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  • MDPI AG  (20)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Improved Spectral Detection of Nitrogen Deficiency and Yellow Mosaic Disease Stresses in Wheat Using a Soil Effect Removal Algorithm and Machine Learning
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2023-05-10), p. 2513-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2023-05-10), p. 2513-
    Abstract: Wheat yellow mosaic disease is a low-temperature and soil-borne disease. Crop infection by the yellow mosaic virus can lead to severe yield and economic losses. It is easily confused with nitrogen deficiency based on the plant’s morphological characteristics. Timely disease detection and crop management in the field require the precise identification of crop stress types. However, the detection of crop stress is often underappreciated. Wheat nitrogen deficiency and yellow mosaic disease were investigated in the field and wheat physiological and biochemical experiments were conducted to collect agronomic indicators, four years of reflectance spectral data at green-up and jointing were collected, and then studies for the detection of nitrogen deficiency and yellow mosaic disease stresses were carried out. The continuous removal (CR), first-order derivative (FD), standard normal variate (SNV), and spectral separation of soil and vegetation (3SV) preprocessing methods and 96 spectral indices were evaluated. The threshold method and variance inflation factor (TVIF) were used as feature selection methods combined with machine learning to develop a crop stress detection method. The results show that the most sensitive wavelengths are found in the 725–1000 nm region, while the sensitivity of the spectrum in the 400–725 nm region is lower. The PRI670,570, B, and RARSa spectral indices can detect nitrogen deficiency and yellow leaf disease stress, and the OA and Kappa values are 93.87% and 0.873, respectively, for PRI670,570, which is the best index. A 3SV-TVIF-SVM stress detection method was then proposed, using OA and Kappa values of 96.97% and 0.931, respectively, for field data validation. The results of the study can provide technical support and a theoretical basis for the accurate control of yellow mosaic disease and nitrogen fertilizer management in the field.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15102513
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 2
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    Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Gene Family in Five Solanaceae Species and Identification of Members Regulating Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Wolfberry
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 4 ( 2022-02-18), p. 2259-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 4 ( 2022-02-18), p. 2259-
    Abstract: The R2R3-MYB is a large gene family involved in various plant functions, including carotenoid biosynthesis. However, this gene family lacks a comprehensive analysis in wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) and other Solanaceae species. The recent sequencing of the wolfberry genome provides an opportunity for investigating the organization and evolutionary characteristics of R2R3-MYB genes in wolfberry and other Solanaceae species. A total of 610 R2R3-MYB genes were identified in five Solanaceae species, including 137 in wolfberry. The LbaR2R3-MYB genes were grouped into 31 subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis, conserved gene structures, and motif composition. Five groups only of Solanaceae R2R3-MYB genes were functionally divergent during evolution. Dispersed and whole duplication events are critical for expanding the R2R3-MYB gene family. There were 287 orthologous gene pairs between wolfberry and the other four selected Solanaceae species. RNA-seq analysis identified the expression level of LbaR2R3-MYB differential gene expression (DEGs) and carotenoid biosynthesis genes (CBGs) in fruit development stages. The highly expressed LbaR2R3-MYB genes are co-expressed with CBGs during fruit development. A quantitative Real-Time (qRT)-PCR verified seven selected candidate genes. Thus, Lba11g0183 and Lba02g01219 are candidate genes regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in wolfberry. This study elucidates the evolution and function of R2R3-MYB genes in wolfberry and the four Solanaceae species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042259
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the BBX Gene Family and Its Role in Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.)
