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  • MDPI AG  (74)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adaptation of the Coniferous Forests to Natural Fire Disturbances in the Altai Mountains, Xinjiang, China
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Forests Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2024-02-04), p. 296-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2024-02-04), p. 296-
    Abstract: The Altai Mountains, located in the northwesternmost part of China, have a harsh climate and little human activity, making it an excellent location to study forest ecology undisturbed by human interference. The forest is frequently struck by lightning and experiences long-term natural fire disturbances, leading to the evolution of unique fire adaptation traits in the major conifer species. To explore the role of natural fire disturbances in the Altai Mountain forest ecosystem, we conducted a study on the fire adaptation traits of Larix sibirica, Pinus sibirica, Picea obovata, and Abies sibirica, and reconstructed the fire history of the forest area over the past 100 years. We investigated three representative forest areas with varying fire disturbance conditions and habitats in the Altai Mountains. Data on fire disturbance conditions, relative air humidity, and species composition were collected in these areas. Basal diameter to diameter at breast height, relative bark thickness, and under-crown heights were measured and counted for each of the four species, and litter, bark, and wood layers were sampled and analyzed for physicochemical properties (ash, fat, and higher heating value) for each of the four species in the plots examined. We conducted a count of the four conifer species in the forest for each fire adaptation index and analyzed the differences in fire adaptation traits among the species. Larix sibirica showed fire-tolerant traits, Pinus sibirica displayed fire-embracer traits, and Picea obovata and Abies sibirica exhibited fire-avoider traits. Through the analysis of stand composition and exposure to fire disturbance in the different forest areas, we were able to correlate the fire-adaptive strategies of the four conifers with stand characteristics under varying fire disturbances and habitats. The interaction between forests and fires, and their adaptation to each other, ultimately create the current ecosystems in the Altai Mountains.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f15020296
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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  • 2
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    Effect of Cold Rolling and Annealing on the Microstructure and Texture of Erbium Metal
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2022-02-12), p. 1370-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2022-02-12), p. 1370-
    Abstract: Erbium metal with purity ≥ 99% was cold rolled to 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% deformations and the Er metal of 60% deformation was annealed at different temperatures for 1 h. The effect of cold rolling deformation and annealing on the microstructure and texture evolution of Er metal was investigated by XRD, EBSD, Microhardness tester, and OM. P is the orientation index, which is used to judge the preferred orientation. The research results showed that grains were broken and refined gradually with increasing deformation, the average grain size was 3.37 µm, and the orientation distribution was uniform for 60% deformation; deformation twins appeared in the grain when the deformation was less than 40%, which contributed to the generation of (0001) plane orientation. Comparing with the initial state, the (011−0) plane orientation gradually weakened and the (111−0) plane orientation had a trend of further strengthening with the increasing deformation; the (1−21−0) plane orientation remained unchanged, but there was a gradual weakening trend when the deformation was greater than 50%. For 60% deformation of Er metal, the deformed microstructure was replaced by fine equiaxed grains with the increasing annealing temperature, and the high-performance Er metal with fine and uniform equiaxed grains can be obtained under annealing at 740 °C for 1 h.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15041370
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 3
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    Ultra-Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica Based on the CRISPR/Cas12a Nucleic Acid Identification Platform
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Foods Vol. 11, No. 14 ( 2022-07-21), p. 2160-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 14 ( 2022-07-21), p. 2160-
    Abstract: Yersinia enterocolitica is a dangerous foodborne human pathogen that mainly causes gastroenteritis. Ideal methods for the detection of pathogens in food should be rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost effective. To this end, novel in vitro nucleic acid identification methods based on clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) endonuclease have received increasing attention. In this study, a simple, visual, and ultrasensitive method, based on CRISPR/Cas12a with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), was developed for the detection of Y. enterocolitica. The results show that a specific attachment invasion locus gene (ail) can be rapidly detected using a CRISPR/Cas12a-RPA-based system. Application of the method to raw pork, which was artificially infected with Y. enterocolitica, achieved an estimated detection limit of 1.7 CFU/mL in less than 45 min, and this was 100 times lower compared with qPCR. The results indicated that the CRISPR/Cas12a-RPA system has good potential for monitoring pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in the chilled meat supply chain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods11142160
