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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Spatiotemporal Variations of Carbon Emissions and Their Driving Factors in the Yellow River Basin
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 19 ( 2022-10-08), p. 12884-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 19 ( 2022-10-08), p. 12884-
    Abstract: The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is a significant area of economic development and ecological protection in China. Scientifically clarifying the spatiotemporal patterns of carbon emissions and their driving factors is of great significance. Using the methods of spatial autocorrelation analysis, hot-spot analysis, and a geodetector, the analysis framework of spatiotemporal differentiation and the driving factors of carbon emissions in the YRB was constructed in this paper from three aspects: natural environment, social economy, and regional policy. Three main results were found: (1) The carbon emissions in the YRB increased gradually from 2000 to 2020, and the growth rates of carbon emissions in the different river reaches were upper reaches 〉 middle reaches 〉 lower reaches. (2) Carbon emissions have an obvious spatial clustering character from 2000–2020, when hot spots were concentrated in the transition area from the Inner Mongolia Plateau to the Loess Plateau. The cold spots of carbon emissions tended to be concentrated in the junction area of Qinghai, Gansu, and Shaanxi. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the driving factors of spatial differentiation of carbon emissions in the YRB and its different reaches tended to be diversified, so the impacts of socioeconomic factors increased, while the impacts of natural environmental factors decreased. The influence of the interactions of each driving factor showed double factor enhancement and nonlinear enhancement. This study will provide a scientific reference for green and low-carbon development, emphasizing the need to pay more attention to environmental protection, develop the green economy vigorously, and promote the economic cycle, so as to achieve green development and reduce carbon emissions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912884
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 2
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    Effects of Storage Conditions on the Flavor Stability of Fried Pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) Oil
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Foods Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2021-06-04), p. 1292-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 6 ( 2021-06-04), p. 1292-
    Abstract: Flavor stability of fried pepper oil was investigated during 30 days of storage. Variation trends of key volatile flavor compounds in fried pepper oil induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and oxygen (O2) exposure were compared using GC-MS and chiral GC-MS analysis. Chirality analysis showed that conversion of (S)-(-)-limonene to (R)-(+)-limonene form was observed during storage. The storage conditions did not change the configuration of linalool, linalool oxide, or carvone. Quantitative analysis showed that the concentrations of linalool, limonene, 1,8-cineole, β-myrcene, and β-ocimene decreased dramatically during storage, whereas carvone, (E)-2-heptenal, and linalool oxide showed an increasing trend during storage. The loss rate of limonene and linalool exhibited the highest under combined UV and O2 condition, which played an important role for the aroma attenuation of pepper oil. This result will benefit the storage of pepper oil and based on pepper oil aromatic products.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods10061292
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 3
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    The Soil Water Evaporation Process from Mountains Based on the Stable Isotope Composition in a Headwater Basin and Northwest China
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Water Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2020-09-27), p. 2711-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2020-09-27), p. 2711-
    Abstract: Soil water is a link between different water bodies. The study of soil water evaporation is of great significance to understand the regional hydrological process, promote environmental remediation in arid areas, and rationalize ecological water use. On the basis of soil water δ2H and δ18O data from April to October 2017 in the Xiying River basin in the upper reaches of the Qilian mountains, the lc-excess and Craig-Gordon model were applied to reflect the evaporating fractionation of soil water. The results show that the change in evaporation loss drives the enrichment of soil water isotopes. The signal of evaporative fractionation of soil water isotopes at different elevations has spatiotemporal heterogeneity. From the perspective of time dynamics, the evaporation loss of the whole region during the observation period was affected by temperature before July, while after July, it was controlled jointly by temperature and humidity, evaporation was weakened. Soil salt content and vegetation played an important role in evaporation loss. In terms of spatial dynamics, the soil moisture evaporation at the Xiying (2097 m) and Huajian (2390 m) stations in the foothills area is larger than that at the Nichan station (2721 m) on the hillside and Lenglong station (3637 m) on the mountain top. The surface soil water evaporation is strong, and the evaporation becomes weak with the increase of depth. The research has guiding significance for the restoration and protection of vegetation in arid areas and the formulation of reasonable animal husbandry policies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w12102711
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 4
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    The Immunoprotection of OmpH Gene Deletion Mutation of Pasteurella multocida on Hemorrhagic Sepsis in Qinghai Yak
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2023-03-14), p. 221-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2023-03-14), p. 221-
    Abstract: OmpH is among the most important virulence factors of Pasteurella multocida, which mediates septicemia in yaks (Bos grunniens I) after infection with the bacteria. In the present study, yaks were infected with wild-type (WT) (P0910) and OmpH-deficient (ΔOmpH) P. multocida strains. The mutant strain was generated through the reverse genetic operation system of pathogens and proteomics technology. The live-cell bacterial count and clinical manifestations of P. multocida infection in Qinghai yak tissues (thymus, lung, spleen, lymph node, liver, kidney, and heart) were analyzed. The expression of differential proteins in the yak spleen under different treatments was analyzed using the marker-free method. We found that compared with the mutant strain, the titer of wild-type strains was significantly higher in tissues. Additionally, compared with other organs, the bacteria titer was significantly higher in the spleen. Compared with the WT p0910 strain, the mutant strain generated milder pathological changes in the tissues of yak. Proteomics analysis revealed that 57 of the 773 proteins expressed in P. multocida were significantly differentially expressed between the ΔOmpH and P0910 groups. Of the 57, 14 were over-expressed, whereas 43 were under-expressed. The differentially expressed proteins in the ΔompH group regulated the ABC transporter (ATP-powered translocation of many substrates across membranes) system, the two-component system, RNA degradation, RNA transcription, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, biosynthesis of ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinones, oxidative phosphorylation (citrate cycle) as well as fructose and mannose metabolism. The relationship among 54 significantly regulated proteins was analyzed using STRING. We found that WT P0910 and ΔOmpH of P. multocida infection activated the expression of ropE, HSPBP1, FERH, ATP10A, ABCA13, RRP7A, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17A, EGFR, and dnaJ. Overall, deletion of the OmpH gene weakened the virulence but maintained the immunogenicity of P. multocida in yak. The findings of this study provide a strong foundation for the pathogenesis of P. multocida and the management of related septicemia in yaks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030221
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 5
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    Molecular Characterization and Drought Resistance of GmNAC3 Transcription Factor in Glycine max (L.) Merr.
