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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Molecular and Ultrastructural Mechanisms Underlying Yellow Dwarf Symptom Formation in Wheat after Infection of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 19, No. 4 ( 2018-04-13), p. 1187-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 4 ( 2018-04-13), p. 1187-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041187
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Reliability and Maintenance Prioritization Analysis of Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Energies Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2018-06-11), p. 1519-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2018-06-11), p. 1519-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en11061519
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Large-Scale Synthesis of Iron Ore@Biomass Derived ESBC to Degrade Tetracycline Hydrochloride for Heterogeneous Persulfate Activation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-11-02), p. 1345-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-11-02), p. 1345-
    Abstract: Iron-based catalysts are widely used in water treatment and environmental remediation due to their abundant content in nature and their ability to activate persulfate at room temperature. Here, eggshell biochar-loaded natural iron slag (IO@ESBC) was successfully synthesized to remove tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) by activated persulfate. The morphology, structure and chemical composition of IO@ESBC were systematically characterized. The IO@ESBC/PS process showed good performance for TCH removal. The decomposition rate constant (k) for IO@ESBC was 0.011 min−1 and the degradation rate was 3690 mmol/g/h in this system. With the increase of PS concentration and IO@ESBC content, the removal rate of TCH both increased. The IO@ESBC/PS process can effectively remove TCH at pH 3–9. There are different effects on TCH removal for the reason that the addition of water matrix species (humic acid, Cl−, HCO3−, NO3− and HPO42−). The IO@ESBC/PS system for degrading TCH was mainly controlled by both the free radical pathway (SO4•−, •OH and O2•−) and non-free radical pathway (1O2). The loading of ESBC slows down the agglomeration between iron particles, and more active sites are exposed. The removal rate of TCH was still above 75% after five cycles of IO@ESBC. This interesting investigation has provided a green route for synthesis of composite driving from waste resources, expanding its further application for environmental remediations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal12111345
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uncovering the Efficiency and Performance of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Cold Regions: A Case Study of a Public Building in Northern China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Buildings Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-06-19), p. 1564-
    Details
    In: Buildings, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-06-19), p. 1564-
    Abstract: In cold regions, due o the impact of climatic conditions, the heat load in winter and the cooling load in summer are unbalanced. In the long-term operation of the ground-source heat pump (GSHP), the soil heat imbalance phenomenon has still not been successfully solved. Therefore, this study took the GSHP of a public building in the cold area of northern China as the research object. Based on the unit performance data of the system over 8 years and the measured data of the soil temperature field, the long-term operation efficiency of the GSHP in the cold region and the variation law of the soil temperature field were explored. In order to further study the problem of soil heat imbalance, the effect of heat exchange hole groups at different intervals on the underground soil thermal environment after 30 years of operation in the system was simulated, and the optimization scheme of heat exchange hole spacing was proposed. The research results support the improvement and optimization of GSHP design and construction, and have important practical significance for the popularization of GSHPs in cold regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-5309
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/buildings13061564
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661539-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Plants Vol. 12, No. 17 ( 2023-09-03), p. 3162-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 17 ( 2023-09-03), p. 3162-
    Abstract: The recent availability of a number of tea plant genomes has sparked substantial interest in using reverse genetics to explore gene function in tea (Camellia sinensis). However, a hurdle to this is the absence of an efficient transformation system, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), a transient transformation system, could be an optimal choice for validating gene function in the tea plant. In this study, phytoene desaturase (PDS), a carotenoid biosynthesis gene, was used as a reporter to evaluate the VIGS system. The injection sites of the leaves (leaf back, petiole, and stem) for infiltration were tested, and the results showed that petiole injection had the most effective injection, without leading to necrotic lesions that cause the leaves to drop. Tea leaves were inoculated with Agrobacterium harboring a tobacco rattle virus plasmid (pTRV2) containing a CsPDS silencing fragment. The tea leaves exhibited chlorosis symptoms 7–14 days after inoculation, depending on the cultivar. In the chlorosis plants, the coat protein (CP) of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was detected and coincided with the lower transcription of CsPDS and reduced chlorophyll content compared with the empty vector control, with 81.82% and 54.55% silencing efficiency of ‘LTDC’ and ‘YSX’, respectively. These results indicate that the VIGS system with petiole injection could quickly and effectively silence a gene in tea plants.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants12173162
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of a High-Accuracy Numerical Method for Time-Fractional Integro-Differential Equations
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Fractal and Fractional Vol. 7, No. 6 ( 2023-06-16), p. 480-
    Details
    In: Fractal and Fractional, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 6 ( 2023-06-16), p. 480-
    Abstract: A high-order finite difference numerical scheme based on the compact difference operator is proposed in this paper for time-fractional partial integro-differential equations with a weakly singular kernel, where the time-fractional derivative term is defined in the Riemann-Liouville sense. Here, the stability and convergence of the constructed compact finite difference scheme are proved in L∞ norm, with the accuracy order O(τ2+h4), where τ and h are temporal and spatial step sizes, respectively. The advantage of this numerical scheme is that arbitrary parameters can be applied to achieve the desired accuracy. Some numerical examples are presented to support the theoretical analysis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2504-3110
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/fractalfract7060480