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 15 ( 2022-07-29), p. 8440-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 15 ( 2022-07-29), p. 8440-
    Abstract: The B-box proteins (BBXs) are a family of zinc-finger transcription factors with one/two B-Box domain(s) and play important roles in plant growth and development as well as stress responses. Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is an important traditional medicinal and food supplement in China, and its genome has recently been released. However, comprehensive studies of BBX genes in Lycium species are lacking. In this study, 28 LbaBBX genes were identified and classified into five clades by a phylogeny analysis with BBX proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and the LbaBBXs have similar protein motifs and gene structures. Promoter cis-regulatory element prediction revealed that LbaBBXs might be highly responsive to light, phytohormone, and stress conditions. A synteny analysis indicated that 23, 20, 8, and 5 LbaBBX genes were orthologous to Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, Capsicum annuum, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. The gene pairs encoding LbaBBX proteins evolved under strong purifying selection. In addition, the carotenoid content and expression patterns of selected LbaBBX genes were analyzed. LbaBBX2 and LbaBBX4 might play key roles in the regulation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin biosynthesis. Overall, this study improves our understanding of LbaBBX gene family characteristics and identifies genes involved in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in wolfberry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158440
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 4
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    Internal Characterization-Based Prognostics for Micro-Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells under Dynamic Operating Conditions
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sensors Vol. 22, No. 11 ( 2022-06-01), p. 4217-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 11 ( 2022-06-01), p. 4217-
    Abstract: Micro-direct-methanol fuel cells (μDMFCs) use micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) technology, which offers high energy density, portable use, quick replenishment, and free fuel reforming and purification. However, the μDMFC is limited by a short effective service life due to the membrane electrode’s deterioration in electrochemical reactions. This paper presents a health status assessment and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction approach for μDMFC under dynamic operating conditions. Rather than making external observations, an internal characterization is used to describe the degradation indicator and to overcome intrusive influences in operation. Then, a Markov-process-based usage behavior prediction mechanism is proposed to account for the randomness of real-world operation. The experimental results show that the proposed degradation indicator alleviates the reduction in μDMFC output power degradation behavior caused by the user loading profile. Compared with the predictions of RUL using traditional external observation, the proposed approach achieved superior prognostic performance in both accuracy and precision.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s22114217
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 5
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    Exergy Loss Assessment Method for CNC Milling System Considering the Energy Consumption of the Operator
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Processes Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2023-09-09), p. 2702-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2023-09-09), p. 2702-
    Abstract: Modeling and assessing the sustainability of machining systems has been considered to be a crucial approach to improving the environmental performance of machining processes. As the most common machining system, the computer numerical control (CNC) milling system is a typical man–machine cooperative system where the activities of the machine tool and operator generate material and energy consumption. However, the energy consumption of the operator in the CNC milling system has often been ignored in most existing research. Therefore, existing methods fail to provide a comprehensive understanding of the sustainability of the CNC milling system. To fill this gap, an exergy loss assessment method is proposed to investigate the sustainability of the CNC milling system, where the energy consumption of the operator, the energy consumption of the machine tool, and material consumption are taken into consideration. The key performance indexes of the energy consumption of the operator, the energy consumption of the machine tool, the exergy loss, and the specific exergy loss (SEL) are analyzed and modeled. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, a case study was carried out on a three-axis machining center (XH714D), in which the energy consumption of the operator, the energy consumption of the machine tool, the exergy loss of energy consumption, the exergy loss of chips, the exergy loss of compressed air, the exergy loss of cutting tool wear, the exergy loss of cooling liquid dissipation, and the SEL were found to be 169,750 J, 758,211 J, 603,131 J, 2,031,404 J, 22,023 J, 301,868 J, 2673 J, and 88.04 J/mm3, respectively. The proposed method is effective to assess the sustainability of the CNC milling system, and the established exergy loss models build a good basis for exergy efficiency optimization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr11092702
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 6
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    SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Uptake among Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Hebei Province, China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-07-28), p. 1293-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-07-28), p. 1293-
    Abstract: Chronic liver disease (CLD) patients have higher mortality and hospitalization rates after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to explore SARS-CoV-2 vaccine perceptions, side effects, factors associated with nonvaccination and attitudes toward fourth-dose vaccine among CLD patients. The differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups among 1491 CLD patients and the risk factors associated with nonvaccination status were analyzed. In total, 1239 CLD patients were immunized against SARS-CoV-2. CLD patients have a high level of trust in the government and clinicians and were likely to follow their recommendations for vaccination. Reasons reported for nonvaccination were mainly concerns about the vaccines affecting their ongoing treatments and the fear of adverse events. However, only 4.84% of patients reported mild side effects. Risk factors influencing nonvaccination included being older in age, having cirrhosis, receiving treatments, having no knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine considerations and not receiving doctors’ positive advice on vaccination. Furthermore, 20.6% of completely vaccinated participants refused the fourth dose because they were concerned about side effects and believed that the complete vaccine was sufficiently protective. Our study proved that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were safe for CLD patients. Our findings suggest that governments and health workers should provide more SARS-CoV-2 vaccination information and customize strategies to improve vaccination coverage and enhance vaccine protection among the CLD population.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081293
