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  • MDPI AG  (23)
  • 1
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    Microscopic Analysis of Natural Fracture Properties in Organic-Rich Continental Shale Oil Reservoirs: A Case Study from the Lower Jurassic in the Sichuan Basin, China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2023-05-12), p. 1036-
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2023-05-12), p. 1036-
    Abstract: Natural fractures are of paramount importance in storing carbon in shale oil reservoirs, where ultra-low porosity and permeability necessitate their essentiality for enhanced oil recovery. Therefore, comprehensively clarifying the characteristics of natural fractures in shale oil reservoirs is imperative. This paper focuses on investigating the microscopic features of natural fractures in organic-rich continental shale oil reservoirs that are commonly found in the Lower Jurassic strata of the Sichuan Basin, employing them as a representative example. Multiple methods were utilized, including mechanical testing, Kaiser testing, multi-scale CT scanning (at 2 mm, 25 mm, and 100 mm scales), and a numerical simulation of fluid seepage in fracture models. The results revealed that the in situ stress of the target seam displays the characteristic of σH 〉 σv 〉 σh, with σv and σh being particularly similar. The relatively high lateral stress coefficient (ranging from 1.020 to 1.037) indicates that the horizontal stresses are higher than the average level. Although the 2 mm CT scan provides a more detailed view of fractures and connected pores, it primarily exhibited more pore information due to the high resolution, which may not fully unveil additional information about the fractures. Thus, the 25 mm shale core is a better option for studying natural fractures. The tortuosity of the different fractures indicated that the morphology of larger fractures is more likely to remain stable, while small-scale fractures tend to exhibit diverse shapes. The simulations demonstrated that the stress sensitivity of fracture permeability is approximately comparable across different fracture scales. Therefore, our research can enhance the understanding of the properties of natural fractures, facilitate predicting favorable areas for shale oil exploration, and aid in evaluating the carbon storage potential of shale oil reservoirs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-1312
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jmse11051036
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2738390-8
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  • 2
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    Chrysanthemum CmHSP90.5 as a Tool to Regulate Heat and Salt Stress Tolerance
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Horticulturae Vol. 8, No. 6 ( 2022-06-16), p. 532-
    Details
    In: Horticulturae, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 6 ( 2022-06-16), p. 532-
    Abstract: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in various stress conditions. In this study, CmHSP90.5, whose expression is induced by heat and salt, was cloned from a chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) ‘Jinba’ and expressed in Arabidopsis. We found that CmHSP90.5 localized in the chloroplast. The heterologous expression of CmHSP90.5 weakened the heat tolerance of Arabidopsis and reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), indicating that CmHSP90.5-mediated heat stress sensitivity may be partially due to the regulation of active oxygen cleavage. The levels of expression of AtHSP101, AtHSP15.7, and AtHSP17.6C in CmHSP90.5-overexpressing plants decreased compared with those in wild-type (WT) plants under heat stress, indicating that these HSPs and CmHSP90.5 coregulate a plant’s heat stress tolerance. In addition, the salt stress tolerance of the CmHSP90.5-overexpressing Arabidopsis decreased compared with that of WT plants; CmHSP90.5-overexpressing plants showed increased Na+ levels and decreased K+ and proline levels compared with those of WT plants. Interestingly, the expression of stress-related genes, such as the Na+/H+ antiporter encoding gene SOS1, high-affinity K+ transporter encoding gene HKT1;1, and proline synthesis gene AtP5CS1, decreased in CmHSP90.5-overexpressing plants under salt stress compared with those expressions in WT plants. Our findings lay a foundation for understanding the roles of CmHSP90.5 in response to abiotic stresses in chrysanthemum.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-7524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060532
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813983-5
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  • 3
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    Coplanar Meta-Surface-Based Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Antennas with Broadband and Low Reflections for K-Band Beam Scanning
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sensors Vol. 22, No. 17 ( 2022-08-24), p. 6353-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 17 ( 2022-08-24), p. 6353-
