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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Potential of Deep Learning Methods for Deep Level Particle Characterization in Crystallization
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-02-26), p. 2465-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-02-26), p. 2465-
    Abstract: Crystalline particle properties, which are defined throughout the crystallization process chain, are strongly tied to the quality of the final product bringing along the need of detailed particle characterization. The most important characteristics are the size, shape and purity, which are influenced by agglomeration. Therefore, a pure size determination is often insufficient and a deep level evaluation regarding agglomerates and primary crystals bound in agglomerates is desirable as basis to increase the quality of crystalline products. We present a promising deep learning approach for particle characterization in crystallization. In an end-to-end fashion, the interactions and processing steps are minimized. Based on instance segmentation, all crystals containing single crystals, agglomerates and primary crystals in agglomerates are detected and classified with pixel-level accuracy. The deep learning approach shows superior performance to previous image analysis methods and reaches a new level of detail. In experimental studies, L-alanine is crystallized from aqueous solution. A detailed description of size and number of all particles including primary crystals is provided and characteristic measures for the level of agglomeration are given. This can lead to a better process understanding and has the potential to serve as cornerstone for kinetic studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12052465
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Polymer-Grade Bio-Monomers from Oleochemicals by Combining Homogeneous Catalysis and Selective Product Crystallization in an Integrated Process
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Processes Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2023-09-28), p. 2861-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2023-09-28), p. 2861-
    Abstract: The homogeneously catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of bio-based methyl 10-undecenoate (C11-DME) produces linear 1,12-dimethyl dodecanedioate (l-C12-DME). Subsequent selective product crystallization from the reaction mixture with downstream filtration and washing allows for the generation of the bio-monomer in polymer grade quality ( 〉 99.9%). This effective purification enables its direct use, e.g., for bio-based polyamides, without further purification. It separates the expensive homogeneous catalyst dissolved in the liquid phase in its active state for efficient catalyst recycling. We present the complex interactions of process parameters regarding reaction and crystallization-based purification in an integrated catalyst recycling process. Furthermore, we demonstrate that purification of l-C12-DME with 〉 99.9% purity over multiple consecutive recycling runs is possible. However, as the crystallization is highly sensitive towards changing concentrations of by-products and particularly unreacted substrates, this high purity is only achieved by maintaining a stable composition in the reaction mixture using a newly developed system for precise conversion control in the reaction step.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr11102861
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dual-Bayes Localization Filter Extension for Safeguarding in the Case of Uncertain Direction Signals
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Sensors Vol. 18, No. 10 ( 2018-10-19), p. 3539-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 10 ( 2018-10-19), p. 3539-
    Abstract: In order to run a localization filter for parking systems in real time, the directional information must be directly available when a distance measurement of the wheel speed sensor is detected. When the vehicle is launching, the wheel speed sensors may already detect distance measurement in the form of Delta-Wheel-Pulse-Counts (DWPCs) without having defined a rolling direction. This phenomenon is particularly problematic during parking maneuvers, where many small correction strokes are made. If a localization filter is used for positioning, the restrained DWPCs cannot process in real time. Without directional information in the form of a rolling direction signal, the filter has to ignore the DWPCs or artificially stop until a rolling direction signal is present. For this reason, methods for earlier estimation of the rolling direction based on the pattern of the incoming DWPCs and based on the force equilibrium have been presented. Since the new methods still have their weaknesses and a wrong estimation of the rolling direction can occur, an extension of a so-called Dual-Localization filter approach is presented. The Dual-Localization filter uses two localization filters and an intelligent initialization logic that ensures that both filters move in opposite directions at launching. The primary localization filter uses the estimated and the secondary one the opposite direction. As soon as a valid rolling direction signal is present, an initialization logic is used to decide which localization filter has previously moved in the true direction. The localization filter that has moved in the wrong direction is initialized with the states and covariances of the other localization filter. This extension allows for a fast and real-time capability to be achieved, and the accumulated velocity error can be dramatically reduced.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s18103539
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Salvage-Logging after Windstorm Leads to Structural and Functional Homogenization of Understory Layer and Delayed Spruce Tree Recovery in Tatra Mts., Slovakia
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Forests Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2017-03-17), p. 88-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2017-03-17), p. 88-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f8030088