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 7
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    Widely-Targeted Metabolic Profiling in Lyciumbarbarum Fruits under Salt-Alkaline Stress Uncovers Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 5 ( 2022-02-26), p. 1564-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 5 ( 2022-02-26), p. 1564-
    Abstract: Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is an important economic crop widely grown in China. The effects of salt-alkaline stress on metabolites accumulation in the salt-tolerant Ningqi1 wolfberry fruits were evaluated across 12 salt-alkaline stress gradients. The soil pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− contents decreased at a gradient across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. Based on the widely-targeted metabolomics approach, we identified 457 diverse metabolites, 53% of which were affected by salt-alkaline stress. Remarkably, soil salt-alkaline stress enhanced metabolites accumulation in wolfberry fruits. Amino acids, alkaloids, organic acids, and polyphenols contents increased proportionally across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. In contrast, nucleic acids, lipids, hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, organic acids and derivatives and vitamins were significantly reduced by high salt-alkaline stress. A total of 13 salt-responsive metabolites represent potential biomarkers for salt-alkaline stress tolerance in wolfberry. Specifically, we found that constant reductions of lipids and chlorogenic acids; up-regulation of abscisic acid and accumulation of polyamines are essential mechanisms for salt-alkaline stress tolerance in Ningqi1. Overall, we provide for the first time some extensive metabolic insights into salt-alkaline stress tolerance and key metabolite biomarkers which may be useful for improving wolfberry tolerance to salt-alkaline stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051564
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 8
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    A Ginseng Appearance Quality Grading Method Based on an Improved ConvNeXt Model
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-06-29), p. 1770-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-06-29), p. 1770-
    Abstract: In order to solve the problem of the small degree of variability between the features of ginseng grading classes and the resulting need for heavy reliance on professionals, this study established a ginseng dataset containing 5116 images with three classes in different contexts and proposed a ginseng-grading model based on an improved ConvNeXt framework. Firstly, a Channel Shuffle module was embedded in the backbone network after down-sampling to fully fuse the channel features and improve the model’s grading accuracy. The model’s characterization ability enriched the feature space of the convolutional block and further improved the model’s accuracy. Finally, the original activation function, GELU, was replaced with the PreLU activation function to increase the nonlinear variability of the neural network model and improve the model’s accuracy and efficiency. The experimental results show that the method demonstrated accuracy improvements of 2.46% and 4.32%, respectively, compared with the current advanced networks, Vision Transformer and Swim Transformer. Furthermore, the accuracy, precision, recall, and specificity of ginseng classification reached values of 94.44%, 91.58%, 91.04%, and 95.82%, respectively, and the loss rate was reduced to 0.24. A comparison with expert appraisal results showed high consistency, thus verifying our model’s accuracy and reliability in ginseng quality assessment and its ability to provide technical support for intelligent ginseng quality grading.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13071770
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    A Grading Method of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Appearance Quality Based on an Improved ResNet50 Model
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-11-23), p. 2925-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-11-23), p. 2925-
    Abstract: In the academic world, ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has received much attention as the most representative element of Chinese medicine. To address the lack of traditional algorithms in the identification of ginseng appearance quality and further improve the manual identification on ginseng, we propose a grading method of ginseng appearance quality based on deep learning, taking advantage of the benefits of deep learning in the image identification. Firstly, we substituted LeakyReLU for the conventional activation function ReLU to enhance the predictive power of the model. Secondly, we added an ECA module to the residual block, which allowed attention to be focused on the input object to capture more precise and detailed features. Thirdly, we used the focal loss function to solve the problem of an imbalanced dataset. Then, the self-constructed dataset was processed with data enhancement and divided into four different classes of ginseng. The dataset was trained on a model with transfer learning to finally obtain the best model applicable to the identification of ginseng appearance quality. The experiments showed that, compared with the classical convolutional neural network models VGG16, GoogLeNet, ResNet50 and Densenet121, the proposed model reported the best performance, its accuracy in the test set was as high as 97.39%, and the loss value was 0.035. This method can efficiently classify the appearance quality of ginseng, and has a significant value in the field of ginseng appearance quality identification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12122925
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 10
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    Preparation of Heavily Doped P-Type PbSe with High Thermoelectric Performance by the NaCl Salt-Assisted Approach
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Molecules Vol. 28, No. 6 ( 2023-03-14), p. 2629-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 28, No. 6 ( 2023-03-14), p. 2629-
    Abstract: Thermoelectric (TE) technology, which can convert scrap heat into electricity, has attracted considerable attention. However, broader applications of TE are hindered by lacking high-performance thermoelectric materials, which can be effectively progressed by regulating the carrier concentration. In this work, a series of PbSe(NaCl)x (x = 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5) samples were synthesized through the NaCl salt-assisted approach with Na+ and Cl− doped into their lattice. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that manipulating the carrier concentration by adjusting the content of NaCl is conducive to upgrading the electrical transport properties of the materials. The carrier concentration elevated from 2.71 × 1019 cm−3 to 4.16 × 1019 cm−3, and the materials demonstrated a maximum power factor of 2.9 × 10−3 W m−1 K−2. Combined with an ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of 0.7 W m−1 K−1, a high thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) with 1.26 at 690 K was attained in PbSe(NaCl)4.5. This study provides a guideline for chemical doping to improve the thermoelectric properties of PbSe further and promote its applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062629
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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