    Abstract: Four novel substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antennas are proposed, in order to obtain K-band beam scanning through the coplanar meta-surfaces of properly devised complementary split-ring resonators. More specifically, coplanar rhombus- and hexagon-shaped meta-surfaces replace the metallized via holes in the traditional SIW structure, achieving low reflection and wide bandwidth, respectively. Another trapezoid-shaped meta-surface is introduced, in order to realize good leaky-wave radiation performance with high-gain beam scanning in both rhombus- and hexagon-shaped SIW components. These designs are further extended to two different mixed types of two-row meta-surfaces, with the rhombus and hexagon structures combined in different orders to enhance the complex SIW transmission lines and antennas, which can simultaneously obtain good reflection and bandwidth with different priority, depending on the arrangement. We explain the performance differences with rhombus and hexagon meta-surfaces through the analysis of relevant equivalent circuit models and extracting the effective medium parameters, and we verify the bandwidths and radiations of four SIW antennas both numerically and experimentally. The maximum gains of the four antennas are 18.1 dBi, 17.0 dBi, 18.8 dBi and 17.1 dBi, where the corresponding relative bandwidths are 10.74%, 19.42%, 14.13% and 18.38%. The maximum simulated radiation efficiency and aperture efficiency of the proposed antennas are 91.20% and 61.12%, respectively. Our approach for generating flexible and selectable tuned electromagnetic fields from SIWs is applicable for the development of mm-Wave antennas or sensors on PCB-integrated platforms for highly directive scanning radiation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s22176353
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
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    Characterization of the TCP Gene Family in Chrysanthemum nankingense and the Role of CnTCP4 in Cold Tolerance
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Plants Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2022-03-30), p. 936-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 7 ( 2022-03-30), p. 936-
    Abstract: Plant-specific TCP transcription factors play a key role in plant development and stress responses. Chrysanthemum nankingense shows higher cold tolerance than its ornamental polyploid counterpart. However, whether the TCP gene family plays a role in conferring cold tolerance upon C. nankingense remains unknown. Here, we identified 23 CnTCP genes in C. nankingense, systematically analyzed their phylogenetic relationships and synteny with TCPs from other species, and evaluated their expression profiles at low temperature. Phylogenetic analysis of the protein sequences suggested that CnTCP proteins fall into two classes and three clades, with a typical bHLH domain. However, differences between C. nankingense and Arabidopsis in predicted protein structure and binding sites suggested a unique function of CnTCPs in C. nankingense. Furthermore, expression profiles showed that expression of most CnTCPs were downregulated under cold conditions, suggesting their importance in plant responses to cold stress. Notably, expression of miR319 and of its predicted target genes, CnTCP2/4/14, led to fast responses to cold. Overexpression of Arabidopsis CnTCP4 led to hypersensitivity to cold, suggesting that CnTCP4 might play a negative role in C. nankingense responses to cold stress. Our results provide a foundation for future functional genomic studies on this gene family in chrysanthemum.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants11070936
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 5
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    The Uterine Melatonergic Systems of AANAT and Melatonin Membrane Receptor 2 (MT2) Are Essential for Endometrial Receptivity and Early Implantation in Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 8 ( 2023-04-12), p. 7127-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 8 ( 2023-04-12), p. 7127-
    Abstract: In the current study, using Aanat and Mt2 KO mice, we observed that the preservation of the melatonergic system is essential for successful early pregnancy in mice. We identified that aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), melatonin receptor 1A (MT1), and melatonin receptor 1B (MT2) were all expressed in the uterus. Due to the relatively weak expression of MT1 compared to AANAT and MT2, this study focused on AANAT and MT2. Aanat and Mt2 KO significantly reduced the early implantation sites and the abnormal morphology of the endometrium of the uterus. Mechanistical analysis indicated that the melatonergic system is the key player in the induction of the normal nidatory estrogen (E2) response for endometrial receptivity and functions by activating the STAT signaling pathway. Its deficiency impaired the interactions between the endometrium, the placenta, and the embryo. The reduction in melatonin production caused by Aanat KO and the impairment of signal transduction caused by Mt2 KO reduced the uterine MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, resulting in a hyperproliferative endometrial epithelium. In addition, melatonergic system deficiency also increased the local immunoinflammatory reaction with elevated local proinflammatory cytokines leading to early abortion in the Mt2 KO mice compared to the WT mice. We believe that the novel data obtained from the mice might apply to other animals including humans. Further investigation into the interaction between the melatonergic system and reproductive effects in different species would be worthwhile.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087127
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: The Operators of the Ubiquitin Code That Regulates the RLR and cGAS-STING Pathways
