinical chemistry, and coagulation were analyzed at timepoints throughout the study. Death from SUDV disease occurred between five and ten days after challenge at the point that each animal met the criteria for euthanasia. All animals were observed to exhibit clinical signs and lesions similar to those observed in human cases which included: viremia, fever, dehydration, reduced physical activity, macular skin rash, systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, lymphoid depletion, renal tubular necrosis, hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis. The results from this study will facilitate the future preclinical development and evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics for SUDV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060963
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrotherapy on Lumbar Range of Motion and Paraspinal Muscle Characteristics in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 12, No. 14 ( 2023-07-14), p. 4680-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 14 ( 2023-07-14), p. 4680-
    Abstract: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) affects paraspinal muscle size, quality (e.g., fatty infiltration), range of motion (ROM), and strength. Although transcutaneous electrotherapies are used to treat CLBP, their effects on paraspinal-related outcomes are not fully known. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the overall effect of transcutaneous electrotherapies on trunk/lumbar ROM, paraspinal muscle morphology, and trunk muscle function (including strength and endurance) in CLBP patients. A systematic search of four databases and two study registers was conducted between 1 February 2022 and 15 September 2022. Two reviewers were responsible for screening and data extraction. Of the 3939 independent records screened, 10 were included in the systematic review and 2 in the meta-analysis. The results suggest there is limited evidence that both EMS and EMS plus exercise are superior to passive and active controls, respectively, for improving trunk muscle endurance. There is limited evidence that neither TENS nor mixed TENS are superior to controls for improving trunk muscle endurance. There is limited evidence that NMES is superior to passive controls for improving trunk muscle strength. The effect of transcutaneous electrotherapy on the other investigated outcomes was inconclusive. Future transcutaneous electrotherapy studies should focus on paraspinal-based outcomes that are under-studied.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144680
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
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    Do Foliar Endophytes Matter in Litter Decomposition?
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2020-03-21), p. 446-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2020-03-21), p. 446-
    Abstract: Litter decomposition rates are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors, including the presence of fungal endophytes in host plant tissues. This review broadly analyzes the findings of 67 studies on the roles of foliar endophytes in litter decomposition, and their effects on decomposition rates. From 29 studies and 1 review, we compiled a comprehensive table of 710 leaf-associated fungal taxa, including the type of tissue these taxa were associated with and isolated from, whether they were reported as endo- or epiphytic, and whether they had reported saprophytic abilities. Aquatic (i.e., in-stream) decomposition studies of endophyte-affected litter were significantly under-represented in the search results (p 〈 0.0001). Indicator species analyses revealed that different groups of fungal endophytes were significantly associated with cool or tropical climates, as well as specific plant host genera (p 〈 0.05). Finally, we argue that host plant and endophyte interactions can significantly influence litter decomposition rates and should be considered when interpreting results from both terrestrial and in-stream litter decomposition experiments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030446
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 8
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    Selection of Filovirus Isolates for Vaccine Development Programs
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-09-19), p. 1045-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-09-19), p. 1045-
    Abstract: The continuing outbreaks of ebola virus disease highlight the ongoing threat posed by filoviruses. Fortunately, licensed vaccines and therapeutics are now available for Zaire ebolavirus. However, effective medical countermeasures, such as vaccines for other filoviruses such as Sudan ebolavirus and the Marburg virus, are presently in early stages of development and, in the absence of a large outbreak, would require regulatory approval via the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Rule. The selection of an appropriate animal model and virus challenge isolates for nonclinical studies are critical aspects of the development program. Here, we have focused on the recommendation of challenge isolates for Sudan ebolavirus and Marburg virus. Based on analyses led by the Filovirus Animal and Nonclinical Group (FANG) and considerations for strain selection under the FDA Guidance for the Animal Rule, we propose prototype virus isolates for use in nonclinical challenge studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091045
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 9
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    Developing Vaccines to Improve Preparedness for Filovirus Outbreaks: The Perspective of the USA Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2023-06-19), p. 1120-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2023-06-19), p. 1120-
    Abstract: Outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by filoviruses have become more prevalent in recent years, with outbreaks of Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Marburg virus (MARV) all occurring in 2022 and 2023. While licensed vaccines are now available for EBOV, vaccine candidates for SUDV and MARV are all in preclinical or early clinical development phases. During the recent outbreak of SUDV virus disease, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), as part of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, implemented key actions with our existing partners to advance preparedness and enable rapid response to the outbreak, while also aligning with global partners involved in the implementation of clinical trials in an outbreak setting. Beyond pre-existing plans prior to the outbreak, BARDA worked with product sponsors to expedite manufacturing of vaccine doses that could be utilized in clinical trials. While the SUDV outbreak has since ended, a new outbreak of MARV disease has emerged. It remains critical that we continue to advance a portfolio of vaccines against SUDV and MARV while also expediting manufacturing activities ahead of, or in parallel if needed, outbreaks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061120
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Current State of Anthrax Vaccines and Key R&D Gaps Moving Forward
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2020-04-29), p. 651-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2020-04-29), p. 651-
    Abstract: A licensed anthrax vaccine has been available for pre-exposure prophylaxis in the United States since 1970, and it was approved for use as a post-exposure prophylaxis, in combination with antibiotic treatment, in 2015. A variety of other vaccines are available in other nations, approved under various regulatory frameworks. However, investments in anthrax vaccines continue due to the severity of the threat posed by this bacterium, as both a naturally occurring pathogen and the potential for use as a bioweapon. In this review, we will capture the current landscape of anthrax vaccine development, focusing on those lead candidates in clinical development. Although approved products are available, a robust pipeline of candidate vaccines are still in development to try to address some of the key research gaps in the anthrax vaccine field. We will then highlight some of the most pressing needs in terms of anthrax vaccine research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050651
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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