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  • 1
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    Zoonotic Hantaviridae with Global Public Health Significance
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Viruses Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-08-08), p. 1705-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-08-08), p. 1705-
    Abstract: Hantaviridae currently encompasses seven genera and 53 species. Multiple hantaviruses such as Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Puumala virus, Andes virus, and Sin Nombre virus are highly pathogenic to humans. They cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HCPS/HPS) in many countries. Some hantaviruses infect wild or domestic animals without causing severe symptoms. Rodents, shrews, and bats are reservoirs of various mammalian hantaviruses. Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in the study of hantaviruses including genomics, taxonomy, evolution, replication, transmission, pathogenicity, control, and patient treatment. Additionally, new hantaviruses infecting bats, rodents, shrews, amphibians, and fish have been identified. This review compiles these advancements to aid researchers and the public in better recognizing this zoonotic virus family with global public health significance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v15081705
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 2
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    Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, and Clinical Profiles of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Endophthalmitis
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-08-30), p. 1840-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 9 ( 2021-08-30), p. 1840-
    Abstract: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has been reported in various ocular infections, including keratitis, conjunctivitis, preseptal cellulitis, and endophthalmitis, all of which may lead to vision loss. However, the S. maltophilia strain is resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics, including penicillins, third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and imipenem. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility, antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and visual outcomes for S. maltophilia endophthalmitis. The data of 9 patients with positive S. maltophilia cultures in a tertiary referral center from 2010 to 2019 were reviewed. Cataract surgery (n  =  8, 89%) was the most common etiology, followed by intravitreal injection (n  =  1, 11%). S. maltophilia’s susceptibility to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was observed in 6 cases (67%). Seven isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (78%). The MIC90 for S. maltophilia was 256, 256, 256, 8, 12, 12, 12, and 8 μg/mL for amikacin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, tigecycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, levofloxacin, galtifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, respectively. Final visual acuity was 20/200 or better in 5 patients (56%). Fluoroquinolones and tigecycline exhibited low antibiotic MIC90. Therefore, the results suggest that fluoroquinolones can be used as first-line antibiotics for S. maltophilia endophthalmitis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091840
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 3
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    Antibiotic Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Ocular Infections
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2022-10-22), p. 1457-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2022-10-22), p. 1457-
    Abstract: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that can lead to ocular infections, such as keratitis and endophthalmitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of S. maltophilia isolates from ocular infections and to evaluate the differences in antibiotic MICs between keratitis and endophthalmitis isolates. The disc diffusion method revealed that S. maltophilia isolates exhibited 91% susceptibility to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin and 61% susceptibility to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP–SMX). The E-test indicated that S. maltophilia isolates exhibited 40%, 100%, 72%, 91%, 91%, and 93% susceptibility to ceftazidime, tigecycline, TMP–SMX, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, respectively. The MIC90 values of amikacin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, tigecycline, TMP–SMX, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin were 〉 256, 〉 256, 〉 256, 3, 〉 32, 1, 2, and 0.75 µg/mL, respectively. The geometric mean MICs of ceftazidime, TMP–SMX, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin were significantly lower for the keratitis isolates than for the endophthalmitis isolates (p = 0.0047, 0.003, 0.0029, 0.0003, and 0.0004, respectively). Fluoroquinolones showed higher susceptibility and lower MICs for the S. maltophilia isolates when compared with other antibiotics. Fluoroquinolones can be recommended for treating S. maltophilia ocular infections. Tigecycline and TMP–SMX could be alternative antibiotics for S. maltophilia ocular infections.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111457
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
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  • 4
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    Comparative Study on Different Remediation Strategies Applied in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 17, No. 5 ( 2020-03-02), p. 1606-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 5 ( 2020-03-02), p. 1606-
    Abstract: Due to the increasing pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs), it is an important task to develop eco-friendly and highly efficient methods for remediating petroleum-contaminated soils. In this study, bioremediation technology was applied to remediate PHs contaminated soils, and the bacterial community structure and physicochemical characteristics of the soil treated using different bioremediation regimens were analyzed. Compared with the control condition (S0), the PHs removal efficiency of biostimulation (S2) and bioaugmentation (S3) was increased significantly. Combined biostimulation with bioaugmentation (S4) had the highest PHs removal efficiency, up to 60.14 ± 4.12%. Among all the selected remediation strategies (S1–S4, S1: soil moisture content: 25–30%), the bacterial alpha-diversity was higher than in S0. The genera Acinetobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Bacteroides, Microbacterium, and Parabacteroides were found to greatly contribute to PHs’ degradation. In the group S4, the PH-degraders and soil enzyme activity were higher than in the other remediation regimens, and these indices gradually decreased in the mid-to-later periods of all remediation tests. Additionally, the abundance of alkB and nah genes was increased by improving the environmental condition of the microorganism communities. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) had a positive correlation with total PHs degradation. This study offers insights into the microbial community response to environmental factors during bioremediation, which shows a promoting effect in enhancing the efficiency of PHs remediation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051606