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 20 ( 2022-10-16), p. 12378-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 20 ( 2022-10-16), p. 12378-
    Abstract: Soybean transcription factor GmNAC plays important roles in plant resistance to environmental stresses. In this study, GmNAC3 was cloned in the drought tolerant soybean variety “Jiyu47”, with the molecular properties of GmNAC3 characterized to establish its candidacy as a NAC transcription factor. The yeast self-activation experiments revealed the transcriptional activation activity of GmNAC3, which was localized in the nucleus by the subcellular localization analysis. The highest expression of GmNAC3 was detected in roots in the podding stage of soybean, and in roots of soybean seedlings treated with 20% PEG6000 for 12 h, which was 16 times higher compared with the control. In the transgenic soybean hairy roots obtained by the Agrobacterium-mediated method treated with 20% PEG6000 for 12 h, the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase and the content of proline were increased, the malondialdehyde content was decreased, and the expressions of stress resistance-related genes (i.e., APX2, LEA14, 6PGDH, and P5CS) were up-regulated. These expression patterns were confirmed by transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with the overexpression of GmNAC3. This study provided strong scientific evidence to support further investigation of the regulatory function of GmNAC3 in plant drought resistance and the molecular mechanisms regulating the plant response to environmental stresses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012378
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Low-End Lock-In of Chinese Equipment Manufacturing Industry and the Global Value Chain
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2020-04-08), p. 2981-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 7 ( 2020-04-08), p. 2981-
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the low-end lock-in problem faced by China’s equipment manufacturing industry, which is heavily involved in the global value chain (GVC). Specifically, we use the production chain length system and total trade accounting framework to measure some physical and economic location indicators. The physical location measures the forward production length, backward production length, and the location index, whereas the economic location measures various types of value-added in industry exports. The results show that China’s equipment manufacturing industry has deepened its physical and economic low-end lock-in with the gradual deepening of China’s equipment manufacturing industry’s participation in GVC. From a segmented perspective, the manufacture of fabricated metal products (except machinery and equipment) and electrical equipment has the deepest degree of low-end lock-in physical location; the manufacture of computer, electronic, and optical products has the deepest degree of economic low-end lock-in. Therefore, China should accelerate its breakthroughs in the low-end locking dilemma and climb the GVC by adopting various measures such as accelerating the implementation of the intelligent manufacturing strategy, developing service-oriented equipment manufacturing industries, cultivating the domestic market, realizing low-carbon manufacturing, and improving enterprises’ independent innovation capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su12072981
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 7
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    The Enhancement of the Perception of Saltiness by Odorants Selected from Chinese Douchi in Salt Solution
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Foods Vol. 11, No. 15 ( 2022-07-28), p. 2260-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 15 ( 2022-07-28), p. 2260-
    Abstract: Douchi is a traditional fermented soya bean product that is popular for its smelled saltiness and unique flavor. In order to look for the relationship between smelled saltiness of volatiles and their saltiness-enhancing properties, gas chromatography-olfactometry/associated taste was used to select odorants associated with saltiness in Yongchuan Douchi. The enhancement effects of saltiness intensity by selected odorants were further verified by sensory evaluation analyses of 2-alternative forced-choice and odor-induced saltiness enhancement in a follow-up study. A total of 14 odorant compounds were selected for their odor-associated saltiness perception. The compounds of 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, dimethyl trisulfide, 3-(methylthio) propanol and 3-(methylthio) propanal could significantly enhance saltiness perception in salt solution. Among them, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine was reported for the first time to be able to improve the salty taste. The study suggested that salty food is an ideal material for selecting saltiness-enhancing odorants, which could provide more direct theoretical support for salt reduction in the food industry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods11152260
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 8
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    Genome-Wide Association Study Identified Novel SNPs Associated with Chlorophyll Content in Maize
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Genes Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2023-04-29), p. 1010-
    Details
    In: Genes, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2023-04-29), p. 1010-