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 4
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    Sustainable Biomass Glucose-Derived Porous Carbon Spheres with High Nitrogen Doping: As a Promising Adsorbent for CO2/CH4/N2 Adsorptive Separation
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-01-19), p. 174-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-01-19), p. 174-
    Abstract: Separation of CO2/CH4/N2 is significantly important from the view of environmental protection and energy utilization. In this work, we reported nitrogen (N)-doped porous carbon spheres prepared from sustainable biomass glucose via hydrothermal carbonization, CO2 activation, and urea treatment. The optimal carbon sample exhibited a high CO2 and CH4 capacity, as well as a low N2 uptake, under ambient conditions. The excellent selectivities toward CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and CH4/N2 binary mixtures were predicted by ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) via correlating pure component adsorption isotherms with the Langmuir−Freundlich model. At 25 °C and 1 bar, the adsorption capacities for CO2 and CH4 were 3.03 and 1.3 mmol g−1, respectively, and the IAST predicated selectivities for CO2/N2 (15/85), CO2/CH4 (10/90), and CH4/N2 (30/70) reached 16.48, 7.49, and 3.76, respectively. These results should be attributed to the synergistic effect between suitable microporous structure and desirable N content. This report introduces a simple pathway to obtain N-doped porous carbon spheres to meet the flue gas and energy gas adsorptive separation requirements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano10010174
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 5
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    Study on Electrochemical Corrosion of Q235 Steel in Sand Containing HA Solution under a Natural Air-Dried State
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Coatings Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2024-04-16), p. 491-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2024-04-16), p. 491-
    Abstract: To explore the corrosion of Q235 steel in sand containing a simulated haze aqueous solution (HA solution) under a natural air-dried state, the effect of moisture (age) on the corrosion of Q235 steel in sand was comprehensively studied by EIS, polarization curve, SEM, EDS and XPS. The physical and chemical properties of the sand showed that the sand containing the HA solution was basically neutral under natural air drying, and the temperature was around 20 °C. After 14 days, the moisture content gradually decreased from 30% to 0%, and the salinity decreased from 1.26% to 0.04%. With the increase in age, the Eocp gradually positively skews, indicating the corrosion kinetics of the Q235 steel decrease. The impedance spectra showed that in the frequency of 10−2–103 Hz, the impedance spectra exhibited a flat capacitive loop, and the corrosion of Q235 steel was the strongest in the sand containing HA solution on the 8 d. The polarization curves showed that with increasing age, the degree of corrosion of Q235 steel changed from medium or above to slight corrosion in the sand containing HA solution. The pitting characteristics of anode branch for polarization curve also indicate the faster corrosion kinetics of Q235 steel in the early age (1–5 d). The corrosion current density Io first increased and then decreased, and the highest value was 3.44 × 10−5 A/cm2 at 6 d. The average corrosion rate was 0.1629 mm/a. HA solution accelerates the corrosion of Q235 steel in sand without HA solution (average corrosion rate, 1.51 × 10−2 mm/a). A large amount of brown-yellow corrosion products (iron oxides, about 70–200 μm) presented on the surface of the Q235 steel. The corrosion of Q235 steel belonged to local corrosion, and the corrosion pits were connected to form a large dimple-like area. The HA solution and the porous structure of sand jointly affect the electrochemical corrosion of Q235 steel.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings14040491
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 6
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    Effects of Prescribed Burning on Surface Dead Fuel and Potential Fire Behavior in Pinus yunnanensis in Central Yunnan Province, China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Forests Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2023-09-20), p. 1915-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2023-09-20), p. 1915-