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 5
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    Protective Effect of Pioglitazone on Retinal Ganglion Cells in an Experimental Mouse Model of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2022-12-27), p. 411-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2022-12-27), p. 411-
    Abstract: The aim was to assess the protective effect of pioglitazone (PGZ) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Adult C57BL/6 mice with induced diabetes were divided into three groups: group 1: oral PGZ (20 mg/kg) in 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 4 weeks; group 2: oral PGZ (10 mg/kg) in 0.1% DMSO for 4 weeks; and group 3: oral DMSO only for 4 weeks (control group). Two weeks after treatment, AION was induced through photochemical thrombosis. For non-diabetic mice, adult C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups after AION was induced: group 1: oral DMSO for 4 weeks; group 2: oral PGZ (20 mg/kg) in 0.1% DMSO for 4 weeks; group 3: oral PGZ (20 mg/kg) in 0.1% DMSO + peritoneal injection of GW9662 (one kind of PPAR-γ inhibitor) (1 mg/kg) for 4 weeks; group 4: peritoneal injection of GW9662 (1 mg/kg) for 4 weeks; One week after the induction of AION in diabetic mice, apoptosis in RGCs was much lower in group 1 (8.0 ± 4.9 cells/field) than in group 2 (24.0 ± 11.5 cells/field) and 3 (25.0 ± 7.7 cells/field). Furthermore, microglial cell infiltration in the retina (group 1: 2.0 ± 2.6 cells/field; group 2: 15.6 ± 3.5 cells/field; and group 3: 14.8 ± 7.5 cells/field) and retinal thinning (group 1: 6.7 ± 5.7 μm; group 2: 12.8 ± 6.1 μm; and group 3: 15.8 ± 5.8 μm) were also lower in group 1 than in the other two groups. In non-diabetic mice, preserved Brn3A+ cells were significantly greater in group 2 (2382 ± 140 Brn3A+ cells/mm2, n = 7) than in group 1 (1920 ± 228 Brn3A+ cells/mm2; p = 0.03, n = 4), group 3 (1938 ± 213 Brn3A+ cells/mm2; p = 0.002, n = 4), and group 4 (2138 ± 126 Brn3A+ cells/mm2; p = 0.03, n = 4), respectively; PGZ confers protection to RGCs from damage caused by ischemic optic neuropathy in diabetic and non-diabetic mice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010411
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Staphylococcus lugdunensis Endophthalmitis: Case Series and Literature Review
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Antibiotics Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2022-10-26), p. 1485-
    Details
    In: Antibiotics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2022-10-26), p. 1485-
    Abstract: Staphylococcus lugdunensis endophthalmitis is an uncommon intraocular infection with potentially visually devastating consequences. S. lugdunensis endophthalmitis have been reported following cataract surgery, trauma, intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and dexamethasone implant. We report four cases of postoperative S. lugdunensis endophthalmitis after cataract extraction (three patients) and combined pars plana vitrectomy and cataract extraction (one patient). The onset of presentation of endophthalmitis was acute (within 2 weeks) in two patients, subacute (2 to 6 weeks) in one patient, and chronic (more than 6 weeks) in one patient. All patients had presenting visual acuity (VA) of hand motions or worse and were treated with pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotics. The final VA was 20/50 in two patients, 4/200 in one patient with pre-existing myopic maculopathy, and no light perception in one patient with retinal detachment. In antibiotic susceptibility testing, S. lugdunensis isolates were resistant to penicillin (3/4, 75%), but all were susceptible to vancomycin, oxacillin, teicoplanin, tigecycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. S. lugdunensis may be associated with acute or chronic endophthalmitis. Favorable visual outcomes can be achieved with prompt diagnosis and management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6382
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111485
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681345-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 7
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    Enterococcus faecalis Endophthalmitis: Clinical Settings, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Management Outcomes
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2021-04-24), p. 918-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2021-04-24), p. 918-
    Abstract: Enterococcus faecalis is known to cause severe acute endophthalmitis and often leads to poor visual outcomes in most ophthalmic infections. This retrospective study is to report the clinical settings, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and visual outcome of E. faecalis endophthalmitis at a tertiary referral institution in Taoyuan, Taiwan. E. faecalis endophthalmitis was diagnosed in 37 eyes of 37 patients. Post-cataract surgery was the most common cause (n = 27, 73%), followed by bleb-associated (n = 3, 8%), endogenous (n = 2, 5%), corneal ulcer-related (n = 2, 5%), post-vitrectomy (n = 1, 3%), post-pterygium excision (n = 1, 3%), and trauma (n = 1, 3%). Visual acuities upon presentation ranged from counting fingers to no light perception. Pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotics were performed in 23 eyes (76%) as primary or secondary treatment. All isolates (37/37, 100%) were sensitive to vancomycin, penicillin, ampicillin, and teicoplanin. Six of 22 eyes (27%) were resistant to high-level gentamicin (minimum inhibitory concentration 〉 500 mg/L). Final visual acuities were better than 20/400 in 11 eyes (30%), 5/200 to hand motions in 4 eyes (11%), and light perception to no light perception in 22 eyes (59%). Three eyes were treated with evisceration. Compared with non-cataract subgroups, the post-cataract subgroup showed a significant difference of better visual prognosis (p = 0.016).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050918
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 8