    Abstract: Chlorophyll is an essential component that captures light energy to drive photosynthesis. Chlorophyll content can affect photosynthetic activity and thus yield. Therefore, mining candidate genes of chlorophyll content will help increase maize production. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on chlorophyll content and its dynamic changes in 378 maize inbred lines with extensive natural variation. Our phenotypic assessment showed that chlorophyll content and its dynamic changes were natural variations with a moderate genetic level of 0.66/0.67. A total of 19 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found associated with 76 candidate genes, of which one SNP, 2376873-7-G, co-localized in chlorophyll content and area under the chlorophyll content curve (AUCCC). Zm00001d026568 and Zm00001d026569 were highly associated with SNP 2376873-7-G and encoded pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein and chloroplastic palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase, respectively. As expected, higher expression levels of these two genes are associated with higher chlorophyll contents. These results provide a certain experimental basis for discovering the candidate genes of chlorophyll content and finally provide new insights for cultivating high-yield and excellent maize suitable for planting environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/genes14051010
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527218-4
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  • 9
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    Sequencing and Analysis of Complete Chloroplast Genomes Provide Insight into the Evolution and Phylogeny of Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 12 ( 2023-06-17), p. 10287-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 12 ( 2023-06-17), p. 10287-
    Abstract: Chinese kale is a widely cultivated plant in the genus Brassica in the family Brassicaceae. The origin of Brassica has been studied extensively, but the origin of Chinese kale remains unclear. In contrast to Brassica oleracea, which originated in the Mediterranean region, Chinese kale originated in southern China. The chloroplast genome is often used for phylogenetic analysis because of its high conservatism. Fifteen pairs of universal primers were used to amplify the chloroplast genomes of white-flower Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra cv. Sijicutiao (SJCT)) and yellow-flower Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra cv. Fuzhouhuanghua (FZHH)) via PCR. The lengths of the chloroplast genomes were 153,365 bp (SJCT) and 153,420 bp (FZHH) and both contained 87 protein-coding genes and eight rRNA genes. There were 36 tRNA genes in SJCT and 35 tRNA genes in FZHH. The chloroplast genomes of both Chinese kale varieties, along with eight other Brassicaceae, were analyzed. Simple sequence repeats, long repeats, and variable regions of DNA barcodes were identified. An analysis of inverted repeat boundaries, relative synonymous codon usage, and synteny revealed high similarity among the ten species, albeit the slight differences that were observed. The Ka/Ks ratios and phylogenetic analysis suggest that Chinese kale is a variant of B. oleracea. The phylogenetic tree shows that both Chinese kale varieties and B. oleracea var. oleracea were clustered in a single group. The results of this study suggest that white and yellow flower Chinese kale comprise a monophyletic group and that their differences in flower color arose late in the process of artificial cultivation. Our results also provide data that will aid future research on genetics, evolution, and germplasm resources of Brassicaceae.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210287
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
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  • 10
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    Neuron Contact Detection Based on Pipette Precise Positioning for Robotic Brain-Slice Patch Clamps
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sensors Vol. 23, No. 19 ( 2023-09-28), p. 8144-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 19 ( 2023-09-28), p. 8144-
    Abstract: A patch clamp is the “gold standard” method for studying ion-channel biophysics and pharmacology. Due to the complexity of the operation and the heavy reliance on experimenter experience, more and more researchers are focusing on patch-clamp automation. The existing automated patch-clamp system focuses on the process of completing the experiment; the detection method in each step is relatively simple, and the robustness of the complex brain film environment is lacking, which will increase the detection error in the microscopic environment, affecting the success rate of the automated patch clamp. To address these problems, we propose a method that is suitable for the contact between pipette tips and neuronal cells in automated patch-clamp systems. It mainly includes two key steps: precise positioning of pipettes and contact judgment. First, to obtain the precise coordinates of the tip of the pipette, we use the Mixture of Gaussian (MOG) algorithm for motion detection to focus on the tip area under the microscope. We use the object detection model to eliminate the encirclement frame of the pipette tip to reduce the influence of different shaped tips, and then use the sweeping line algorithm to accurately locate the pipette tip. We also use the object detection model to obtain a three-dimensional bounding frame of neuronal cells. When the microscope focuses on the maximum plane of the cell, which is the height in the middle of the enclosing frame, we detect the focus of the tip of the pipette to determine whether the contact between the tip and the cell is successful, because the cell and the pipette will be at the same height at this time. We propose a multitasking network CU-net that can judge the focus of pipette tips in complex contexts. Finally, we design an automated contact sensing process in combination with resistance constraints and apply it to our automated patch-clamp system. The experimental results show that our method can increase the success rate of pipette contact with cells in patch-clamp experiments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s23198144
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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