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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Disruption of Placental Homeostasis Leads to Preeclampsia
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 9 ( 2020-05-07), p. 3298-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 9 ( 2020-05-07), p. 3298-
    Abstract: Placental homeostasis is directly linked to fetal well-being and normal fetal growth. Placentas are sensitive to various environmental stressors, including hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress. Once placental homeostasis is disrupted, the placenta may rebel against the mother and fetus. Autophagy is an evolutionally conservative mechanism for the maintenance of cellular and organic homeostasis. Evidence suggests that autophagy plays a crucial role throughout pregnancy, including fertilization, placentation, and delivery in human and mouse models. This study reviews the available literature discussing the role of autophagy in preeclampsia.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093298
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    The Role of Autophagy in the Female Reproduction System: For Beginners to Experts in This Field
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Biology Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-02-26), p. 373-
    Details
    In: Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-02-26), p. 373-
    Abstract: Autophagy is a fundamental process involved in regulating cellular homeostasis. Autophagy has been classically discovered as a cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic components non-selectively to produce energy. Over the past few decades, this process has been shown to work in energy production, as well as in the reduction of excessive proteins, damaged organelles, and membrane trafficking. It contributes to many human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, carcinogenesis, diabetes mellitus, development, longevity, and reproduction. In this review, we provide important information for interpreting results related to autophagic experiments and present the role of autophagy in this field.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-7737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biology12030373
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661517-4
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  • 3
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    Evaluation of Incipient Enamel Caries at Smooth Tooth Surfaces Using SS-OCT
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Materials Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2022-08-28), p. 5947-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2022-08-28), p. 5947-
    Abstract: (1) Background: Dental caries, if diagnosed at the initial stage, can be arrested and remineralized by a non-operative therapeutic approach preserving tooth structure. Accurate and reproducible diagnostic procedure is required for the successful management of incipient caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 3D swept-source optical coherence tomography (3D SS-OCT) for enamel caries at smooth tooth surface if the lesion was with remineralization. (2) Methods: Forty-seven tooth surfaces of 24 extracted human teeth visibly with/without enamel caries (ICDAS code 0–3) were selected and used in this study. The tooth surfaces of investigation site were cleaned and visually examined by four dentists. After the visual inspection, SS-OCT scanning was performed onto the enamel surfaces to construct a 3D image. The 2D tomographic images of the investigation site were chosen from the 3D dataset and dynamically displayed in video and evaluated by the examiners. A five-rank scale was used to score the level of enamel caries according to the following; 1: Intact enamel. 2: Noncavitated lesion with remineralization. 3: Superficial noncavitated lesion without remineralization. 4: Deep nonvacitated lesion without remineralization. 5: Enamel lesion with cavitation. Sensitivity and specificity for 3D OCT image and visual inspection were calculated. Diagnostic accuracy of each diagnostic method was calculated using weighted kappa. Statistical significance was defined at p = 0.05. (3) Results: 3D SS-OCT could clearly depict enamel caries at smooth tooth surface as a bright zone, based on the increased backscattering signal. It was noted that 3D SS-OCT showed higher sensitivity for the diagnosis of remineralized lesions and deep enamel lesions without cavitation, as well as cavitated enamel lesions (p 〈 0.05). No significant difference of specificity was observed between the two diagnostic methods (p 〉 0.05). Furthermore, 3D SS-OCT showed higher diagnostic accuracy than visual inspection (p 〈 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, 3D SS-OCT showed higher diagnostic capacity for smooth surface enamel caries than visual inspection and could also discriminate lesion remineralization of enamel caries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma15175947
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 4
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    The Autophagy-Lysosomal Machinery Enhances Cytotrophoblast–Syncytiotrophoblast Fusion Process
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Reproductive Medicine Vol. 3, No. 2 ( 2022-05-05), p. 112-126
    Details
    In: Reproductive Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 3, No. 2 ( 2022-05-05), p. 112-126
    Abstract: Poor placentation is closely related with the etiology of preeclampsia and may impact fetal growth restriction. For placental developmental growth, we have demonstrated that dysregulation of autophagy, a key mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis, in trophoblasts contributes to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, a severe pregnancy complication, associated with poor placentation. It remains, however, unknown whether autophagy inhibition affects trophoblast syncytialization. This study evaluated the effect of autophagy in an in vitro syncytialization method using BeWo cells and primary human trophoblasts (PHT). In this study, we observed that autophagic activity decreased in PHT and BeWo cells during syncytialization. This decreased activity was accompanied by downregulation of the transcription factor, TFEB. Next, bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of autophagy via suppressing V-ATPase in lysosomes, inhibited hCG production, CYP11A1 expression (a marker of differentiation), p21 expression (a senescence marker), and cell fusion in BeWo cells and PHT cells. Finally, LLOMe, an agent inducing lysosomal damage, also inhibited syncytialization and led to TFEB downregulation. Taken together, the autophagy-lysosomal machinery plays an important role in cytotrophoblast fusion, resulting in syncytiotrophoblasts. As autophagy inhibition contributed to the failure of differentiation in cytotrophoblasts, this may result in the poor placentation observed in preeclampsia.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2673-3897