    Abstract: Prescribed burning is a widely used fuel management employed technique to mitigate the risk of forest fires. The Pinus yunnanensis Franch. forest, which is frequently prone to forest fires in southwestern China, serves as a prime example for investigating the effects of prescribed burning on the flammability of surface dead fuel. This research aims to establish a scientific foundation for managing dead fuel in forests, as well as fire prevention and control strategies. Field data was collected from P. yunnanensis forests located in central Yunnan Province in 2021 and 2022. The study implemented a randomized complete block design with two blocks and three treatments: an unburned control (UB), one year after the prescribed burning (PB1a), and three years after the prescribed burning (PB3a). These treatments were evaluated based on three indices: surface dead-bed structure, physicochemical properties, and potential fire behavior parameters. To analyze the stand characteristics of the sample plots, a paired t-test was conducted. The results indicated no significant differences in the stand characteristics of P. yunnanensis following prescribed burning (p 〉 0.05). Prescribed burning led to a significant decrease in the average surface dead fuel load from 10.24 t/ha to 3.70 t/ha, representing a reduction of 63.87%. Additionally, the average fire−line intensity decreased from 454 kw/m to 190 kw/m, indicating a decrease of 58.15%. Despite prescribed burning, there were no significant changes observed in the physical and chemical properties of dead fuels (p 〉 0.05). However, the bed structure of dead fuels and fire behavior parameters exhibited a significant reduction compared with the control sample site. The findings of this study provide essential theoretical support for the scientific implementation of prescribed burning programs and the accurate evaluation of ecological and environmental effects post burning.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f14091915
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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  • 7
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    Sonication-Free Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for High-Sorption-Capacity Aerogel Fabrication
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 21 ( 2022-11-07), p. 7657-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 21 ( 2022-11-07), p. 7657-
    Abstract: Homogenously dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in solvents has been one critical step towards exploiting their exceptional properties in high-performance components. However, the solubility of SWNTs is severely limited by the inert tube surfaces and strong tube-tube van der Waals attractions. Starting with carbon nanotubides, i.e., negatively charged SWNTs reduced by alkali metals, we herein propose a sonication-free approach to prepare an aqueous dispersion of SWNTs. The approach combines the spontaneous dissolution of nanotubides in polar aprotic solvents with polyvinylpyrrolidone wrapping and dialysis in deionized H2O, which results in well-dispersed, neutralized SWNTs. The gelation of concentrated SWNT dispersion leads to the formation of hydrogels, which is subsequently transformed into SWNT aerogels through lyophilization. The prepared SWNT aerogels exhibit high-mass-sorption capacities for organic solvent absorption, paving the way towards harvesting the extraordinary properties of SWNTs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217657
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 8
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    Unraveling the Genetic Architecture for Low Temperature Germinability-Related Traits in Rice Using Genome-Wide Association Study
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-05-16), p. 1194-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-05-16), p. 1194-
    Abstract: Rice is frequently affected by cold weather at high altitudes in temperate and subtropical regions. With the popularity of direct seeding, a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating cold tolerance will enable breeders to develop varieties with strong low temperature germinability (LTG). In this study, six indices including low temperature germination percentage (LTGP), relative germination percentage (RGP), relative plumule length (RPL), plumule length after 6-day recovery (PLR), plumule length recovery rate (PLRR) and recovery ability of plumule length after cold stress (RAPL) were measured to assess LTG, and carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify QTL and candidate genes related to LTG by using a natural population comprising 211 rice accessions. A total of 18 QTL including two for LTGP, three for RGP, five for PLR, four for PLRR, two for RPL and two for RAPL were uncovered on 12 chromosome regions located in chromosome 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 12. On chromosome 2, qLTGP2 and qRGP2 were co-localized at 3.3 Mb, and qPLR2 and qPLRR2 were co-localized at 5.5 Mb; qLTGP5, qPLR5 and qPLR5 were co-localized at 27.8 Mb on chromosome 5; qPLR6 and qPLRR6 were co-localized at 5.7 Mb on chromosome 6; and qPLR12 and qPLRR12 were co-localized at 23.5 Mb on chromosome 12. These results indicated that some LTG-related traits may share the same genetic pathway. For the 18 LTG-related QTL, seven QTL (qLTGP2, qRGP2, qPLR2, qPLRR2, qLTGP5, qPLR5 and qPLR5) were reported for the first time. According to candidate gene analysis, fourteen genes from five QTL (qLTGP2, qPLR2, qLTGP5, qRAPL10 and qPLR12) were considered as candidate genes and will be further functionally validated in subsequent experiments. QTL with superior candidate genes identified in this study will be useful in improving cold tolerance in rice cultivars. The rice varieties with strong LTG identified in this study will enrich the resources of rice cultivation project.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12051194
