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  • MDPI AG  (215)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Positional Behavior and Substrate Use in Wild Tibetan Macaques
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Animals Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2022-03-18), p. 767-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2022-03-18), p. 767-
    Abstract: Body size and individual development significantly affect positional behavior and substrate use. However, only a few studies have been conducted on immature wild macaques. We studied wild Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) inhabiting Mt. Huangshan, China, to explore the degree of interspecific variation in positional behavior in relation to body weight and individual development. From September 2020 to August 2021, we used instantaneous scan sampling (duration 5 min, interval 10 min) to record age–sex groups, locomotions, postures, and substrate attributes. The results showed that Tibetan macaques used terrestrial substrates in nearly two-thirds of the recorded observations. The main postural modes were sitting and quadrupedal standing. The main locomotor modes were quadrupedal walking and climbing among all age–sex group records. Positional behavior and substrate use in adults only significantly differed from those in juveniles and infants. Although adult males were larger than the other age–sex groups, they did not climb and bridge more frequently than the other age–sex groups. The frequency of climbing, leaping, and suspension was significantly higher in juveniles than in adults. In addition, adult males used terrestrial and larger substrates more frequently, while juveniles and infants used arboreal substrates and terminals more frequently than adult males during traveling and feeding. We hypothesize that the more positional behavioral spectrum of Tibetan macaque juveniles’ may be related to rapid skeletal muscle development. These results suggest that differences in interspecific positional behavior may be caused by the individual development and survival needs of individuals, rather than just body size.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani12060767
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification and Characterization of Infectious Pathogens Associated with Mass Mortalities of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Cultured in Northern China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Biology Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-05-23), p. 759-
    Details
    In: Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-05-23), p. 759-
    Abstract: The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) aquaculture industry increased rapidly in China with the introduction and promotion of triploid oysters in recent years. Mass mortalities affecting different life stages of Pacific oysters emerged periodically in several important production areas of Northern China. During 2020 and 2021, we conducted a passive two-year investigation of infectious pathogens linked to mass mortality. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) was detected to be associated with mass mortalities of hatchery larvae, but not juveniles and adults in the open sea. Protozoan parasites, such as Marteilia spp., Perkinsus spp. and Bonamia spp. were not detected. Bacterial isolation and identification revealed that Vibrio natriegens and Vibrio alginolyticus were the most frequently (9 out of 13) identified two dominant bacteria associated with mass mortalities. Pseudoalteromonas spp. was identified as the dominant bacteria in three mortality events that occurred during the cold season. Further bacteriological analysis was conducted on two representative isolates of V. natriegens and V. alginolyticus, designated as CgA1-1 and CgA1-2. Multisequence analysis (MLSA) showed that CgA1-1 and CgA1-2 were closely related to each other and nested within the Harveyi clade. Bacteriological investigation revealed faster growth, and more remarkable haemolytic activity and siderophore production capacity at 25 °C than at 15 °C for both CgA1-1 and CgA1-2. The accumulative mortalities of experimental immersion infections were also higher at 25 °C (90% and 63.33%) than at 15 °C (43.33% and 33.33%) using both CgA1-1 and CgA1-2, respectively. Similar clinical and pathological features were identified in samples collected during both naturally and experimentally occurring mortalities, such as thin visceral mass, discolouration, and connective tissue and digestive tube lesions. The results presented here highlight the potential risk of OsHV-1 to hatchery production of larvae, and the pathogenic role of V. natriegens and V. alginolyticus during mass mortalities of all life stages of Pacific oysters in Northern China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-7737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biology12060759
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661517-4
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Design, Synthesis, Biological Activity and Molecular Dynamics Studies of Specific Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors over SHP-2
    MDPI AG ; 2013
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2013-06-17), p. 12661-12674
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2013-06-17), p. 12661-12674
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612661
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Controlled Synthesis of Au Nanocrystals-Metal Selenide Hybrid Nanostructures toward Plasmon-Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2020-03-20), p. 564-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2020-03-20), p. 564-