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2905371-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Genome-Wide Analysis Elucidates the Role of CONSTANS-like Genes in Stress Responses of Cotton
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 19, No. 9 ( 2018-09-07), p. 2658-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 9 ( 2018-09-07), p. 2658-
    Abstract: The CONSTANS (CO)-like gene family has been well studied for its role in the regulation of plant flowering time. However, their role remains poorly understood in cotton. To better understand the possible roles of CO-like in cotton, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of CO-like genes in cotton. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CO-like genes naturally clustered into three groups. Segmental duplication and whole genome duplication (WGD), which occurred before polyploidy, were important contributors to its expansion within the At (“t” indicates tetraploid) and Dt subgenomes, particularly in Group III. Long-terminal repeat retroelements were identified as the main transposable elements accompanying 18 genes. The genotype of GhCOL12_Dt displayed low diversity; it was a candidate involved in domestication. Selection pressure analyses indicated that relaxed purifying selection might have provided the main impetus during the evolution of CO-like genes in upland cotton. In addition, the high expression in the torus and calycle indicated that CO-like genes might affect flowering. The genes from Group II, and those from Group III involved in segmental duplication or WGD, might play important roles in response to drought and salt stress. Overall, this comprehensive genome-wide study of the CO-like gene family would facilitate further detailed studies in cotton.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092658
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Interturn Short Fault Detection and Location of Permanent Magnet Wind Generator Based on Negative Sequence Current Residuals
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Energies Vol. 15, No. 24 ( 2022-12-13), p. 9441-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 24 ( 2022-12-13), p. 9441-
    Abstract: This article proposes a model-based method for the detection and phase location of interturn short fault (ISF) in the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The simplified mathematical model of PMSG with ISF on dq-axis is established to analyze the fault signature. The current residuals are accurately estimated through Luenberger observer based on the expanded mathematical model of PMSG. In current residuals, the second harmonics are extracted using negative sequence park transform and angular integral filtering to construct the fault detection index. In addition, the unbalance characteristics of three-phase current after ISF can reflect the location of the fault phase, based on which the location indexes are defined. Simulation results for various operating and fault severity conditions primarily validate the effectiveness and robustness of diagnosis method in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en15249441
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Ecological Security Patterns at Different Spatial Scales on the Loess Plateau
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2023-02-12), p. 1011-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2023-02-12), p. 1011-
    Abstract: The study of ecological security patterns (ESPs) is of great significance for improving the value of ecosystem services and promoting both ecological protection and high-quality socio-economic development. As an important part of the “Loss Plateau-Sichuan-Yunnan Ecological Barrier” and “Northern Sand Control Belt” in the national security strategic pattern, there is an urgent need to study the ESPs on the Loess Plateau. Based on a remote sensing dataset, this study identified the ESPs at different spatial scales, and analyzed the similarities and differences of ecological sources, corridors, and key strategic points, so as to better inform the development and implantation of macro and micro ecological protection strategies. When taken as a whole unit, we identified 58 ecological sources (areas with higher levels of ecosystem services) on the Loess Plateau (total area of 57,948.48 km2), along with 134 corridors (total length of 14,094.32 km), 1325 pinch points (total area of 315.01 km2), and 2406 barrier points (total area of 382.50 km2). When splits into ecoregions, we identified 108 sources (total area of 67,892.51 km2), 226 corridors (total length of 13,403.49 km), 2801 pinch points (total area of 851.07 km2, and 3657 barrier points (total area of 800.70 km2). Human activities and land use types are the main factors influencing the number and spatial distribution of corridors, ecological pinch points, and barrier points. ESPs constructed at different spatial scales are broadly similar, but significant differences among details were identified. As such, when formulating ecological protection and restoration strategies, the spatial scale should be considered. Moreover, specific programs should be determined based on ESP characteristics to maximize the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem integrity from multiple perspectives and directions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15041011
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Calibration and Improved Speckle Statistics of IM-CW Lidar for Atmospheric CO2 Measurements
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2020-07-11), p. 737-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2020-07-11), p. 737-
    Abstract: An intensity modulated, continuous-wave (IM-CW) integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) fiber-based lidar is developed herein for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). There are two main challenges in improving measurement accuracy, which have not been given enough attention in the previous research: one is that temperature sensitivity in optical components causes biases, due to the drift of component characteristic, and the other is that speckle noise deteriorates the signal-to-noise ratio. With the components thermally controlled, a target calibration accuracy of 0.003 dB is realized, corresponding to a CO2 concentration precision of better than 1 ppm for a 1 km path. A moving diffuser can reduce speckle noise by time averaging. In this paper, movement of the diffuser is substituted by the perturbation of the emitted laser beam by using a vibrating motor mounted on the optical antenna. Selecting on and off wavelengths with a small wavelength separation can improve the correlation between two laser speckle fields. These improvements result in the improved accuracy of the IPDA lidar system. Finally, the lidar performance was analyzed after the improvements described above were implemented. The diurnal variations of the atmospheric CO2 concentration using a topographic target were performed, and the results showed good agreement with the data measured by an in situ sensor. The root mean square (rms) of the deviation between the IPDA lidar and the in situ sensor was less than 1.4%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070737
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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