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 23 ( 2022-11-23), p. 14601-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 23 ( 2022-11-23), p. 14601-
    Abstract: The outbreaks caused by RNA and DNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox, pose serious threats to human health. The RLR and cGAS-STING pathways contain major cytoplasmic sensors and signaling transduction axes for host innate antiviral immunity. In physiological and virus-induced pathological states, the activation and inactivation of these signal axes are tightly controlled, especially post-translational modifications (PTMs). E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) are the direct manipulator of ubiquitin codons and determine the type and modification type of substrate proteins. Therefore, members of the E3s family are involved in balancing the host’s innate antiviral immune responses, and their functions have been extensively studied over recent decades. In this study, we overviewed the mechanisms of different members of three E3s families that mediate the RLR and cGAS-STING axes and analyzed them as potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of virus-related diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314601
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    Impact of Conductor Temperature Time–Space Variation on the Power System Operational State
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Energies Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2018-03-27), p. 760-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2018-03-27), p. 760-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en11040760
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 8
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    Viral Metagenomics Reveals Diverse Viruses in Tissue Samples of Diseased Pigs
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2022-09-15), p. 2048-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2022-09-15), p. 2048-
    Abstract: The swine industry plays an essential role in agricultural production in China. Diseases, especially viral diseases, affect the development of the pig industry and threaten human health. However, at present, the tissue virome of diseased pigs has rarely been studied. Using the unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the tissue virome in sick pigs (respiratory symptoms, reproductive disorders, high fever, diarrhea, weight loss, acute death and neurological symptoms) collected from farms of Anhui, Jiangsu and Sichuan Province, China. The eukaryotic viruses identified belonged to the families Anelloviridae, Arteriviridae, Astroviridae, Flaviviridae, Circoviridae and Parvoviridae; prokaryotic virus families including Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae occupied a large proportion in some samples. This study provides valuable information for understanding the tissue virome in sick pigs and for the monitoring, preventing, and treating of viral diseases in pigs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14092048
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 9
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    Identification of Multiple Novel Viruses in Fecal Samples of Black-Necked Cranes Using Viral Metagenomic Methods
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Viruses Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2023-10-09), p. 2068-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 10 ( 2023-10-09), p. 2068-
    Abstract: The black-necked crane is the only species of crane that lives in the high-altitude region of the Tibet Plateau. At present, there is little research on viral diseases of the black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis). In this study, a viral metagenomic approach was employed to investigate the fecal virome of black-necked cranes in Saga County, Shigatse City, Tibet, China. The identified virus families carried by black-necked cranes mainly include Genomoviridae, Parvoviridae, and Picornaviridae. The percentages of sequence reads belonging to these three virus families were 1.6%, 3.1%, and 93.7%, respectively. Among them, one genome was characterized as a novel species in the genus Grusopivirus of the family Picornaviridae, four new parvovirus genomes were obtained and classified into four different novel species within the genus Chaphamaparvovirus of the subfamily Hamaparvovirinae, and four novel genomovirus genomes were also acquired and identified as members of three different species, including Gemykroznavirus haeme1, Gemycircularvirus ptero6, and Gemycircularvirus ptero10. All of these viruses were firstly detected in fecal samples of black-necked cranes. This study provides valuable information for understanding the viral community composition in the digestive tract of black-necked cranes in Tibet, which can be used for monitoring, preventing, and treating potential viral diseases in black-necked cranes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v15102068
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 10
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    An Efficient and Rapid Synthetic Route to Biologically Interesting Pyranochalcone Natural Products
    MDPI AG ; 2007
    In:  Molecules Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2007-07-12), p. 1420-1429
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2007-07-12), p. 1420-1429
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/12071420
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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