    Abstract: A simple method for the controllable synthesis of Au nanocrystals–metal selenide hybrid nanostructures via amino acid guiding strategy is proposed. The results show that the symmetric overgrowth mode of PbSe shells on Au nanorods can be precisely manipulated by only adjusting the initial concentration of Pb2+. The shape of Au–PbSe hybrids can evolve from dumbbell-like to yolk-shell. Interestingly, the plasmonic absorption enhancement could be tuned by the symmetry of these hybrid nanostructures. This provides an effective pathway for maneuvering plasmon-induced energy transfer in metal–semiconductor hybrids. In addition, the photoactivities of Au–PbSe nanorods sensitized TiO2 electrodes have been further evaluated. Owing to the synergism between effective plasmonic enhancement effect and efficient interfacial charge transfer in these hybrid nanostructures, the Au–PbSe yolk-shell nanorods exhibit an outstanding photocurrent activity. Their photocurrent density is 4.38 times larger than that of Au–PbSe dumbbell-like nanorods under light irradiation at λ 〉 600 nm. As a versatile method, the proposed strategy can also be employed to synthesize other metal–selenide hybrid nanostructures (such as Au–CdSe, Au–Bi2Se3 and Au–CuSe).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano10030564
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    PSMA-Oriented Target Delivery of Novel Anticancer Prodrugs: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of Oligopeptide-Camptothecin Conjugates
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 19, No. 10 ( 2018-10-19), p. 3251-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 10 ( 2018-10-19), p. 3251-
    Abstract: Clinical applications of camptothecin (CPT) have been heavily hindered due to its non-targeted toxicity, active lactone ring instability, and poor water solubility. Targeted drug delivery systems may offer the possibility to overcome the above issues as reported. In this research, a series of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-activated CPT prodrugs were designed and synthesized by coupling water-soluble pentapeptide, a PSMA hydrolyzing substrate, to CPT through an appropriate linker. The cytotoxicity of CPT prodrugs was masked temporarily until they were hydrolyzed by the PSMA present within the tumor sites, which restored cytotoxicity. The in vitro selective cytotoxic activities of the prodrugs were evaluated against PSMA-expressing human prostate cancer cells LNCaP-FGC and non-PSMA-expressing cancer cells HepG2, Hela, MCF-7, DU145, PC-3 and normal cells MDCK, LO2 by standard methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Most of the newly synthesized CPT prodrugs showed excellent selective toxicity to PSMA-producing prostate cancer cells LNCaP-FGC with improved water solubility. From among the library, CPT-HT-J-ZL12 showed the best cytotoxic selectivity between the PSMA-expressing and the non-PSMA-expressing cancer cells. For example, the cytotoxicity of CPT-HT-J-ZL12 (IC50 = 1.00 ± 0.20 µM) against LNCaP-FGC (PSMA+) was 40-fold, 40-fold, 21-fold, 5-fold and 40-fold, respectively, higher than that against the non-PSMA-expressing cells HepG2 (IC50 〉 40.00 µM), Hela (IC50 〉 40.00 µM), MCF-7 (IC50 = 21.68 ± 4.96 µM), DU145 (IC50 = 5.40 ± 1.22 µM), PC-3 (IC50 = 42.96 ± 3.69 µM) cells. Moreover, CPT-HT-J-ZL12 exhibited low cytotoxicity (IC50 〉 40 μM) towards MDCK and LO2 cells. The cellular uptake experiment demonstrated the superior PSMA-targeting ability of the CPT-HT-J-ZL12, which was significantly accumulated in LNCaP-FGC (PSMA+), while it was minimized in HepG2 (PSMA−) cells. Further cell apoptosis analyses indicated that it showed a dramatically higher apoptosis-inducing activity in LNCaP-FGC (PSMA+) cells than in HepG2 (PSMA−) cells. Cell cycle analysis indicated that CPT-HT-J-ZL12 could induce cell cycle arrest at the S phase.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103251
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Potential Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Regulating Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4-Induced Apoptosis in Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2021-08-17), p. 1623-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2021-08-17), p. 1623-
    Abstract: Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) is caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) and has resulted in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry globally. FAdV-4 elicits apoptosis in host cells. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulatory RNAs with profound effects on various biological processes, including apoptosis. However, it remains unknown whether lncRNAs participate in FAdV-4-induced apoptosis. In this study, RNA sequencing was applied to determine the transcription of cellular lncRNA in leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells infected with FAdV-4. Cellular RNA transcription analysis demonstrated that FAdV-4 infection elicited 1798 significantly differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs in infected LMH cells at 24 h post-infection (hpi) compared to mock control infection. In addition, 2873 DE mRNAs were also found. Target prediction and analyses revealed that 775 DE lncRNAs whose 671 target mRNAs were among the DE mRNAs were involved in several signaling pathways, including the AMPK signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway and insulin signaling pathway. From these 775 DE lncRNAs, we identified 71 DE lncRNAs related to apoptosis based on their target gene functions. Subsequently, lncRNA 54128 was selected from the 71 identified DE lncRNAs, and its role in FAdV-4-induced apoptosis was verified. LncRNA 54128 interference significantly suppressed the rate of apoptosis, which was accompanied by reduced BMP4 transcription levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze host lncRNA transcription during FAdV-4 infection. Our findings provide a better understanding of host responses to FAdV-4 infection and provide new directions for understanding the potential association between lncRNAs and FAdV-4 pathogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13081623
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapid, Label-Free Prediction of Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella typhimurium by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 3 ( 2022-01-25), p. 1356-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 3 ( 2022-01-25), p. 1356-