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Altered Expression of Mitoferrin and Frataxin, Larger Labile Iron Pool and Greater Mitochondrial DNA Damage in the Skeletal Muscle of Older Adults
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Cells Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2020-12-02), p. 2579-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2020-12-02), p. 2579-
    Abstract: Mitochondrial dysfunction and iron (Fe) dyshomeostasis are invoked among the mechanisms contributing to muscle aging, possibly via a detrimental mitochondrial–iron feed-forward loop. We quantified the labile Fe pool, Fe isotopes, and the expression of mitochondrial Fe handling proteins in muscle biopsies obtained from young and older adults. The expression of key proteins of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) and the abundance of the mitochondrial DNA common deletion (mtDNA4977) were also assessed. An inverse association was found between total Fe and the heavier Fe isotope (56Fe), indicating an increase in labile Fe abundance in cells with greater Fe content. The highest levels of labile Fe were detected in old participants with a Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score ≤ 7 (low-functioning, LF). Protein levels of mitoferrin and frataxin were, respectively, higher and lower in the LF group relative to young participants and older adults with SPPB scores ≥ 11 (high-functioning, HF). The mtDNA4977 relative abundance was greater in old than in young participants, regardless of SPPB category. Higher protein levels of Pink1 were detected in LF participants compared with young and HF groups. Finally, the ratio between lipidated and non-lipidated microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (i.e., LC3B II/I), as well as p62 protein expression was lower in old participants regardless of SPPB scores. Our findings indicate that cellular and mitochondrial Fe homeostasis is perturbed in the aged muscle (especially in LF older adults), as reflected by altered levels of mitoferrin and frataxin, which, together with MQC derangements, might contribute to loss of mtDNA stability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells9122579
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Contrasting Leaf Trait Responses of Conifer and Broadleaved Seedlings to Altered Resource Availability Are Linked to Resource Strategies
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Plants Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2020-05-13), p. 621-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2020-05-13), p. 621-
    Abstract: (1) Understanding tree seedling responses to water, nutrient, and light availability is crucial to precisely predict potential shifts in composition and structure of forest communities under future climatic conditions. (2) We exposed seedlings of widespread Central European tree species with contrasting leaf habit, deciduous broadleaves (DB) and evergreen conifers (EC), to factorial combinations of manipulated precipitation (100% and 50% of ambient), shade (40% and 60% of full sunlight), and nutrient availability (low and high NPK), and measured specific leaf area, C/N ratio, soluble sugars, starch and non-structural carbohydrate concentration, and δ13C of the leaves. (3) We found contrasting effects of water and nutrient availability on foliar traits of the two species groups: EC exhibited higher tolerance to low resource availability but also less plasticity in foliar traits, which is congruent with a “slow” resource strategy. In contrast, foliage of DB reacted particularly to altered nutrient availability, corresponding to a “fast” resource strategy with high foliar plasticity and rapid adjustments to resource fluctuations, commonly adopted by species with high growth rates. (4) We conclude that DB will respond to environmental change with foliar acclimation, while EC will either tolerate, to some extent, or shift their distribution range in response to environmental change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants9050621
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intraoperative Hemi-Diaphragm Electrical Stimulation Demonstrates Attenuated Mitochondrial Function without Change in Oxidative Stress in Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2023-04-27), p. 1009-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2023-04-27), p. 1009-
    Abstract: Mechanical ventilation during cardiothoracic surgery is life-saving but can lead to ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) and prolong ventilator weaning and hospital length of stay. Intraoperative phrenic nerve stimulation may preserve diaphragm force production to offset VIDD; we also investigated changes in mitochondrial function after stimulation. During cardiothoracic surgeries (n = 21), supramaximal, unilateral phrenic nerve stimulation was performed every 30 min for 1 min. Diaphragm biopsies were collected after the last stimulation and analyzed for mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers and protein expression and enzymatic activity of biomarkers of oxidative stress and mitophagy. Patients received, on average, 6.2 ± 1.9 stimulation bouts. Stimulated hemidiaphragms showed lower leak respiration, maximum electron transport system (ETS) capacities, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and spare capacity compared with unstimulated sides. There were no significant differences between mitochondrial enzyme activities and oxidative stress and mitophagy protein expression levels. Intraoperative phrenic nerve electrical stimulation led to an acute decrease of mitochondrial respiration in the stimulated hemidiaphragm, without differences in biomarkers of mitophagy or oxidative stress. Future studies warrant investigating optimal stimulation doses and testing post-operative chronic stimulation effects on weaning from the ventilator and rehabilitation outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051009
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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