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  • MDPI AG  (4)
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  • MDPI AG  (4)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Novel Protocol for Estimating Viruses Specifically Infecting the Marine Planktonic Diatoms
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Diversity Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2020-06-04), p. 225-
    Details
    In: Diversity, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2020-06-04), p. 225-
    Abstract: Since their discovery, at least 15 diatom viruses have been isolated and characterised using a culture method with two cycles of extinction dilution. However, the method is time consuming and laborious, and it isolates only the most dominant virus in a water sample. Recent studies have suggested inter-species host specificity of diatom viruses. Here, we describe a new protocol to estimate previously unrecognised host-virus relationships. Host cell cultures after inoculation of natural sediment pore water samples were obtained before complete lysis. The proliferated viral genomes in the host cells were amplified using degenerate primer pairs targeting protein replication regions of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses, and then sequenced. Diverse ssRNA virus types within known diatom virus group were detected from inoculated Chaetoceros tenuissimus and C. setoensis cells. A previously unknown ssDNA virus type was detected in inoculated C. tenuissimus cells, but not in C. setoensis cells. Despite the possible protocol biases, for example non-specific adsorptions of virions onto the host cells, the present method helps to estimate the viruses infectious to a single host species. Further improvements to this protocol targeting the proliferated viral genomes might reveal unexpected diatom–virus ecological relationships.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-2818
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/d12060225
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518137-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    RNA Viruses in Aquatic Unicellular Eukaryotes
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2021-02-25), p. 362-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2021-02-25), p. 362-
    Abstract: Increasing sequence information indicates that RNA viruses constitute a major fraction of marine virus assemblages. However, only 12 RNA virus species have been described, infecting known host species of marine single-celled eukaryotes. Eight of these use diatoms as hosts, while four are resident in dinoflagellate, raphidophyte, thraustochytrid, or prasinophyte species. Most of these belong to the order Picornavirales, while two are divergent and fall into the families Alvernaviridae and Reoviridae. However, a very recent study has suggested that there is extraordinary diversity in aquatic RNA viromes, describing thousands of viruses, many of which likely use protist hosts. Thus, RNA viruses are expected to play a major ecological role for marine unicellular eukaryotic hosts. In this review, we describe in detail what has to date been discovered concerning viruses with RNA genomes that infect aquatic unicellular eukaryotes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13030362
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Structural Insights into Common and Host-Specific Receptor-Binding Mechanisms in Algal Picorna-like Viruses
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-10-27), p. 2369-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-10-27), p. 2369-
    Abstract: Marnaviridae viruses are abundant algal viruses that regulate the dynamics of algal blooms in aquatic environments. They employ a narrow host range because they merely lyse their algal host species. This host-specific lysis is thought to correspond to the unique receptor-binding mechanism of the Marnaviridae viruses. Here, we present the atomic structures of the full and empty capsids of Chaetoceros socialis forma radians RNA virus 1 built-in 3.0 Å and 3.1 Å cryo-electron microscopy maps. The empty capsid structure and the structural variability provide insights into its assembly and uncoating intermediates. In conjunction with the previously reported atomic model of the Chaetoceros tenuissimus RNA virus type II capsid, we have identified the common and diverse structural features of the VP1 surface between the Marnaviridae viruses. We have also tested the potential usage of AlphaFold2 for structural prediction of the VP1s and a subsequent structural phylogeny for classifying Marnaviridae viruses by their hosts. These findings will be crucial for inferring the host-specific receptor-binding mechanism in Marnaviridae viruses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14112369
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Visualization of a Dinoflagellate-Infecting Virus HcDNAV and Its Infection Process
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Viruses Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2018-10-11), p. 554-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2018-10-11), p. 554-
    Abstract: HcDNAV (a type species of Genus Dinodnavirus) is a large double-stranded DNA virus, which lytically infects the bloom-forming marine microalga Heterocapsa circularisquama Horiguchi (Dinophyceae). In the present study, detailed observation of the HcDNAV particle and its infection process was conducted via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and epifluorescence microscopy (EFM). Each five-fold vertex of the icosahedral virion was decorated with a protrusion, which may be related to the entry process of HcDNAV into the host. The transverse groove of host cells is proposed to be the main virus entry site. A visible DAPI-stained region, which is considered to be the viroplasm (virus factory), appeared in close proximity to the host nucleus at 11 h post infection (hpi); the putative viral DAPI signal was remarkably enlarged at 11–30 hpi. It was kidney-shaped at 13–15 hpi, horseshoe-shaped at 20 hpi, doughnut-shaped at 30 hpi, and changed into a three-dimensionally complicated shape at 51–53 hpi, by which time most parts of the host cell were occupied by the putative viral DAPI signal. While the virions were within the viroplasm, they were easily distinguishable by their vertex protrusions by FE-SEM.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v10100554
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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