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    The Impact of Early Life Experiences and Gut Microbiota on Neurobehavioral Development in Preterm Infants: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2023-03-22), p. 814-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2023-03-22), p. 814-
    Abstract: Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of early life experiences and gut microbiota on neurobehavioral development in preterm infants during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. Methods: Preterm infants were followed from NICU admission until their 28th postnatal day or until discharge. Daily stool samples, painful/stressful experiences, feeding patterns, and other clinical and demographic data were collected. Gut microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing, and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were selected to predict the neurobehaviors. The neurobehavioral development was assessed by the Neonatal Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) at 36 to 38 weeks of post-menstrual age (PMA). Fifty-five infants who had NNNS measurements were included in the sparse log-contrast regression analysis. Results: Preterm infants who experienced a high level of pain/stress during the NICU hospitalization had higher NNNS stress/abstinence scores. Eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified to be associated with NNNS subscales after controlling demographic and clinical features, feeding patterns, and painful/stressful experiences. These OTUs and taxa belonging to seven genera, i.e., Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified, Escherichia-Shigella, Incertae_Sedis, Veillonella, Enterococcus, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and Streptococcus with five belonging to Firmicutes and two belonging to Proteobacteria phylum. The enriched abundance of Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified (OTU17) and Streptococcus (OTU28) were consistently associated with less optimal neurobehavioral outcomes. The other six OTUs were also associated with infant neurobehavioral responses depending on days at NICU stay. Conclusions: This study explored the dynamic impact of specific OTUs on neurobehavioral development in preterm infants after controlling for early life experiences, i.e., acute and chronic pain/stress and feeding in the NICU. The gut microbiota and acute pain/stressful experiences dynamically impact the neurobehavioral development in preterm infants during their NICU hospitalization.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030814
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 9
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    Discriminatory Target Learning: Mining Significant Dependence Relationships from Labeled and Unlabeled Data
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Entropy Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 2019-05-26), p. 537-
    Details
    In: Entropy, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 5 ( 2019-05-26), p. 537-
    Abstract: Machine learning techniques have shown superior predictive power, among which Bayesian network classifiers (BNCs) have remained of great interest due to its capacity to demonstrate complex dependence relationships. Most traditional BNCs tend to build only one model to fit training instances by analyzing independence between attributes using conditional mutual information. However, for different class labels, the conditional dependence relationships may be different rather than invariant when attributes take different values, which may result in classification bias. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework, called discriminatory target learning, which can be regarded as a tradeoff between probabilistic model learned from unlabeled instance at the uncertain end and that learned from labeled training data at the certain end. The final model can discriminately represent the dependence relationships hidden in unlabeled instance with respect to different possible class labels. Taking k-dependence Bayesian classifier as an example, experimental comparison on 42 publicly available datasets indicated that the final model achieved competitive classification performance compared to state-of-the-art learners such as Random forest and averaged one-dependence estimators.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1099-4300
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/e21050537
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014734-X
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  • 10
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    Reconfigurable Light Imaging in Photonic Higher-Order Topological Insulators
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-02-28), p. 819-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2022-02-28), p. 819-
    Abstract: Topological phases of matter with robust edge states have revolutionized the fundamental intuitions for wave control. The recent development of higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) realizes even lower dimensional topological states that enable versatile wave manipulations (e.g., light imaging). However, in conventional HOTIs, the topological states are usually protected by certain crystalline symmetries and therefore bounded at specific locations, hindering their applications in modern digital ears, which often prefer tunability and reconfigurability. Here, we report the reconfigurable light imaging based on topological corner states and anti-chiral edge states in a two-dimensional (2D) photonic HOTI with a honeycomb lattice of yttrium iron garnet (YIG, a ferrite material) rods. Sublattices A and B are applied with magnetic fields in opposite directions, which realize the so-called modified Haldane model that hosts anti-chiral edge modes. By further breaking the lattice’s inversion symmetry via adjusting the radii of A and B rods, topological edge states with valley degrees of freedom emerge, which not only exhibit valley-dependence but also surprisingly show anti-chiral behaviors. In the valley edge gap, which is of nontrivial higher-order topology, corner states appear. With different combinations of corner states and anti-chiral edge states, versatile reconfigurable light imaging can be realized. As examples, a multiplexing waveguide-resonator device, a pine tree imaging that can be lit up or put out at will and selective imaging for partial objects in a two-heart pattern are demonstrated. The proposed HOTI shows high potential in future intelligent devices with exciting tunable and reconfigurable functions, which may inspire a wide range of applications such as topological switching, imaging processing, and nonreciprocal integrated photonics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano12050819
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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