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/reprodmed3020010
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3040777-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Current Understanding of Autophagy in Pregnancy
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 20, No. 9 ( 2019-05-11), p. 2342-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 9 ( 2019-05-11), p. 2342-
    Abstract: Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes to maintain cellular homeostasis under environmental stress. Intracellular control is exerted to produce energy or maintain intracellular protein quality controls. Autophagy plays an important role in embryogenesis, implantation, and maintenance of pregnancy. This role includes supporting extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) that invade the decidua (endometrium) until the first third of uterine myometrium and migrate along the lumina of spiral arterioles under hypoxic and low-nutrient conditions in early pregnancy. In addition, autophagy inhibition has been linked to poor placentation—a feature of preeclamptic placentas—in a placenta-specific autophagy knockout mouse model. Studies of autophagy in human placentas have revealed controversial results, especially with regard to preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Without precise estimation of autophagy flux, wrong interpretation would lead to fixed tissues. This paper presents a review of the role of autophagy in pregnancy and elaborates on the interpretation of autophagy in human placental tissues.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092342
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Aggrephagy Deficiency in the Placenta: A New Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 5 ( 2021-02-28), p. 2432-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 5 ( 2021-02-28), p. 2432-
    Abstract: Aggrephagy is defined as the selective degradation of aggregated proteins by autophagosomes. Protein aggregation in organs and cells has been highlighted as a cause of multiple diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac failure, and renal failure. Aggregates could pose a hazard for cell survival. Cells exhibit three main mechanisms against the accumulation of aggregates: protein refolding by upregulation of chaperones, reduction of protein overload by translational inhibition, and protein degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy–lysosome systems. Deletion of autophagy-related genes reportedly contributes to intracellular protein aggregation in vivo. Some proteins recognized in aggregates in preeclamptic placentas include those involved in neurodegenerative diseases. As aggregates are derived both intracellularly and extracellularly, special endocytosis for extracellular aggregates also employs the autophagy machinery. In this review, we discuss how the deficiency of aggrephagy and/or macroautophagy leads to poor placentation, resulting in preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052432
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    Point-of-Care Diagnostic Biosensors to Monitor Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing IgG/sIgA Antibodies and Antioxidant Activity in Saliva
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Biosensors Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2023-01-20), p. 167-
    Details
    In: Biosensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2023-01-20), p. 167-
    Abstract: Monitoring biomarkers is a great way to assess daily physical condition, and using saliva instead of blood samples is more advantageous as the process is simple and allows individuals to test themselves. In the present study, we analyzed the titers of neutralizing antibodies, IgG and secretory IgA (sIgA), in response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, in saliva. A total of 19 saliva and serum samples were collected over a 10-month period 3 weeks after the first vaccine, 8 months after the second vaccine, and 1 month after the third vaccine. The ranges of antibody concentrations post-vaccination were: serum IgG: 81–15,000 U/mL, salivary IgG: 3.4–330 U/mL, and salivary IgA: 58–870 ng/mL. A sharp increase in salivary IgG levels was observed after the second vaccination. sIgA levels also showed an increasing trend. A correlation with trends in serum IgG levels was observed, indicating the possibility of using saliva to routinely assess vaccine efficacy. The electrochemical immunosensor assay developed in this study based on the gold-linked electrochemical immunoassay, and the antioxidant activity measurement based on luminol electrochemiluminescence (ECL), can be performed using portable devices, which would prove useful for individual-based diagnosis using saliva samples.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6374
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/bios13020167
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662125-3
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  • 8
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    DEP-On-Go for Simultaneous Sensing of Multiple Heavy Metals Pollutants in Environmental Samples
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  Sensors Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2016-12-27), p. 45-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2016-12-27), p. 45-
    Abstract: We describe a simple and affordable “Disposable electrode printed (DEP)-On-Go” sensing platform for the rapid on-site monitoring of trace heavy metal pollutants in environmental samples for early warning by developing a mobile electrochemical device composed of palm-sized potentiostat and disposable unmodified screen-printed electrode chips. We present the analytical performance of our device for the sensitive detection of major heavy metal ions, namely, mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, zinc, and copper with detection limits of 1.5, 2.6, 4.0, 5.0, 14.4, and, 15.5 μg·L−1, respectively. Importantly, the utility of this device is extended to detect multiple heavy metals simultaneously with well-defined voltammograms and similar sensitivity. Finally, “DEP-On-Go” was successfully applied to detect heavy metals in real environmental samples from groundwater, tap water, house dust, soil, and industry-processed rice and noodle foods. We evaluated the efficiency of this system with a linear correlation through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the results suggested that this system can be reliable for on-site screening purposes. On-field applications using real samples of groundwater for drinking in the northern parts of India support the easy-to-detect, low-cost ( 〈 1 USD), rapid (within 5 min), and reliable detection limit (ppb levels) performance of our device for the on-site detection and monitoring of multiple heavy metals in resource-limited settings.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s17010045
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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