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    The Inhibitory Effect of Early Pregnancy Factor on Red Meat Neu5Gc-Mediated Antibody Production in CMAH−/− Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 2024-03-21), p. 905-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 6 ( 2024-03-21), p. 905-
    Abstract: The meat derived from mammals such as cows, sheep, and pigs is commonly referred to as red meat. Recent studies have shown that consuming red meat can activate the immune system, produce antibodies, and subsequently develop into tumors and cancer. This is due to the presence of a potential carcinogenic compound in red meat called N-ethanol neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Gc is a common sialic monosaccharide in mammals, synthesized from N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in the body and typically present in most mammals. However, due to the lack of the CMAH gene encoding the cytidine 5′-monophosphate Neu5Ac hydroxylase, humans are unable to synthesize Neu5Gc. Compared to primates such as mice or chimpanzees, the specific loss of Neu5Gc expression in humans is attributed to fixed genome mutations in CMAH. Although Neu5Gc cannot be produced, it can be introduced from specific dietary sources such as red meat and milk, so it is necessary to use mice or chimpanzees that knock out the CMAH gene instead of humans as experimental models. Further research has shown that early pregnancy factor (EPF) has the ability to regulate CD4+T cell-dependent immune responses. In this study, we established a simulated human animal model using C57/BL6 mice with CMAH gene knockout and analyzed the inhibitory effect of EPF on red meat Neu5Gc-induced CMAH−/− C57/BL6 mouse antibody production and chronic inflammation development. The results showed that the intervention of EPF reduced slow weight gain and shortened colon length in mice. In addition, EPF treatment significantly reduced the levels of anti Neu5Gc antibodies in the body, as well as the inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-1β, TNF-α and the activity of MPO. In addition, it also alleviated damage to liver and intestinal tissues and reduced the content of CD4 cells and the expression of B cell activation molecules CD80 and CD86 in mice. In summary, EPF effectively inhibited Neu5Gc-induced antibody production, reduced inflammation levels in mice, and alleviated Neu5Gc-induced inflammation. This will provide a new re-search concept and potential approach for developing immunosuppressants to address safety issues related to long-term consumption of red meat.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu16060905
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 10
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    A Novel Cocrystal of Daidzein with Piperazine to Optimize the Solubility, Permeability and Bioavailability of Daidzein
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Molecules Vol. 29, No. 8 ( 2024-04-10), p. 1710-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 29, No. 8 ( 2024-04-10), p. 1710-
    Abstract: It is well known that daidzein has various significant medicinal values and health benefits, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, cholesterol lowering, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and so on. To our disappointment, poor solubility, low permeability and inferior bioavailability seriously limit its clinical application and market development. To optimize the solubility, permeability and bioavailability of daidzein, the cocrystal of daidzein and piperazine was prepared through a scientific and reasonable design, which was thoroughly characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Combining single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with theoretical calculation, detailed structural information on the cocrystal was clarified and validated. In addition, a series of evaluations on the pharmacogenetic properties of the cocrystal were investigated. The results indicated that the cocrystal of daidzein and piperazine possessed the favorable stability, increased solubility, improved permeability and optimized bioavailability of daidzein. Compared with the parent drug, the formation of cocrystal, respectively, resulted in 3.9-, 3.1-, 4.9- and 60.8-fold enhancement in the solubility in four different media, 4.8-fold elevation in the permeability and 3.2-fold in the bioavailability of daidzein. Targeting the pharmaceutical defects of daidzein, the surprising elevation in the solubility, permeability and bioavailability of daidzein was realized by a clever cocrystal strategy, which not only devoted assistance to the market development and clinical application of daidzein but also paved a new path to address the drug-forming defects of insoluble drugs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081710
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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