    Abstract: The rapid identification of bacterial antibiotic susceptibility is pivotal to the rational administration of antibacterial drugs. In this study, cefotaxime (CTX)-derived resistance in Salmonella typhimurium (abbr. CTXr-S. typhimurium) during 3 months of exposure was rapidly recorded using a portable Raman spectrometer. The molecular changes that occurred in the drug-resistant strains were sensitively monitored in whole cells by label-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Various degrees of resistant strains could be accurately discriminated by applying multivariate statistical analyses to bacterial SERS profiles. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed a positive linear correlation with the relative Raman intensities of I990/I1348, and the R2 reached 0.9962. The SERS results were consistent with the data obtained by MIC assays, mutant prevention concentration (MPC) determinations, and Kirby-Bauer antibiotic susceptibility tests (K-B tests). This preliminary proof-of-concept study indicates the high potential of the SERS method to supplement the time-consuming conventional method and help alleviate the challenges of antibiotic resistance in clinical therapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031356
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cryptotanshinone Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Reduces the Level of Abnormally Aggregated Protein in Caenorhabditis elegans AD Models
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 17 ( 2022-09-02), p. 10030-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 17 ( 2022-09-02), p. 10030-
    Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the leading causes of dementia. As the first common neurodegenerative disease, there are no effective drugs that can reverse the progression. The present study is to report the anti-AD effect of cryptotanshinone (CTS), a natural product isolated from Salvia castanea. It is found that it can alleviate AD-like features associated with Aβ1-42 toxicity in muscle cells as well as neuronal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Further studies showed that CTS reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nematodes, up-regulated the expression of sod-3, and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity. Cryptotanshinone reduced the level of Aβ monomers and highly toxic oligomers in C. elegans while inhibiting the abnormal aggregation of polyglutamine protein. In addition, CTS upregulated the expression of hsp-16.2 and downregulated the expression of ace-2. These results suggested that CTS could alleviate oxidative stress and reduce the level of abnormally aggregated proteins and has the potential to be developed as an anti-AD drug candidate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710030
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Overview of Structurally Modified Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives as Antitumor Agents
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Molecules Vol. 22, No. 6 ( 2017-06-02), p. 924-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 6 ( 2017-06-02), p. 924-
    Abstract: Glycyrrhetinic Acid (GA), a triterpenoid aglycone component of the natural product glycyrrhizinic acid, was found to possess remarkable anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity in various cancer cell lines. Though GA was not as active as other triterpenes, such as betulinic acid and oleanolic acid, it could trigger apoptosis in tumor cells and it can be obtained easily and cheaply, which has stimulated scientific interest in using GA as a scaffold to synthesize new antitumor agents. The structural modifications of GA reported in recent decades can be divided into four groups, which include structural modifications on ring-A, ring-C, ring-E and multiple ring modifications. The lack of a comprehensive and recent review on this topic prompted us to gather more new information. This overview is dedicated to summarizing and updating the structural modification of GA to improve its antitumor activity published between 2005 and 2016. We reviewed a total of 210 GA derivatives that we encountered and compiled the most active GA derivatives along with their activity profile in different series. Furthermore, the structure activity relationships of these derivatives are briefly discussed. The included information is expected to be of benefit to further studies of structural modifications of GA to enhance its antitumor activity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060924
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 10
    Online Resource
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    Albumin Fusion at the N-Terminus or C-Terminus of HM-3 Leads to Improved Pharmacokinetics and Bioactivities
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Biomedicines Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-08-25), p. 1084-
    Details
    In: Biomedicines, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-08-25), p. 1084-
    Abstract: HM-3, an integrin antagonist, exhibits anti-tumor biological responses and therefore has potential as a therapeutic polypeptide. However, the clinical applications of HM-3 are limited by its short half-life. In this study, we genetically fused human serum albumin (HSA) to the N or C-terminus of HM-3 to improve HM-3 pharmacokinetics. HM-3/HSA proteins were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and displayed improved pharmacokinetic properties and stability. Among them, the half-life of HM-3-HSA was longer than HSA-HM-3. In vitro, the IC50 values of HSA-HM-3 and HM-3-HSA were 0.38 ± 0.14 μM and 0.25 ± 0.08 μM in B16F10 cells, respectively. In vivo, the inhibition rates of B16F10 tumor growth were 36% (HSA-HM-3) and 56% (HM-3-HSA), respectively, indicating antitumor activity of HM-3-HSA was higher than HSA-HM-3. In conclusion, these results suggested that the HM-3/HSA fusion protein might be potential candidate HM-3 agent for treatment of melanoma and when HSA was fused at the C-terminus of HM-3, the fusion protein had a higher stability and activity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9059
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091084
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720867-9
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